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PublicationImmersive Technologies: A Literature Review on Brand Engagement and Consumer Behaviour( 2023)The evolution of marketing through digital means has been greatly influenced by the emergence of virtual influencers on social media and the incorporation of immersive technologies such as AR, VR, and XR. This study examines the development of virtual influencers as an emerging frontier in consumer interaction, highlighting their unique benefits compared to traditional influencers and their potential for tailored and managed brand promotion. Digital avatars provide a unique method to engage audiences, but they also present ethical dilemmas and require scientific evidence to confirm their efficacy. The methodology includes a comprehensive literature study on many aspects of digital marketing, such as the influence of immersive technologies on brand storytelling and engagement, and the significance of gamification and video-based learning in improving user interaction from 2013 to 2024. The analysis highlights a significant deficiency in existing research about the enduring impacts of these technologies on brand loyalty and consumer behaviour. The digital age requires creative marketing methods that are ethical and align with consumers' desire for authenticity and engagement. Future studies should further investigate these aspects to ensure that virtual influencers and immersive technology are used properly to cultivate significant brand connections.
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PublicationWomen's Health Diary: Tracker System for Menstruation, Intermenstrual, Ovulation, and Postnatal Bleeding Using Rules-Based Technique( 2023)Menstruation, a natural physiological process in women, entails regular vaginal bleeding as part of the monthly menstrual cycle. While existing systems facilitate menstrual cycle tracking, they often lack the capability to differentiate between various types of vaginal bleeding, such as menstruation (haid), intermenstrual bleeding (istihadah), or postnatal bleeding (nifas). To address this limitation, the Women's Health Diary: Tracker System for Menstruation, Intermenstrual, Ovulation, and Postnatal Bleeding) was developed using a rule-based technique. This system employs an iterative method comprising eight phases: initial planning, planning, requirements, analysis and design, implementation, testing, evaluation, and deployment. By ensuring the optimal development and performance of this system, women can effectively manage their menstrual blood, a vital aspect of their overall health. Moreover, this system holds particular significance for every women, as it facilitates tracking and identification of regular and irregular cycles, enabling them to uphold the legitimacy of their worship.
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PublicationDevelopment of indoor wireless optical CDMA system for local-area networks (LANs) and health-care continuous monitoring(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2016)Optical wireless communication (OWC) is an important area of research that offers a number of advantages over radio frequency based systems. These advantages include high bandwidth, free licensed spectrum band, high security, ease of installation, immunity to induced electromagnetic interference (EMI), and low-cost subsystems. The focus of this thesis is on indoor owe channels and systems. The main limitations ofindoor owe systems include Inter-Symbol Interference (lSI) due to multi path dispersion, background noise, and Multiple Access Interference (MAl) and Phase-Induced Intensity Noise (PUN) associated with simultaneous multi-user systems. The former degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the latter limits the maximum achievable data rate. This thesis investigates the use of an optimised divergence angle of the transmitter in a room structure of 1-cell and 4-cell configurations to achieve a higher transmission bandwidth and a more uniform optical power distribution, resulting in lower IS I. This work also investigates the use of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) technology based on a Zero Cross Correlation (ZCC) code in optical wireless networks to reduce the impairments such as MAl and PIIN that exist in the system and thus improve the overall system performance. The obtained results are compared with a Flexible Cross Correlation CFCC) based system. As a result, the indoor wireless OCDMA (W-OCDMA) system based on 4-celJ configuration and using the ZCC code can accommodate a large number of users with less transmission power and a higher data rate compared to the 1-cell configuration or using the FCC code. The 4-cell configuration system based on the ZCC code offered 42% and 150% larger cardinality at the edges, and the comers of the room respectively, compared to the 1-cell configuration. In addition, this system also offered 55%, 47%, 51% larger cardinality at the centre, the edges, and the comers of the room, respectively, in contrast to the FCC code. Furthermore, this research also investigates the use of infrared technology in healthcare monitoring to develop a mobile medical system. This is because existing technology is generally based on radio frequency (RF) systems, which might suffer from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Additionally, the effect of the radiation field on medical equipment may lead to misdiagnosis. In answer to these issues, optical wireless links between the medical sensors and the receiver in the middle of the ceiling in a hospital room was examined. From the results, the power efficiency of the mobile optical wireless system to ensure the communication between medical sensors and the receiving point was established. Furthermore, the minimum required transmitted power for the required performance was determined, so as to achieve a higher power autonomy. The results also show that the requirements of a healthcare monitoring application for medical nodes of up to 10 nodes, considering a data rate lower than 1 Mbps, can be achieved using infrared technology. The results prove the superiority of the optical wireless technology over the conventional radio-based communication network in healthcare monitoring systems.
