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Publication

2-Axis controlled spray pyrolysis deposition device for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

( 2024-10)

Siti Nurhaziqah Abd Majid

;

Muhammad Fikri Bakrin

;

Mohd Khairul Ahmad

;

Diani Galih Saputri

;

Noor Kamalia Abd Hamed

;

Shazleen Ahmad Ramli

;

Mohd Azwadi Omar

;

Faridah Abu Bakar

;

Nik Aziz Nik Ali

;

Mohamad Hafiz Mamat

;

Masaru Shimomura

;

Suriani Abu Bakar

;

Mohd Yazid Ahmad

;

Jais Lias

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based photovoltaic systems due to their efficient light-to-electricity conversion. A critical component of DSSCs is titanium dioxide (TiO2), responsible for converting light into electrical energy. Spray pyrolysis was one of the methods for fabricating TiO2 thin films. However, there are several drawbacks, such as challenges in particle size control, maintaining homogeneity of the thin film, and scalability issues during the deposition process. Modifications to the manufacturing process are necessary to achieve optimal performance in DSSCs, particularly with the thickness of the cell. This work focuses on the 2-axis spray pyrolysis process, a cost-effective way to create thin and thick films. In particular, it focuses on TiO2 thin films utilized as working electrodes in DSSC applications. The method was performed at different motor speeds, namely MS80, MS100, and MS120. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum showed that the dominance of the anatase phase appeared in an MS100. The UV-Vis results depict that the band gap value is 3.02 eV. The surface profiler analysis indicates that sample MS100 has an optimal thickness of 15.17 μm. The DSSC achieved 9.4% efficiency with sample MS100. This finding demonstrates that using 2-axis controlled spray pyrolysis deposition improves DSSC performance with an optimal motor speed.

Publication

2D-Modelling for the simulation of current-voltage characteristics in polysilicon schottky diode deposited by LPCVD and SAPCVD methods.

( 2009-01)

Nadia Benseddik

;

Mohammed Amrani

;

Zineb Benamara

;

Tayeb Mohammed-Brahim

The aim of this work is to compare the quality of the Schottky contact obtained between Silver and the un-doped polysilicon layer deposited on glass substrate (Corning 1737) by using two techniques: Lower Pressure Chemical Vapor deposition LPCVD (LPCVD sample) and Sub Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition SAPCVD (SAPCVD sample). A non ideal measured foward bias I-V characteristic has been observed. The elctrical parameters are evaluated such as ideality factor (4.94 and 6.46), barrier height (0.57 eV and 0.50 eV), saturation current (6.74x10ˉ³ mA and 2.14x10ˉ² mA) and series resistance (960Ω and 2300Ω), respectively on LPCVD and SAPCVD samples. Two-dimensional (2D) model of I-V characteristics taking into account the localization of traps states in the grain boundaries is developed. We are also considered the U-distribution of traps states in the band gap. A good adjustment is obtained between measurement and simulation of I-V characteristics and gives the energetic traps states distribution. The comparison of the performance of the two polysilicon layer deposition techniques has been analyzed and discussed. The experimental current curves are well fitted by this model which gives the energetic traps states distribution in the band gap. A good quality polycrystalline can be obtained using LPCVD technique but it is possible to deposit films with SAPCVD technique which it may be interesting candidate for the fabrication of solar cell.

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Publication

A 12 GHz LC-VCO Implemented with S’ shape Inductor using silicon-on sapphire substrate

( 2022-12)

Nazuhusna Khalid

;

Aimi Noorliyana Hashim

;

Nurul Izza Mohd Nor

;

Shahrir Rizal Kasjoo

;

Zaliman Sauli

;

Mohd Norhafiz Hashim

;

