International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM)
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IJNeaM aims to publish original work of importance in the fields of nanoscience and engineering. Topics covered including Theoretical, Simulation, Synthesis, Design and Fabrication of Nanomaterials and Nanodevices; Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors with a focus on Electronic, Structural, Magnetic, Optical, Thermal, Transport, Mechanical and other properties for the specialists in Engineering, Chemistry, Physics and Materials Science. IJNeaM accepts submission in the form of Reviews, Research Articles, Short Communications, and selected conference papers.
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Browsing International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM) by Department "Universiti Malaysia Perlis"
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PublicationA review of the effect of different electrolytes on the synthesis of graphene sheets by electrochemical exfoliation( 2024-04)
;S. S. BhullarGraphene oxide (GO) possess some excellent properties that fulfil various applications. Hummers’ method has been used in GO synthesis for years but some issues such as high-cost GO synthesis, the use of toxic chemicals and low yield of GO are still remains and concerned. In addition, this method spends very long time to be completed and subjected to thorough cleaning process to remove toxic chemicals. On the other hand, the electrochemical method saves time, has no explosion risk, releases no toxic gases, and keep safe environmental. The demand of GO supply is crucial particularly important in applications such as energy storage in automobiles thus, a large scale and cheap production of GO is needed. It is reported that the electrochemical synthesis of GO has more benefits such as rapid synthesis, low cost and environmentally friendly than Hummers’ method, therefore, the impact of different electrolytes is important to be studied. Herein, various research works about the electrochemical synthesis of GO are reviewed, precisely involving the anodic exfoliation of graphite, exfoliation mechanism and effects of exfoliation parameters. -
PublicationA review: synthesis and mechanism of growth of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) – graphene hybrid material and its application as electrodes( 2023-07)
;MishthafiyatillahThe CNTs–graphene hybrids have many advantages and potential for use in a wide range of electronic applications as electrodes. The CNTs–graphene hybrid structure outperforms the structure of each material in terms of characteristics and performance. There are several methods to grow CNTs. This paper reviews the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method used to synthesize CNTs–graphene hybrid material. This paper discusses the processes and growth parameters of the synthesis of the CNTs-graphene hybrid. This paper also discusses the growth mechanism and kinetics of CNTs. In addition, the potential and performance of CNTs–Graphene hybrid material as electrodes in batteries are also reviewed. -
PublicationApplication of synopsys' taurus TCAD in developing CMOS fabrication process modules( 2009-01)
;Chin Seng FattS. SakraniTechnology CAD (TCAD) refers to the use of computer simulation to model semiconductor processing and devics operation. TCAD has two major functions namely process simulation and device simulation. It performs the semiconductor process simulation and the device simulation by taking the description of the transistor layout input to stimulate the fabrication process and device behavior before the actual silicon is made. this paper illustrates the use of Synopsys' Taurus TCAD to develop and stimulate the fabrication and electrical behavior of NMOS and PMOS transistors in the complete CMOS process flow. Illustration also include how mask information extracted from a layout by Taurus Layout is used by TSUPREM-4 to produce an output file containing complete structure, mesh and doping information that can be read into MEDICI device simulator to extract electrical characteristics. The specified process includes, not only steps required to stimulate a MOSFET device, but also all steps of the hypothetical CMOS process. -
PublicationAsam Gelugur-based carbon aerogels for highly recyclable oil adsorption( 2023-07)
;Cheong Yi Xin ;Monisha Devi Elan SolanRapid development of the oil industries and improper oil management causeda huge amount of oil pollutant released into the water environment. Oil pollutant is toxic and may harm aquatic biodiversity. The present work highlights the facile preparation of carbon aerogels basedfromAsam Gelugur (CA@Ga) for oil remediation from aqueous. Analysis on the structure of CA@Gausing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirmed the successful preparation of CA@Ga through hydrothermal carbonization. The main parameters affecting the adsorption of oil such as the sorption time, pH and mass of sorbent were screened and oil adsorption studies revealed that the optimum conditions were at contact time of 3 minutes, pH of solution at 7 and the adsorbent mass of 2 g with the highest adsorption capacity of 0.82 +0.01 g/g.CA@Ga displayed a good stability towards thermal treatment and exhibited good adsorption ability towards several types of oil. Recyclability study depicts that CA@Ga could be regenerated by simple physical treatments and retaineda high sorption after 10 cycles with adsorption capacity of 0.80 +0.01 g/g. Therefore, the prepared CA@Ga has potential in application of oil recovery and environmental protection -