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PublicationMechanical property characterisation of napier grass fibre reinforced polyester composites(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2016)The mechanical properties of Napier grass fibre-reinforced composites were characterised. Napier grass fibres were extracted through water retting process. The effect of alkali-treatment on the tensile properties and morphology of the fibres was investigated. The fibres were alkali-treated using NaOH solutions of 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentrations which subjected to single fibre testing. The morphology of the fibres was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 10% alkali-treated Napier grass fibres yielded the highest strength. To fabricate the composites, Napier grass fibre and polyester resin were used as the reinforcing material and polymer matrix, respectively. The tensile and flexural properties of the composites were studied. In general, up to a certain threshold value, the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites increased as the fibre volume fractions increased, following which, there was a reduction in strength. The maximum tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were obtained at 25% fibre loading. Water absorption test were conducted by immersing samples in distilled water bath at room temperature (25°C) at different time durations. The wet and dry specimens of composites were subjected to tensile, flexural and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests according to ASTM standard respectively. The water absorption pattern of Napier grass fibre composites obeys Fickian behavior at room temperature immersions. The percentage of water absorption is higher for untreated fibres samples rather than treated due to removal of both lignin and hemicelluloses on the fibre surfaces. Tensile and flexural properties of Napier grass composites decreased with increase in percentage of water absorption. Effects of elevated temperature were studied temperature set at room temperature, 45°C, 65°C and 75°C. Higher temperature induces physical and chemical changes in the composites the mechanical properties which are also governed by the unsaturated polyester. However, a significant decrease in tensile and flexural properties was observed for the entire composite tested at elevated temperature. Generally, this study is useful to predict the suitability of using the novel Napier grass fibre as reinforcement in polymer resins.
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PublicationThe effectiveness of voltage SAG mitigation on chiller utilities equipment to comply SEMI-F47(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2015)The purpose of this thesis is to study the effectiveness of voltage sag mitigation on chiller controller equipment to comply SEMI F47 standards. The thesis adopts a comprehensive data measurement and analysis on voltage trend on selected dmation on chiller control circuit. SEMI F47 standards specification allow the voltage sag 50% within 0.3sec from the nominal voltage are acceptable range. All related data measurement were taken at a semiconductor company in Bayan Lepas Industrial Park, Penang. To achieve this, it is essential to properly select voltage sag device depending on working environment and physical equipment. Allen Bradly Bulletin l608P ProDySC25 is capable for voltage sag mitigation, which contributes towards improvements on voltage stability if subjected to voltage sags. There are limitations ofthe voltage and current ranges given the restricted choice of equipment selection. This study provides in-depth knowledge on the importance and benefits of voltage sag mitigation, in its contribution to significant voltage quality with increasing total equipment efficiency to meet SEMI-F47 in business operations. This thesis is very original as on highly accurate voltage and duration trends measured on actual performance of voltage sag device hooked-up on chiller controller equipment as real-time.