M.S Mispan

A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. In a VCO, low-phase noise while consuming less power is preferred. The tuning gain and noise in the control signal produce phase noise; more noise or tuning gain implies more phase noise. Sources of flicker noise (1/f noise) in the circuit, the output power level, and the loaded Q factor of the resonator are all crucial factors that influence phase noise. As a result, creating a resonator with a high Q-factor is essential for improving VCO performance. As a result, this paper describes a 12 GHz LC Voltage- Controlled Oscillator (VCO) employed with a ‘S’ shape inductor to improve phase noise and power performance. The phase noise for the VCO was reduced using a noise filtering technique. To reduce substrate loss and improve the Q factor, the inductor was designed on a high-resistivity Silicon-on Sapphire (SOS) substrate. At 12 GHz, the optimised S’ shape inductor has the highest Q-factor of 50.217. At 10 MHz and 100 MHz, the phase noise of the 12 GHz LC-VCO was -131.33 dBc/Hz and -156.71 dBc/Hz, respectively. With a 3.3 V power supply, the VCO core consumes 26.96 mW of power. Based on the findings, it is concluded that using an ‘S’ shape inductor in the VCO circuit will enable the development of low-cost, high-performance, very low-power system-on-chip wireless transceivers with longer battery life.

Publication

A comparative investigation on liquid-based memristor sensor for glucose detection

( 2022-12)

Bibi Nadia Taib

;

Asrulnizam Abd Manaf

;

Norhayati Sabani

This study reports a comparison of the behavior of liquid-based memristor sensors when tested with different concentrations of liquid glucose. A thin film of titanium dioxide (TiO2) serves as the sensing layer and is prepared through a sol-gel process using a spin coating method. This TiO2 layer has been spin coated on three sensors with a spin speed of 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm respectively. A nine-well structure was patterned on the TiO2 layer for all three sensors. Four different concentrations of liquid D-glucose 10, 20, 30, and 40 mM were tested on this sensor. These memristor sensors were characterized using a Keithley 4200-SCS Semiconductor Characterization System for current-voltage (I-V) measurements. The experimental results show that the ROFF/RON (off-state resistance to on-state resistance ratio) increases as the glucose concentration increases in line with the increase in the spin speed of TiO2 sol-gel coating. The memristor sensor with the highest glucose concentration at the highest spin speed of 3000 rpm resulted in the highest ROFF/RON ratio of 2.25 and subsequently contributed to the highest sensitivity of 56.25 (mM) -1. In conclusion, increasing the spin speed of the TiO2 sol-gel coating will increase the ratio and thus increase the sensitivity of the sensor.

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Publication

A comparative study of electronic and thermoelectric properties of bulk, 2D sheet and 1D wire of Silicon: an ab-initio study

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2017-07)

H. Joshi

;

D. P. Rai

;

Sandeep

;

A. Shankar

;

P. K. Patra

;

R. K. Thapa

We have made a comparative study of the electronic and thermoelectric properties of bulk, 2D-sheet and 1D atomic wire of Silicon, using the Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave method (FP-LAPW) within the framework of DFT. The electron exchange correlation was treated with the modified Becke-Johnson exchange potential (PBmBJ) for bulk Silicon and for Si sheet and wire, the most common Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) is taken into consideration. The transport coefficients were calculated by a post DFT treatment which involved the semi-classical Boltzmann Theory as implemented in the code BoltzTraP. For Si, we observed that as we move towards lower dimensionality, the thermoelectric efficiency ZT increases significantly (bulk ~ 0.01, Si sheet ~ 1.1 and Si wire ~ 1.65 at 300 K). The increase in ZT is mostly due to the change in phase in going from higher to lower dimension, which increases the electrical conductivity and reduces the thermal conductivity. Results obtained are compared with available theoretical and experimental results.

Publication

A comparative study of microwave welding using multiwalled carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide nanowhiskers as microwave susceptors

( 2024-10)

Phey Yee Foong

;

Voon Chun Hong

;

Lim Bee Ying

;

Teh Pei Leng

;

Yeoh Cheow Keat

;

Mohd Afendi Rojan

;

Nor Azizah Parmin

;

Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath

;

Foo Wah Low

;

Muhammad Kashif

;

Nor Azura Abdul Rahman

;

Sam Sung Ting

;