PublicationDesign and fabrication of quantum dot single electron transistor structure using e-beam nanolithography( 2011-07)
;S. MadnasriQuantum dot single electron transistor (QD SET) is fabricated using e-beam nanolithography (EBL) and is continued with the combination process of pattern dependent oxidation (PADOX) and high density plasma etching. EBL was used to pattern the whole masks of SET fabrication which consist of mask for doped area separator and the rest are for the formation of: source-quantum dot-drain, poly-Si gate, point contact and metal pad respectively. All of these masks were designed using offline GDSII Editor Software and later been exposed by EBL integrated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this paper, the whole designs of SET masks which are successively patterned are demonstrated and their nanostructures characterizations using SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are reported. We found that the shape and dimension biases of schematic and SEM images of masks were caused by proximity effect. Therefore, while designing the SET masks, proximity effect, used resist and EBL equipment resolution were considered. -
PublicationDielectric properties and microwave absorbing properties of silicon carbide nanoparticles and silicon carbide nanowhiskers( 2023-04)
;Phey Yee Foong ;Yeng Seng LeeSilicon carbide (SiC) is well known for their outstanding microwave absorbing properties. SiC nanomaterials (SiCNMs) are expected to have better microwave absorption performance due to their high specific surface area. To date, no study was reported to compare the dielectric properties and microwave absorbing properties of different type of SiCNMs. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to compare the dielectric properties and microwave absorption properties of different types of SiCNMs. In this paper, SiC nanoparticles (SiCNPs) and SiC nanowhiskers (SiCNWs) were characterised using SEM and XRD. In addition, their dielectric properties and microwave absorbing properties were measured using network analyser and transmission line theory. It was found that SiCNWs achieved higher dielectric constant and loss factor which are and εr’ =17.94 and εr″ = 2.64 compared to SiCNPs that only achieved εr’ = 2.83 and εr″ = 0.71. For microwave absorbing properties, SiCNWs and SiCNPs attained minimum reflection loss of -10.41 dB and -6.83 dB at 5.68 GHz and 17.68 GHz, respectively. The minimum reflection loss of SiCNPs and SiCNWs obtained in this study is much lower than the nanometer-SiC reported previously. These results suggested that SiCNWs can be an ideal candidate of microwave susceptors for various microwave applications -
PublicationEffect of dispersing agents on the electrical and mechanical performance of GNPs filled epoxy nanocomposite( 2023-07)
;Wong Wee ChunIn this work, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) filled epoxy nanocomposites with the addition of different dispersing agents were fabricated using a method combines mechanical mixing and tip sonication. The loading of GNPs used is 0.8 vol% determined previously as the amount required to achieve the percolation threshold to conduct electricity. Three dispersing agents were used in this work: Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), ethanol and Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE), with loadings varying from 2 vol% to 10 vol%. The incorporation of dispersing agent enhanced the electrical bulk conductivity of GNPs filled nanocomposites. The mechanical performance (flexural properties and fracture toughness) of the nanocomposite were evaluated and compared. The optimum loading of SDS to obtain the highest flexural strength and fracture toughness is 2 vol%, where further increases will deteriorate the performance of nanocomposites. On the other hand, the optimum loading of ethanol and PGE are 4 vol%. The fracture toughness of GNPs filled nanocomposites improved with the addition of 2 vol% SDS and deteriorated with increasing loadings of SDS up to 10 vol%. By incorporating 4 vol% of ethanol, the optimum fracture toughness of the nanocomposite is achieved. Fracture toughness is then dropped with further increases in ethanol. The addition of PGE caused deterioration in fracture toughness of GNPs filled epoxy nanocomposite. -
PublicationElectrochemiluminescence of carbon dots and nitrogen-doped carbon dots from a microwave-assisted method( 2023-10)