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PublicationCorak penggunaan percampuran kod dalam kalangan pelajar Malaysia di China( 2022-12)Bahasa adalah alat yang sangat penting bagi manusia untuk berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain. Ia juga merupakan alat untuk menyampaikan mesej dari seorang individu ke individu lain. Di dunia moden, cara manusia berkomunikasi menjadi lebih mudah dan pantas dengan penemuan teknologi. Salah satu medium komunikasi yang popular di kalangan pengguna adalah aplikasi WhatsApp. Bahasa yang digunakan dalam aplikasi WhatsApp juga bergantung kepada pengguna bahasa. Namun begitu, di dapati penggunaan bahasa rojak, iaitu percampuran kod bahasa Melayu dan bahasa lain dalam aplikasi WhatsApp adalah amat ketara digunakan oleh pengguna di Malaysia. Sehubungan itu, tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk melihat bentuk dan corak penggunaan percampuran kod antara bahasa Melayu dan Mandarin dalam platform media sosial WhatsApp serta faktor yang mendorong kepada penggunaan percampuran kod tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dikumpul daripada sebuah kumpulan perbualan di aplikasi WhatsApp yang terdiri daripada 18 orang alumni pelajar jurusan bahasa Mandarin dan merupakan rakan sekelas selama lima tahun dari Beijing Foreign Studies University, China. Data diambil dari sejarah perbualan mereka dalam jangka masa dua tahun empat bulan iaitu daripada 6 Mac 2015 sehingga 6 Julai 2017. Dapatan kajian mendapati bentuk percampuran kod penyisipan adalah bentuk yang paling banyak digunakan diikuti dengan bentuk penggantian. Manakala bentuk percampuran kod yang sedikit adalah bentuk leksikal kongruen. Seterusnya faktor yang menyebabkan penggunaan percampuran kod ini adalah ketiadaan istilah atau terjemahan yang tepat, mudah menyampaikan maksud pesanan, dapat berlatih serta meningkatkan penguasaan bahasa Mandarin, faktor pesekitaran, tanda penegasan dan mengelak daripada berlakunya salah faham. Secara keseluruhannya, penggunaan percampuran kod ini dapat membantu pelajar supaya menjadi biasa dengan penggunaannya, seterusnya meningkatkan tahap pemahaman mereka.
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PublicationDependence of deposition bath temperature for p-electrodeposited-Cu₂O onto n-TiO₂/ZnO bilayer thin films(Elsevier, 2023)The synthesis of semiconductor materials is crucial to produce the best properties of heterojunction thin films solar cell. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is coupled with zinc oxide (ZnO) to promote high transmittance due to low utilization of the solar spectrum. In this project, p-Cu2O as absorbing layer was deposited onto n-TiO2/ZnO bilayer thin film which acts as window layer in order to complete the device. Several bath temperatures of 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C were manipulated during Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) measurement and electrodeposition process for p-Cu2O thin film. The LSV measurement was employed to determine the potential value and electrochemical properties of p-Cu2O thin film. Based on findings, the suitable deposition potential chosen is − 0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl. The p-Cu2O thin film deposited at bath temperature of 40 °C exhibited the highest diffraction peak intensity in the (111)-preferred plane orientation showing high crystallinity. The surface morphology of homogeneous and well-defined triangular shape with thickness of 4.93μm was observed. The estimated bandgap energy of 1.92 eV acquired indicated to p-Cu2O thin film. The n-TiO2/ZnO bilayer/p-Cu2O heterojunction thin film was successfully fabricated and showed significant electrical rectification properties. Here in, bath temperature influenced to the enhancement of heterointerface growth development in several properties.
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PublicationIsu pemanasan global( 2012)Panasnya hari ini! Pernahkan anda mendengar rungutan atau keluhan seperti ini keluar daripada mulut masyarakat sekitar anda? Atau anda sendiri pernah mengalami hal ini. Anda tidak salah, data-data yang ada memang menunjukkan bumi kita mengalami peningkatan suhu yang amat merisaukan sejak akhir-akhir ini. Hal ini berkait langsung dengan isu global yang kebelakangan ini makin hangat diperkatakan oleh masyarakat dunia iaitu pemanasan global. Ironinya, kesedaran mengenai hal ini dalam kalangan masyarakat amat kurang dan tidak hairan ada dalam kalangan masyarakat, langsung tidak tahu mengenai pemanasan global. Buku ini direalisasikan untuk memberi pengetahuan kepada pembacanya mengenai pemanasan global, punca pemanasan global, kesan-kesannya serta langkah-langkah pencegahan yang perlu dimainkan oleh semua pihak. Buku ini turut membincangkan pelaksanaan Protokol Montreal dan Protokol Kyoto dalam menangani masalah pemanasan global
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PublicationCrystals structure : linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities( 2013)In recent years, nonlinear optics has developed into a field of major study because of rapid advances in laser technology. Nonlinear optical techniques have been applied to many diverse disciplines such as atomic, molecular, solid-state physics, materials science, chemical dynamics, surface interface sciences, biophysics, and medicine. The development of new advanced nonlinear optical materials for special applications is of crucial importance in technical areas such as optoelectronics, acoustic-optic conversions, optical signal processing, optical computing, and neuro-network implementation.