Veeradasan Perumal

Recently, microwave welding has arisen as an advanced joining method due to its versatility and rapid heating capabilities. Among others, microwave susceptors play a crucial role in microwave welding, as different classes of microwave susceptors have distinct microwave heating mechanisms. In this work, polypropylene (PP) was utilized as a thermoplastic substrate and two types of microwaves susceptors, namely multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silicon carbide nanowhiskers (SiC NWs), were studied for microwave welding. The susceptor was first dispersed in acetone to form susceptor suspension. Next, the susceptor suspension was deposited onto the targeted area on substrate and paired with another bare PP substrate. The paired sample was then exposed to 800 W microwave radiation in a microwave oven. Afterward, the welded joint was evaluated using a tensile test and scanning electron microscopy to determine its joint strength and cross-section microstructure. The results showed that the joint strength increased as the heating duration increased. The welded joint formed using MWCNTs achieved a maximum strength of 2.26 MPa when 10 s was used, while the SiC NWs-formed welded joint achieved a maximum strength of 2.25 MPa at 15 s. This difference in duration in forming a complete welded joint can be attributed to the higher microwave heating rates and thermal conductivity of MWCNTs. However, increasing the heating duration to 20 s caused severe deformation at the welded joint and resulted in low joint strength. Overall, this study highlights the significance of understanding the microwave heating mechanism of different susceptors and provides essential insight into the selection of a microwave susceptor for microwave welding.

Publication

A comparative study of quantum gates and classical logic gates implemented using Solid-State Double-Gate Nano-MOSFETs

( 2016-07)

Ooi Chek Yee

;

Lim Soo King

The purpose of this paper is to compare the operations of silicon-based solid-state quantum computer with classical logic gate made of double-gate (DG) nano-MOSFETs. Quantum gates, such as quantum NOT gate, controlled-NOT (CNOT) and quantum register are studied. On the other hand, classical computer gates, such as NOT gate, NOR gate, NAND gate, XOR gate and XNOR gate are described. Silicon-based solid-state quantum computer operates well at extremely low cryogenic temperature (77K) as shown by oscillation of electron density profiles of the silicon-based nanodevices. Unitary matrix which specifies a valid quantum gate is proven in this study. The intrinsic delay of the classical NOT gate is calculated from simulation output data and the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the DG nano-MOSFET, which is used to construct the NOT gate, is plotted and studied. The motivation of this study is to investigate ways to implement quantum computer with silicon-based DG nano-MOSFET implanted with phosphorus donor atoms.

Publication

A controlled growth of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on graphene

( 2023-12)

Mishtha Fiyatillah

;

Syarifah Norfaezah Sabki

;

Norzilah Abdul Halif

;

L K Wisnu Kita

;

Muhammad Asri Idris

;

Noraini Othman

;

A F Abd Rahim

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have superior properties such as high conductivity, good mechanical strength, high specific surface area, and chemical stability. CNFs-graphene hybrid material can be used as a high-quality electrode in electronics applications. In the CNFs on graphene synthesis, the growth parameters must be well controlled. This work observes the evolution of the CNF's growth on graphene on Ni at reaction temperatures of 800oC and 860oC and at different reaction times of 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min. This research aims to find suitable conditions for obtaining controllable growth of CNFs on graphene. Based on the SEM measurement, it was found that the 860oC reaction temperature at 60 min and 120 min reaction time led to longer and smaller widths of CNFs with high coverage and distribution on graphene. The CNFs on graphene formation were confirmed by the XRD analysis.

Publication

A new technique for measuring the refractive inde

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2018-10)

Asmaa J. Kadhim Al-Kinani

;

Isaa M. Kadhim

;

Adnan Salih Al-Ithawi

Refractive index is an essential optical parameter of materials. The operating principle of the refractometer is already known for more than hundred years. Refractometer measurement principally consists of analyzing an image which is produced by light reflection. This image analysis is aimed to find the location of the critical angle of total reflection, i.e. the borderline at which the light area turns into the dark area. There are four main types of refractometers: A new method to measure refractive index of glass and water has been documented in this paper. In this study we used a simple, easy, and accurate method to measure the refractive index of silica glass and water depending on measurement of the kinetic energy of laser light (405 nm) with energy (4 mj/s) in air and medium. We found the magnitude of refractive index of water and silica glass is the same as reported before.