;Nurul Izzati Akmal Mohd Azman ;Muhammad Amirul Afiq Abdul Halim ;Siti Aisyah ShamsudinEiichi TamiyaThis research focuses on the use of carbon dots (CDs) and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) synthesized using a microwave-assisted method as electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores. CDs have been synthesized using citric acid, while various concentrations of nitrogen-doped CDs have been successfully obtained by varying the amount of urea from 1 to 3 g with citric acid to produce NCD1, NCD,2 and NCD3. The ECL mechanism of CDs and NCDs on screen-printed electrodes has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). ECL emission from as-prepared CDs and NCDs was observed in PBS with potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) as a co-reactant. The addition of potassium chloride (KCl) as a supporting electrolyte displays fast electroreduction of CDs and K2S2O8 to expedite the generation of CDs and peroxydisulfate radicals that simultaneously increase ECL intensity. Furthermore, as the concentration of nitrogen-doped CDs increases, so does the intensity of the ECL. NCD3 shows the highest ECL intensity by an increment of 86.4% in comparison to CDs in PBS with the addition of K2S2O8 and KCl. Finally, optimization of ECL measurement was carried out in terms of CV potential range, concentration of luminophore, supporting electrolyte, and co-reactant using NCD3 luminophore. The CV potential range at 0 to -2 V shows 50 mV of early CV reverse onset potential that resulted in an increase of 52.9% ECL intensity. Meanwhile, 30x dilution of NCD3, 0.1 M of supporting electrolyte KCl, and 0.1 M of co-reactant K2S2O8 show the optimum value to obtain high ECL intensity. -
PublicationFabrication and simulation of silicon nanowire pH sensor for Diabetes Mellitus detection( 2023-04)
;C. Y. Chean ;M. I. HashimRozaimah A.TDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease failed to control the balance of blood sugar level due to lack of insulin thereby it effect human health. In Malaysia, there are around 3.9 millions people aged 18 years old and above have diabetes according to National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019. Silicon Nanowire is a nanostructure which has ultra-high sensitivity and non-radioactive that has potential given good performances when applied on pH sensor and biosensor. Silicon nanowire pH sensor and biosensor is an electronic sensor that investigated to improve the sensitivity and accuracy for detecting DM. This project consists of two parts, which are fabrication of silicon nanowire pH sensor and simulation of silicon nanowire biosensor as preliminary study. In fabrication, silicon nanowire of pH sensor is fabricated by conventional lithography process, reaction ion etching (RIE) and metallization to achieved the width of 100 nm silicon nanowire. The pH6, pH7, pH10 and DI water as analytes to analysis the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of silicon nanowire pH sensor. In second part, the silicon nanowire biosensor as preliminary study is done simulation by Silvaco ATLAS devices simulator. The silicon nanowire with 30 nm in height and 20 nm in width of biosensor is designed and simulated to analyze the performance in terms of sensitivity. I-V characteristics of silicon nanowire biosensor according to different concentration of negative interface charge is determined. The negative interface charge represent as the Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) which is used to diagnose DM. The I-V characteristic based on the change in current, resistance and conductance to determine sensitivity. Lastly, the sensitivity of silicon nanowire pH sensor obtained 23.9 pS/pH while the sensitivity of simulated silicon nanowire biosensor obtained 3.91 nS/e.cm2. The results shown the more negative charge of concentration analyte attached on surface silicon nanowire has been accumulated more current flow from drain terminal to source terminal. It leads to the resistance becomes highest and obtained good sensitivity. In summary, the silicon nanowire pH sensor exhibited good performance and high sensitivity in detection pH level. The simulated silicon nanowire biosensor is capable of detecting biomolecular interactions charges to obtained high sensitive and accuracy result. -
PublicationFabrication of nano and micrometer structures using electron beam and optical mixed lithography process( 2011-01)
;S. F. Abd RahmanM. E. A. ShohiniIn this paper, the fabricated pattern of nanometer and micrometer structures created with electron beam lithography (EBL) and optical lithography on silicon on insulator (SOI) material are presented. The resist used to demostrate this EBL pattern creation is ma-V 2403 which is a negative tone photoresist series, while positive resist PRI-2000A is used to transform photomask design using optical lithography. Three different patterns structures are fabricated on each sample namely alignment mark, silicon, nanowire and metal pad. The JEOL scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been modified to integrate with RAITH software to be used for electron beam lithography. Nano-scaled nanowires were first patterned by EBL and formed by ICP ething followed by micro-sized-contact pads were defined bt photolithography process. The approachICP etching followed by micro-sized -pad were defined by photlithography process. The approach describe in this paper is a mix-and-match techniques uising both conventional photholilthography and advanced nanolithoragraphy, making use of an alignment strategy. -