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PublicationMelestarikan pembangunan komuniti sejahtera( 2015)Melestarikan Pembangunan Komuniti Sejahtera merupakan Siri Diges Kemanusiaan yang menghimpunkan artikel-artikel mengenai isu-isu berkaitan bidang kemanusiaan. Fokus utama buku ini adalah membincangkan peranan dan tanggungjawab masyarakat bagi melahirkan sebuah komuniti yang sejahtera. Bidang kemanusiaan sentiasa relevan dan sentiasa menarik minat pelbagai pihak untuk mencapai kesejahteraan sejagat. Buku ini dapat memberikan pencerahan dan panduan yang berguna kepada para pembaca untuk memperbaiki diri, seterusnya membentuk masyarakat yang berakhlak dan bermoral yang menyumbang kepada keharmonian negara.
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Publication"A binding contract between the dominant and the submissive”: linguistic analysis of gender bias in Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)( 2022-12)Language, a significant tool for communication, is implemented to express an interlocutor’s attitude. Their language choice can imply manipulation of power or discrimination between sexes, also known as sexist language. Since dialogues in movies represent real-world communication, this study aims to delve into the sexist language depicted in Fifty Shades of Grey (2015), a romantic drama film. In particular, the genre reflects the apparent discrepancy between male and female counterparts in terms of language and gender bias. The movie was then selected as the main text for the linguistic investigation of sexist language in this descriptive qualitative research. The essential framework in this research is centered extensively on Sara Mills’ theory regarding language and feminism encompassing overt sexism and indirect sexism. Overt sexism is categorized into six types including generic pronouns, generic nouns, non-parallel terms, sexism in proverbs, sexism in swear word, and derivation. On the other hand, indirect sexism is categorized into six subtypes, namely humor, presupposition, conflicting message, scripts and metaphors, collocation, and androcentric perspective. The researchers observe that characters and their attitudes render sexist ideology while their utterances convey gender-related discrimination.
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Publication"Look & Blink" two step verification security log in system( 2021-03-01)A new artificial intelligence security design which is face recognition with eye blinking login system is proposed. It aims to strengthen the security account for each user using artificial intelligence technology and increase speed and user convenience for security during login. The face of a person cannot be copied and it can replace the username of the user, while eye blinking detection is another step for double verification replacing the password of a user. It is a two-step verification process that can be applied to all sorts of account login field so that this technology can replace the old school username with a password security system. The recognition system used a real-time where it is reducing the number of hackers in the field as it is impossible to hack a person's real-time face. The proposed system has been tested and analyzed the functionality by accessing the personal account in the university's portal.
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Publication"Talking Phonics for Autism": developing a multi-purpose touch screen technology software application which utilizes sound articulation point to teach autistic children(EDP Sciences, 2018-02-26)This paper aims to examine the potentials of the multi-purpose touch screen technology application which utilizes a sound articulation point software called "TALKING PHONICS FOR AUTISM"as an alternative method of teaching phonics to autistic children. "TALKING PHONICS FOR AUTISM"is developed via a collaborative effort between the Centre of International Languages (CIL) and the School of Human Development and techno Communication (iKOM), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP). The reading skills of autism children are developed intofive (5) levels ofMalay reading comprehension skills. The first level consists of open syllables - vowels and consonants. The following consecutivethree levels comprised of closed syllables. The fourth level introduces vocal sequence while the fifth level constitutes of Malay language loans. The Malay-language dialect phonological theory by Tajul Aripin Kassin (2000) which is based on Clements & Keysher's (1980) Generative Booking Generic Fonology Model (CV) forms the theorectical framework of this paper.