Publication

A performance comparison of PID and Fuzzy Logic Control methods for trajectory tracking of wheeled mobile robot

( 2021-08)

Aminurrashid Noordin

;

Azhan Ab Rahman

;

Nur Afifah Ismail

;

Mohd Azli Salim

;

Adzni Md. Saad

;

Nor Azmmi Masripan

;

Nurfaizey Abdul Hamid

;

Faizil Wasbari

;

Mohd Zaid Akop

;

Mustafa Saad Khalifa

Trajectory tracking involves with the geometric path and the timing law of a two-wheeled mobile robot (WMR). Due to its unlimited work area, mobile robots have a broad spectrum of applications. Trajectory tracking feature in a WMR is designed to enable the robot to follow a reference path. To further analyse this feature, this paper discusses a two-wheeled mobile robot mathematical model using a kinematic model and then compares the trajectory performance of two controllers; namely PID and Fuzzy Logic. The presented controller was designed using MATLAB/Simulink software. The observation on the controllers performance is by Integral Square Error (ISE) where Fuzzy Logic Controller was found to increase the performance of the PID controller by 50%. The result indicated that Fuzzy Logic Controller performs better than the PID controller because of its ability to minimize the error produced during the WMR trajectory tracking.

Publication

A preliminary study on feasibility radar cross-section of foreign object debris for size classification

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2021-12)

P N Ja’afar

;

S M Idrus

;

S Ambran

;

A Hamzah

;

N Zulkifli

;

N A Hamid

;

A Kanno

;

N Shibagaki

;

K Kashima

;

T Kawanishi

In this paper, a preliminary evaluation study is conducted, which aiming to investigate the radar cross-section (RCS) value that is capable to be used as an input parameter for Artificial Neural network (ANN) backpropagation for foreign object debris (FOD) size classification. The experimental work procedure for dataset acquisition is described. The FOD simulator is used as the FOD target which is made of metal cylinder shape with nine various dimensions and its RCS is defined by using Maxwell’s equation. The location varying backscattered electromagnetic field from each target is measured for RCS calibration purposes. It is found that by using the received signal from radar, which is the RCS of the target and its locations, it can be utilized as input parameters of backpropagation algorithms. The ANN classification application is to define its size by the ranges; small (-30.99 to -21 dBsm), medium (-20.99 to -11 dBsm), and large (-10.99 to 0 dBsm). The interference signal getting from measurement (22.46 to 25.2 dBsm) exhibited good reflectivity behavior. The acquired input showed to be useful for ANN for FOD size classification.

Publication

A preliminary study on structural and optical properties of heat treated Nb₂O₅ nanostructure

( 2023-01)

Evan. T. Salim

;

Jehan A. Saimon

;

Marwa K Abood

;

Forat H. Alsultany

Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to improve their crystalline structure and other important properties. This work presents the effect of post heat treatment on optical, structural, morphological, and surface roughness of Nb₂O₅ thin films at different temperatures (200-700⁰C) which to the best of our knowledge not been extensively studied yet. A clear modification in surface morphology and other studied properties was obtained. XRD results show a significant enhancement in the film’s structural properties such as a reduction in the dislocation densities and stress. The optical properties of the treated films show a clear decrease in the transmission and energy gap values which their values were found to reduce from (4.35 to 2.9) eV with heat treatment up to 600⁰C and re-increase at 700⁰C. The surface roughness was also enhanced as a result of increasing the grain size from (9.95 – 34.7) nm Finally, SEM images of the films show an obvious change in their morphology and an increase in film uniformity as a result of heat treatment. Therefore, heat treatment could be considered as a helpful method to control film characteristics. Main result should be presented quantitatively.

Publication

A review of nanotechnology in self-healing of ancient and heritage buildings

( 2024-01)

Lana Roshen Tariq

;

Ali Mohsen Jafaar

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionized the architectural sector, particularly in the domain of preserving cultural heritage. The gradual deterioration and degradation of ancient and heritage buildings pose significant challenges for the conservation of our cultural legacy. This review aims to emphasize the crucial role of nanotechnology in extending the lifespan of archaeological materials and artefacts, which are essential components of our cultural heritage. Archaeology encompasses both theoretical and applied methods, with applied archaeology involving activities such as excavation, restoration, and monument conservation. These practices heavily rely on the integration of novel findings from various disciplines including physics, chemistry, and geology. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach within the realm of applied archaeology, offering innovative solutions for the preservation of organic and inorganic archaeological materials. This research focuses specifically on the applications of nanotechnology in conserving and restoring inorganic archaeological materials, particularly stone artefacts and buildings constructed from materials such as limestone or sandstone. By exploring the potential benefits and highlighting the significance of nanotechnology, this study seeks to underscore its role in safeguarding our cultural heritage and promoting sustainable construction practices.

