Ong Soon An
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Ong Soon An
Official Name
Ong, Soon An
Alternative Name
Ong, Soon An
Ong, S. A.
Soon An, Ong
Soon-An, Ong
ONG, Soon An
Ong, Soon an
Soon-An, Ong
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Scopus Author ID
57201387782
Researcher ID
B-9255-2012

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  • Publication
    Synergistic Effect Between Iron and Food/Microorganism (F/M) Ratio in Biological Wastewater Treatment
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Subramaniam L.S.
    ;
    Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
    ;
    Wong Yee Shian
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Nazerry Rosmady Rahmat
    ;
    Siripatana C.
    Biological wastewater treatment is mainly dependent on the actions of microorganisms that can be used to treat wastewater. Microorganisms will start to stick together when they degrade the organic matter in wastewater for food and flocculate to settle the pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of food to microorganism (F/M) ratio and iron in a biological process using aerobic treatment. For this purpose, four aerobic tanks (A, B, C, D) were set up using activated sludge as the seed sludge, air pump as air diffuser to provide oxygen to the system, and three litres of synthetic medium as carbon source for each tank. A specific amount of iron (II) sulfate was added into tanks B, C, and D with the weight of 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g, respectively. Tank A act as a control, and no iron dosage was added. The F/M ratio for tanks A, B, C, and D were 0.8, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3 mg BOD/mg MLVSS, respectively. The aerobic tanks were operated for 40 days in sequential batch mode and sampling was collected four times per week to observe the COD and MLVSS. This study has found that Tank D shows the best performance compared to all tanks with 84.71% COD removal efficiency and a fivefold increment of microorganism growth rate. These findings suggest that a relationship exists between the iron and F/M ratio to enhance the aerobic treatment process.
  • Publication
    Biotreatment of sulfonated dyestuffs with energy recovery in microbial fuel cell: Influencing parameters, kinetics, degradation pathways, mechanisms, and phytotoxicity assessment
    ( 2021-08-01)
    Tan S.M.
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Wong Y.S.
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Thung W.E.
    ;
    Teoh T.P.
    Removal of recalcitrant sulfonated dyestuff intermediates from wastewater has been an urgent challenge for environmental technologies. In this regard, the biodegradations of monoazo Methyl Orange (MO) and diazo dyes Reactive Black 5 (RB5) towards wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell were investigated and compared through the studies on azo dye concentration, aeration, sampling points arrays, and electrode spacings. The degradation of diazo RB5 yielded higher chemical oxygen demand removal, decolourization efficiencies, and power generation over monoazo MO. The decolourization efficiency of RB5 (97.62%) increased with an increase of RB5 concentration (50 mg/L), suggesting that the system has the capability of removing higher RB5 concentration. However, contrary results were obtained with MO due to its toxicity. This study also demonstrated that the decolourization rate of diazo RB5 (0.1533 h-1) was ≈ 53% higher than monoazo MO (0.0727 h-1). The findings revealed that the degradation kinetic was remarkably influenced by the chemical structure of dye, where dye with more electron-withdrawing groups at para position are more susceptible to be reduced. Higher output voltage (568.59 mV) and power generation (108.87 mW/m2) were attained with RB5 due to electron donor availability and electron-shuttling characteristics of RB5 decolourized intermediates. Furthermore, detailed degradation pathways of MO and RB5 were presented based on the UV-vis and GC-MS results. The phytotoxicity assessment via Sorghum bicolor seeds had further verified the reduction in toxicity after the treatment of azo dyes.
  • Publication
    Biohydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent with Moringa Oleifera seeds as support carrier in attached growth system
    ( 2020-06-10)
    Hamid W.Z.W.A.
    ;
    Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
    ;
    Wong Yee Shian
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Malek M.A.
    Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation is one of the attracting alternatives for renewable energy in worldwide. By employing immobilized cells, hydrogen production and cell density could be improved. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Moringa Oleifera Seeds (MOS) immobilized cells in enhancing the biohydrogen production using repeated batch fermentation under mesophilic condition, 37°C. The efficiency of MOS as support carrier, effect of the initial pH (5.0-7.0) and performance of raw and diluted Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using MOS immobilized cells were investigated using anaerobic sludge as inoculums. The cumulative hydrogen production results were fitted into a modified Gompertz equation to find the maximum hydrogen production. MOS immobilized cells was more efficient in producing hydrogen compare to suspended cells (without MOS). The optimal pH obtained using MOS immobilized cells was found to be at pH 6 using raw POME with the maximum hydrogen production (Hm) of 122 mL, the maximum hydrogen production rate (Rm) of 39.0 mL/h, and 560 ppm of hydrogen concentration.
  • Publication
    Transformation from biofiltration unit to hybrid constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell: Improvement of wastewater treatment performance and energy recovery
    ( 2023-05-01)
    Teoh T.P.