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Publication"UniMAP 2002-2005: Persepsi dan impak ekonomi Perlis"( 2011-02)Universiti Malaysia Per/is (UniMAP) ditubuhkan pada Julai 2001 dan telah memulakan operasinya secara rasmi selepas perlantikan Brigedier Jen. Dato 'Professor Dr. Kamarudin Russin sebagai Naib Canselor pertama pada 16 Februari 2002. Setelah empat (4) tahun beroperasi (2002 hingga 2005), UniMAP telah memberikan sumbangan yang sangat besar di negeri ini. lmpak utama UniMAP adalah dalam aspek ekonomi. Yang mana selama operasinya di Per/is, UniMAP telah menyumbang jutaan ringgit untuk prasarana dan perbelanjaan mengurus termasuklah emolumen staf dan perbelanjaan pelajar. Kertas kerja ini akan melihat kesan yang dibawa oleh UniMAP selama operasinya di Per/is terutamanya dalam aspek ekonomi termasuk jugalah pandangan penduduk Perlis, staf dan pelajar terhadap UniMAP dan kesan kampus teragih serta kesan pemusatan UniMAP terhadap ekonomi Per/is. 565 responden yang terdiri daripada masyarakat luar, sta.f dan pelajar UniMAP terlibat dalam penyelidikan ini. Semua maklumat ini dihurai secara diskriptif dan diikuti dengan ana/isis statistik yang mudah untuk menjelaskannya disamping data-data sekunder daripada pelbagai agensi samaada agensi kerajaan negeri, persekutuan, swasta mahupun UniMAP sendiri.
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Publication1-point fractional adams method for solving single order differential equations with fractional delay( 2023-11-17)This paper deals with fractional delay differential equations (FDDE) of single order with fractional Caputo derivatives using the 1-point fractional Adams method. The proposed method is a predictor-corrector approach that can be constructed from the Adams-Bashforth method and Adams-Moulton method to achieve both simplicity and accuracy. The implementation of the fractional Caputo derivatives using the Euler-Gamma function and the approximation of delay term using the Newton divided difference interpolation are discussed. Some of the numerical examples are presented to show the proposed method is reliable and efficient
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PublicationPantun Pak Nazel : lisan diperi setulus nubari( 2020)Pantun Melayu warisan silam masih signifikan berfungsi dalam kehidupan kontemporari buat berhibur dan pengenalan jati diri masyarakat pemiliknya serta sebagai teknik pengajaran dalam pendidikan. Buku Pantun Pak Nazel: Lisan Diperi Setulus Nubari adalah karya genre pantun ciptaan peribadi yang ke-13 oleh pengarang. Yang istimewanya ialah pantun-pantun yang dipersembahkan, sebahagiannya amat berbeza daripada yang termuat di dalam buku-buku pantun beliau yang terdahulu. Paling ketara ialah kehadiran pantun-pantun yang tidak lazim dikarang oleh penulis-penulis pantun yang lain: misalnya seperti pantun 24 kerat, 20 kerat, 16 kerat, 12 kerat, 10 kerat, lapan kerat dan enam kerat. Namun, Pak Nazel tidak melupakan pantun jenis lazim seperti, pantun empat kerat, juga pantun empat kerat tiga kata sebaris yang mengutarakan pelbagai perkara seperti mengenai harta, hina, ikhlas, jiran, kawan, rindu dan sombong. Penguasaan berbahasa Nazel Hashim Mohamad amat tinggi dan tidak ketandusan kata-kata mahupun ilham. Malah, begitu kreatif dalam menyirat hanya kata-kata akar dengan mengelak penggunaan imbuhan dalam bentuk pantun lazim popular, pantun empat kerat. Pemilihan katanya tepat, sesuai dan padan dengan mesej yang cuba diungkapkan serta menyerlah keindahan melodi dan makna bagi setiap binaan rangkap pantun ciptaan itu. Hasilnya, terjelma suatu koleksi pantun yang kelihatan mudah binaan kata-katanya tetapi segar dalam cakupan mesej yang ingin disampaikan khususnya dalam memperkatakan hal-hal yang kompleks dan abstrak serta kontemporari sifatnya selari dengan alaf milenium yang dilangkauinya.