Publication

A review of the effect of different electrolytes on the synthesis of graphene sheets by electrochemical exfoliation

( 2024-04)

S. S. Bhullar

;

Liu Wei Wen

Graphene oxide (GO) possess some excellent properties that fulfil various applications. Hummers’ method has been used in GO synthesis for years but some issues such as high-cost GO synthesis, the use of toxic chemicals and low yield of GO are still remains and concerned. In addition, this method spends very long time to be completed and subjected to thorough cleaning process to remove toxic chemicals. On the other hand, the electrochemical method saves time, has no explosion risk, releases no toxic gases, and keep safe environmental. The demand of GO supply is crucial particularly important in applications such as energy storage in automobiles thus, a large scale and cheap production of GO is needed. It is reported that the electrochemical synthesis of GO has more benefits such as rapid synthesis, low cost and environmentally friendly than Hummers’ method, therefore, the impact of different electrolytes is important to be studied. Herein, various research works about the electrochemical synthesis of GO are reviewed, precisely involving the anodic exfoliation of graphite, exfoliation mechanism and effects of exfoliation parameters.

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Publication

A review of visible-to-UV photon upconversion systems based on triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion

( 2022-12)

Kelvin Voon Yan Jie

;

Mohd Fairus Ahmad

;

Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli

;

Safizan Shaari

;

Arif Mawardi Ismail

;

Yusran Sulaiman

Due to the tunable spectrum range and potential application under non-coherent solar irradiation, triplet-triplet annihilation based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) systems represent a compelling study field for a variety of photonic implementations. There were studies on the incorporation of TTA-UC technology with photovoltaic technology, which made it possible to further improve the energy harvest performance through the utilisation of the wasted spectrum. However, many TTA-UC studies are limited to energy upconversion within the visible spectrum range. For photovoltaic cells with a higher band gap, which harvest the higher energy spectrum (UV region), an efficient Vis-to-UV upconversion is preferred. The Vis-to-UV TTA-UC system was first introduced in 2006. Recently, more studies were conducted to discover the Vis-to-UV upconversion system with high quantum efficiency and low excitation intensity such as the nanocrystal sensitizerbased system and the thermally activated delayed fluorescence sensitizer-based system. Recent studies in the solvent system of Vis-to-UV upconversion system had demonstrated the dependence of the couple photostability on the solvent and extended the solvent selection to inorganic solvent. In this review, we are reviewing the research background of the Vis-to-UV TTA-UC system and discussing the current challenges and potential developments in this research area.

1 8

Publication

A review of Zinc Oxide-Tin Oxide (ZnO-SnO₂) nanocomposite for humidity sensors

( 2023-01)

A. F. A. M. Yusof

;

N. D. Md Sin

;

S. A. Kamal

;

M. H. Mamat

;

Mohamad Zhafran Hussin

;

Khairul Kamarudin Hasan

;

Mohd Hanapiah Abdullah

;

Noor Asnida Asli

This paper reviews the fabrication of zinc oxide-tin oxide (ZnO-SnO₂) nanocomposite in humidity sensors. ZnO and SnO₂ each has a wide energy band gap, making them suitable for producing high-quality humidity sensors. Also, ZnO and SnO₂ are the ideal heterojunctions with high sensitivity and thermal stability. When combined, ZnO-SnO₂ nanocomposite is an n-type semiconductor with high versatility in many applications, such as gas sensors, lithium-ion batteries, and photocatalytic degradation. Besides, the nanostructure film of ZnO-SnO₂ is relatively easy to prepare and characterise while manipulating ZnO and SnO2 could enhance device performances. Thus, the nanostructure of ZnO-SnO₂ would likely measure the humidity sensing performance easily.