PublicationFabrication of nano and micrometer structures using electron beam and optical mixed lithography process( 2011-01)
;S. F. Abd RahmanM. E. A. ShohiniIn this paper, the fabricated pattern of nanometer and micrometer structures created with electron beam lithography (EBL) and optical lithography on silicon on insulator (SOI) material are presented. The resist used to demostrate this EBL pattern creation is ma-V 2403 which is a negative tone photoresist series, while positive resist PRI-2000A is used to transform photomask design using optical lithography. Three different patterns structures are fabricated on each sample namely alignment mark, silicon, nanowire and metal pad. The JEOL scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been modified to integrate with RAITH software to be used for electron beam lithography. Nano-scaled nanowires were first patterned by EBL and formed by ICP ething followed by micro-sized-contact pads were defined bt photolithography process. The approachICP etching followed by micro-sized -pad were defined by photlithography process. The approach describe in this paper is a mix-and-match techniques uising both conventional photholilthography and advanced nanolithoragraphy, making use of an alignment strategy. -
PublicationFacile electrical DNA genosensor for human papillomavirus (HPV 58) for early detection of cervical cancer( 2023-07)
;F. Nadhirah Jaapar ;Sh. Nadzirah ;Wei Chern Ang ;Iffah Izzati Zakaria ;Zulida Rejali ;Amilia Afzan ;Azrul Azlan Hamzah ;Chang Fu DeeF. Syakirah HalimFor decades, a Pap smear test has been applied as a conventional method in detecting Human Papillomavirus caused cervical cancer. False-positive results were also recorded while using it as conventional method. Current biosensor such as Hybrid (II) Capture resulted in higher time consumption and cost. s Meanwhile, in this study we provided facile, mini, rapid, highly sensitive, eco-friendly, and cost-effective sensing system focusing on HPV strain 58 (HPV58) in a nano-size lab-on-chip technology genosensor. 30-mer of virus ssDNA designed and analyzed as a probe via bioinformatics tools such as GenBank, Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST) and ClustalW. Nanotechnology-developed colloidal Gold-nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in the biosensor fabrication to produce high stability and electron efficient transmission during electrical measurement. AuNPs-APTES modified on active sites of IDEs, followed by immobilization of specific probe ssDNA for HPV 58. Hydrogen binding during hybridization with its target produce electrical signals measured by KEITHLEY 2450 (Source Meter). The genosensor validated with different types of targets such as complimentary, non-complementary and single mismatch oligonucleotides. The serial dilution of target concentration has been experimented triplicate (n=3) range from 1fM to 10μM. The slope of calibration curve resulted 2.389E-0 AM-1 with regression coefficient (R2) = 0.97535. -
PublicationFormation of bio-based derived dicalcium silicate ceramics via mechanochemical treatment: physical, XRD, SEM and FTIR analyses( 2023-07)
;Siti Nur Hazwani Yunus ;Nur Hazlinda Jakfar ;Emma Ziezie Mohd TarmiziZainal Abidin TalibBeta-dicalcium silicate plays an important role in modern technology, but its tendency for polymorphic transformation results in the dusting phenomenon, is a major challenge. Therefore, mechanochemical treatment is used to reduce the particle size to retain the stability of the polymorph. In this study, pure dicalcium silicate ceramics of β-monoclinic structure with P 121/c1 space group were synthesized using calcium oxide and silicate powders derived from calcined eggshells and rice husks, respectively. The powders were mixed in a 2:1 molar ratio by mechanochemical treatment and heat-treated in the air at temperatures ranging from 900°C to 1100°C for 2 h. The results reveal that pure betadicalcium silicate formed at 1100°C without adding stabilizers. The properties of the pristine and sintered bodies were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM revealed that the grain and pore sizes increase with rising sintering temperatures. FTIR spectra indicate the existence of Si-O bonds in -4 4 SiO tetrahedrons on all the samples. The sample sintered at 1000°C attains the lowest bulk density (1.2463 g/cm3), whereas the apparent porosity is the highest (62.5%). The reason for this trend is due to the decomposition of carbonate into CO2 gas. The densification onset for the sample sintered at 1100°C as the bulk density rises and grain size achieves 6.06 μm. This study further explains the effect of sintering temperatures on the physical, structural, and morphological properties of Ca2SiO4 which would also be useful for further optimization of its use. -