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PublicationIntegriti : konsep dan amalan( 2015)Integriti tunjang keunggulan ummah. Sehubungan dengan itu, pembudayaan integriti dalam keluarga, komuniti dan organisasi adalah satu keperluan dalam kerangka pengukuhan negara bangsa. Pembentukan dan pembangunan integriti adalah satu proses yang berterusan. Sehubungan dengan itu, buku ini membincangkan konsep dan amalan integriti dalam pelbagai konteks dan wacana. Perbincangan dalam buku ini bergerak daripada konsep dan amalan integriti secara keseluruhan kepada konsep dan amalan integriti dalam konteks yang khusus, iaitu dalam konteks penjawat awam, agama, rasuah dan penyalahgunaan kuasa, akademik, keluarga dan pembangunan sumber manusia. Justeru, buku ini diterbitkan sebagai satu inisiatif bagi memperkukuh kefahaman terhadap konsep integriti dan pengamalannya dalam kehidupan seharian secara berterusan.
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PublicationKeusahawanan Islam di Malaysia : perkembangan dan cabaran( 2020)Penulisan keusahawanan Islam akan membawa pembaca untuk memahami isu-isu semasa yang sering dibincangkan dalam keusahawanan. Ini kerana, persoalan kemanusiaan sentiasa bersifat kompleks dan dinamis bersesuaian dengan realiti dan kondisi sesuatu masyarakat. Pelbagai cabaran dan rintangan perlu dihadapi oleh manusia demi meneruskan kelangsungan kehidupan di muka bumi dengan sejahtera khususnya dalam konteks keusahawanan. Topik perbincangan ini dimulakan dengan konsep keusahawanan kemudian diikuti dengan konsep keusahawanan Islam. Selanjutnya, perbincangan difokuskan kepada kedudukan ilmu keusahawanan dari sudut muamalah Islam. Bagi memberi gambaran yang jelas, konsep usahawan berjaya dikupas dengan mengambil kira pandangan al-Quran dan hadis supaya para pembaca mendapat gambaran yang jelas mengenai konsep pandang semesta Islam berkaitan keusahawanan. Penulisan ini juga turut membincangkan cabaran yang dihadapi dan peranan kerajaan serta kepentingan pembudayaan keusahawanan Islam pada masa kini. Semua perbincangan ini disertai dengan contoh-contoh semasa yang relevan dengan negara Malaysia pada hari ini. Adalah diharapkan pembaca dapat mengambil faedah daripada isu-isu yang dihidangkan oleh para penulis.
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PublicationAsas rancangan perniagaan kejuruteraan( 2011)Buku Asas Rancangan Perniagaan Kejuruteraan ialah sebuah buku yang membicarakan mengenai beberapa komponen yang seharusnya wujud di dalam rancangan perniagaan. Apa yang ditekankan ialah pengetahuan asas untuk menghasilkan rancangan perniagaan yang mudah difahami, lengkap dan mempunyai penerangan yang jelas. Buku ini mengandungi 10 bab utama yang telah diperhalusi mengikut sub-sub topik tertentu seperti memahami rancangan perniagaan, pelan rancangan dalam menentukan organisasi, kewangan, pengeluaran dan rancangan pemasaran.
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PublicationDinamika minda baharu : keusahawanan dan kemanusiaan( 2020)Dinamika Minda Baharu: Keusahawanan dan Kemanusiaan akan membawa pembaca untuk memahami isu-isu semasa yang sering dibincangkan dalam keusahawanan dan juga isu-isu sampingan berkaitan kemanusiaan. Persoalan keusahawanan dan kemanusiaan sentiasa bersifat kompleks dan dinamis bersesuaian dengan realiti dan kondisi sesuatu masyarakat. Pelbagai cabaran dan rintangan perlu dihadapi oleh manusia untuk meneruskan kelangsungan kehidupan di muka bumi dengan sejahtera khususnya dalam konteks keusahawanan. Topik perbincangan dimulakan dengan konsep keusahawanan dan diikuti dengan isu keusahawanan. Kupasan menarik seperti orientasi keusahawanan, kreativiti, kompetensi keusahawanan, kualiti, dimensi-dimensi yang ada dalam keusahawanan dan turut disentuh berkaitan keusahawanan sosial. Bagi tema kemanusiaan pula isu-isu berkaitan komunikasi dan teknologi maklumat turut dibincangkan. Semua perbincangan ini disertai dengan contoh-contoh semasa yang relevan dengan negara Malaysia pada hari ini. Adalah diharapkan pembaca dapat mengambil faedah daripada isu-isu yang dihidangkan oleh para penulis.
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