Publication

A review: synthesis and mechanism of growth of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) – graphene hybrid material and its application as electrodes

( 2023-07)

Mishthafiyatillah

;

Syarifah Norfaezah Sabki

;

Norzilah Abdul Halif

;

Muhammad Asri Idris

;

Norashiken Othman

The CNTs–graphene hybrids have many advantages and potential for use in a wide range of electronic applications as electrodes. The CNTs–graphene hybrid structure outperforms the structure of each material in terms of characteristics and performance. There are several methods to grow CNTs. This paper reviews the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method used to synthesize CNTs–graphene hybrid material. This paper discusses the processes and growth parameters of the synthesis of the CNTs-graphene hybrid. This paper also discusses the growth mechanism and kinetics of CNTs. In addition, the potential and performance of CNTs–Graphene hybrid material as electrodes in batteries are also reviewed.

Publication

A simple Monte Carlo method for the calculation of efficiency limit for current‐matched tandem solar cells

( 2018-01)

Abderrahmane Belghachi

Tandem solar cells have demonstrated the potential to increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion. The detailed balance principle introduced by Shockley and Queisser 1961 was later applied by De Vos 1980 to study the tandem structures. Although the mathematical formulation is simple, the mathematical resolution is rather complex but fairly accurate. In this work I describe a simple Monte Carlo (MC) technique to determine the detailed balance limiting efficiency for tandem solar cell stacks. This statistical method used a simple sampling scheme which is adequate to resolve a complex equation system that is depicting a large number of multi‐junction without any further approximations. In current‐matched tandem solar cells, the band gap of each sub‐cell has to be chosen so that the current flowing through each of the sub‐cells is the same. Finding from this study fcus on10 stacked junctions; the algorithm can be applied to a larger number of sub‐cells. The simulation is carried out with four different conditions; under black body, AM1.5G, AM1.5D spectrums and maximum concentration. The method employed in this study provides a useful tool for researchers to assess the optimum band gap arrangements of current constrained solar cell stacks together with a predicted efficiency limit. The results claim that the application of MC technique is in agreement with the finding from previous studies.

Publication

A simplified surface potential based current model for gate-all-around carbon nanotube field effect transistor (GAA-CNFET)

( 2021-04)

Ankita Dixit

;

Navneet Gupta

This paper presents a simple surface-potential based drain current (Id) model for gate-all-around carbon nanotube field effect transistor (GAA-CNFET). The model captures a number of features which include ballistic transport, first subband minima, chirality and non-existence of fringing and screening effect due to its geometry. Further, the effect of chirality on subthreshold swing (SS), current on/off ratio (ION/OFF) and transconductance (gm) is studied by extracting these parameters from drain current variation. It is observed that there exists a trade-off between the parameters for different chiral vector CNTs. As chirality increases, transconductance and subthreshold slope increases while current on/off ratio reduces. To confirm the validity of proposed model, virtually fabricated GAA-CNFET device performance was simulated and compared with the calculated values. The variation is also compared with the experimental result of actually fabricated device. The close match between calculated, simulated and experimental results confirms the validity of the proposed model.

1

Publication

A simplified surface potential based current model for gate-all-around carbon nanotube field effect transistor (GAA-CNFET)

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2021-04)

Ankita Dixit

;

Navneet Gupta

This paper presents a simple surface-potential based drain current (Id) model for gate-all-around carbon nanotube field effect transistor (GAA-CNFET). The model captures a number of features which include ballistic transport, first subband minima, chirality and non-existence of fringing and screening effect due to its geometry. Further, the effect of chirality on subthreshold swing (SS), current on/off ratio (ION/OFF) and transconductance (gm) is studied by extracting these parameters from drain current variation. It is observed that there exists a trade-off between the parameters for different chiral vector CNTs. As chirality increases, transconductance and subthreshold slope increases while current on/off ratio reduces. To confirm the validity of proposed model, virtually fabricated GAA-CNFET device performance was simulated and compared with the calculated values. The variation is also compared with the experimental result of actually fabricated device. The close match between calculated, simulated and experimental results confirms the validity of the proposed model.

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