PublicationGraphene synthesis by electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and its characterizations( 2023-07)
;Nur Syahirah KholibGraphene is one of the nanoscale materials that has attracted many researchers to continue in-depth study on its unique properties where both the graphene oxide (GO) and electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) are the derivatives of graphene. GO and ERGO can be further modified chemically for many types of application such as sensor and water filter membrane. However, to restore the electrical property of graphene, GO should be reduced to ERGO. There are several types of reduction methods which are fast to produce good quality and high yield of graphene material. However, those methods use toxic chemicals to reduce GO which can bring negative impact to both human and environment. Therefore, an electrochemical approach can be carried out to solve this issue. This study presents the electrochemical synthesis of GO and electrochemical reduction of ERGO. All characterizations were conducted by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). -
PublicationHydrothermal growth zinc oxide nanorods for pH sensor application( 2023-10)The aim of this work is to apply synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanorods using hydrothermal (HTL) growth technique for pH sensor application. The highly crystallite of ZnO Nanorods was obtained by anneal the growth ZnO Nanorods in furnace at 200°C for 2 hours. Besides that, XRD analysis shows the produced ZnO Nanorods belonged to the (002) plane. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images confirm that the ZnO Nanorods with hexagonal-faceted structural were successfully produced by HTL growth technique. In addition, Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer analysis shows that the synthesized ZnO belongs to the wide band gap semiconductor material. The growing ZnO Nanorods were then subjected to electrical measurement with various pH levels. The outcome demonstrates that the current rises as the solution changes from acidic to alkaline. Overall, our study shows a relationship between the electrical as well as the structural characteristics of ZnO Nanorods at various pH levels.
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PublicationImprovement in processing of micro and nano structure fabrication using O2 plasma( 2011-01)
;Th. S. DhahiN. M. AhmedPlasma has frequently been used by the industry as a last step surface preparation technique in an otherwise wet-etched process. Recent research of the chemistry of plasma led to a great understanding of plasma processes. It is by controlling the plasma conditions and gas mixture, ultra-fast plasma cleaning and etching is possible. With enhanced organic removal rates, plasma processed become more desirable as an environmentally sound alternative to traditional solvent or acid dominated process, not only as a cleaning tool, but also as a patterning and machining tool. In this paper, improvement in the processing of nanogap fabrication using O₂ plasma is discussed including the parameters for PR patterning with two times limited in the O₂ plasma process. For applications that have not been possible with limited usefulness, plasma processes are now approaching the realm of possibility. We introduce this work to fabricate and characterize the nanogap device fabrication O₂ plasma technique for biosensor fabrication. In this review, two masks design are proposed. The first mask is for the lateral nanogap and the second mask is for a gold pad electrode pattern, and the lateral nanogap is introduced in the fabrication process using silicon, and gold as an electrode. Conventional photolithography technique is used to fabricate this nanogap (NG) based on the plasma etching technique. The increase in etching time when we apply the O₂ plasma means an increase in the amount of etching, while in the case of reducing the time of etching means reducing the amount of etching, as shown in the results. -
PublicationImprovement in processing of micro and nano Structure fabrication using O₂ plasma( 2011-01)
;Th. S. DhahiN. M. AhmedPlasma has frequently been used by the industry as a last step surface preparation technique in an otherwise wet-etched process. Recent research of the chemistry of plasma led to a great understanding of plasma processes. It is by controlling the plasma conditions and gas mixture, ultra-fast plasma cleaning and etching is possible. With enhanced organic removal rates, plasma processed become more desirable as an environmentally sound alternative to traditional solvent or acid dominated process, not only as a cleaning tool, but also as a patterning and machining tool. In this paper, improvement in the processing of nanogap fabrication using O₂ plasma is discussed including the parameters for PR patterning with two times limited in the O₂ plasma process. For applications that have not been possible with limited usefulness, plasma processes are now approaching the realm of possibility. We introduce this work to fabricate and characterize the nanogap device fabrication O₂ plasma technique for biosensor fabrication. In this review, two masks design are proposed. The first mask is for the lateral nanogap and the second mask is for a gold pad electrode pattern, and the lateral nanogap is introduced in the fabrication process using silicon, and gold as an electrode. Conventional photolithography technique is used to fabricate this nanogap (NG) based on the plasma etching technique. The increase in etching time when we apply the O₂ plasma means an increase in the amount of etching, while in the case of reducing the time of etching means reducing the amount of etching, as shown in the results. -
PublicationInvestigation of the absorption coefficient, refractive index, energy band gap, and film thickness for Al0.11Ga0.89N, Al0.03Ga0.97N, and GaN by optical transmission method( 2009-07)
;Naser M. AhmedYarub Al-DouriThe design of optoelectronic devices fabricated from III-Nitride materials is aided by knowledge of refractive index and absorption coefficient of these materials .The optical properties of Al0.11Ga0.89N, Al0.03Ga0.97N, and GaN grown by MOVPE on sapphire were investigated by means of transmittance measurements .The optical transmission method is successfully used to determine the refractive index (n), absorption coefficient (α), film thickness and energy gap of three samples of film over the spectral range of (1-5 eV) -
PublicationMagnetic induction tomography for brain tissue imaging based on conductivity distribution for parkinson’s disease diagnosis( 2023-10)
;Hussaini AdamParkinson's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative complication defined by the accumulation of alpha synuclein lewy bodies in the brain. Misdiagnosis results widespread of Parkinson’s disease because clinical diagnosis is challenging, underlining a need of a better detection technique, such as non-invasive magnetic induction tomography (MIT) technique. Non-invasive techniques for biological tissues imaging are becoming popular in biomedical engineering field. Therefore, MIT technology as a non-invasive technique has been encouraged in a medical field due to its advancement of technology in diagnosing diseases. The measurement parameters in MIT are passive electromagnetic properties (conductivity, permittivity, permeability) for biological tissue and the most dominant parameter in MIT is conductivity properties. It is uses a phase shift between a primary magnetic field and an induced field caused by a target object's conductivity. As a function of conductivity, the phase shift between the applied and secondary fields is expressed. Thus, the phase shift can be used to characterize the conductivity of a target object. The phase shift between the excitation and induced magnetic fields (EMF and IMF) reflects the change in conductivity in biological tissues. This paper focuses on the virtual simulation by using COMSOL Multi-physics for the design and development of MIT system that emphasizes on single channel magnetic induction tomography for biological tissue (bran tissue) imaging based on conductivity distribution for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. The develop system employs the use of excitation coils to induce an electromagnetic field (e.m.f) in the brain tissue, which is then measured at the receiving side by sensors. The proposed system is capable of indicating Parkinson’s disease based on conductivity distribution. This method provides the valuable information of the brain abnormality based on differences of conductivities of normal brain and Parkinson’s disease brain tissues. -
PublicationNano Hydroxyapatite (Nano-HA) based on pholas orientalis shells and degradation analysis( 2023-04)
;Mohd Riza Mohd Roslan ;Farah Diana Mohd DaudBeh Chong YouMillions of tons of seashells are produced every day as waste around the world. These underutilized seashells waste was executed as calcium precursor by researcher to synthesis the nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA). Nano-HA was successfully synthesised from Pholas Orientalis seashells waste via the chemical precipitation method. Different sintering temperatures were implemented to evaluate the physicochemical criteria of nano-HA. The obtained powders were examined by various physicochemical methods such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX and degradation analysis. The peaks in XRD and FTIR analysis the HA is successfully produced. The FESEM images on the other hand showing the HA particle in nano size range with rice-like structure. Meanwhile, a variation of Ca/P ratio can be observed in respect to sintering temperatures. The Ca/P ratio for HA-WS, HA-S500 and HA-S700 sample is 1.78, 2.03 and 1.57 respectively. Different sintering temperatures result in different crystallinity value which consequently affects its degradation profile.