    ;
    Koo C.J.
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Wong Yee Shian
    ;
    Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
    ;
    Tan S.M.
    ;
    Yap K.L.
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    This study aimed to compare the performance of biofiltration, constructed wetland, and constructed wetland microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC). The transformation from a biofiltration unit to a hybrid CW-MFC was demonstrated with the advantages of improvement of wastewater treatment while generating electricity simultaneously. The introduction of plants to the upper region of the bioreactor enhanced the DO level by 0.8 mg/L, ammonium removal by 5 %, and COD removal by 1 %. The integration of electrodes and external circuits stimulated the degradation rate of organic matter in the anodic region (1 % without aeration and 3 % with aeration) and produced 5.13 mW/m3 of maximum power density. Artificial aeration improved the nitrification efficiency by 38 % and further removed the residual COD to an efficiency of 99 %. The maximum power density was also increased by 3.2 times (16.71 mW/m3) with the aid of aeration. In treating higher organic loading wastewater (3M), the maximum power density showed a significant increment to 78.01 mW/m3 (4.6-fold) and the COD removal efficiency was 98 %. The ohmic overpotential dominated the proportion of total loss (67-91 %), which could be ascribed to the low ionic conductivity. The reduction in activation and concentration loss contributed to the lower internal resistance with the additional aeration and higher organic loading. Overall, the transformation from biofiltration to a hybrid CW-MFC system is worthwhile since the systems quite resemble while CW-MFC could improve the wastewater treatment as well as recover energy from the treated wastewater.
  • Publication
    Hydroxyl radical formation in the hybrid system of photocatalytic fuel cell and peroxi-coagulation process affected by iron plate and UV light
    ( 2020-04-01)
    Nordin N.
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Ibrahim A.H.
    ;
    Abdul Latif Abdul Rani
    ;
    Lee S.L.
    ;
    Ong Y.P.
    The hybrid electrochemical system of photocatalytic fuel cell - peroxi-coagulation (PFC-PC) is a combined technology of advanced oxidation process (AOP) which involve the hydroxyl radical formation for simultaneous degradation of organic pollutant and electricity generation. The p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO) spin trapping technique was applied by analyzing the RNO bleaching performance to detect the OH[rad] at the PFC and PC reactors. The presence of UV light showed higher RNO bleaching rate at the PFC reactor (11.7%) with maximum power density (Pmax = 3.14 mW cm−2). Results revealed that the optimum of maximum power density was observed at iron plate size of 30 cm2. UV light became a limiting factor in the PFC system as a power source in the PFC-PC system. Meanwhile, iron plate plays an important role to supply the soluble Fe2+ ions by oxidation process and become a suitable catalyst for in-situ production of H2O2 and OH[rad] through the PC process to degrade the organic molecules.
  • Publication
    Photocatalytic Degradation of Sugarcane Vinasse Using ZnO Photocatalyst: Operating Parameters, Kinetic Studies, Phytotoxicity Assessments, and Reusability
    ( 2022-02-01)
    Kee W.C.
    ;
    Wong Yee Shian
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
    ;
    Sam Sung Ting
    ;
    Audrey Chai Yee Chieh
    ;
    Eng K.M.
    Abstract: Photocatalytic degradation performance is highly related to optimized operating parameters such as initial concentration, pH value, and catalyst dosage. In this study, the impact of various parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of anaerobically digested vinasse (AnVE) has been determined through decolourization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiency using zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalyst. In this context, the application of photocatalytic degradation in treating sugarcane vinasse using ZnO is yet to be explored. The COD reduction efficiency and decolourization achieved 83.40% and 99.29%, respectively, under the conditions of 250 mg/L initial COD concentration, pH 10, and 2.0 g/L catalyst dosage. The phytotoxicity assessment was also conducted to determine the toxicity of AnVE before and after treatment using mung bean (Vigna radiata). The reduction of root length and the weight of mung bean indicated that the sugarcane vinasse contains enormous amounts of organic substances that affect the plant's growth. The toxicity reduction in the AnVE solution can be proved by UV–Vis absorption spectra. Furthermore, the catalyst recovery achieved 93% in the reusability test. However, the COD reduction efficiency and decolourization were reduced every cycle. It was due to the depletion of the active sites in the catalyst with the adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, it can be concluded that the photocatalytic degradation in the treatment of AnVE was effective in organic degradation, decolorization, toxicity reduction and can be reused after the recovery process. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
  • Publication
    Comparative study of dihydroxybenzene isomers degradation and bioelectricity generation using CuO as cathodic catalyst in double chambered microbial fuel cell
    ( 2022-10-01)
    Yap K.L.
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Guo K.
    ;
    Liew Y.M.
    ;
    Thor S.H.
    ;
    Tan S.M.
    ;
    Teoh T.P.
    A double chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) showed enormous capacity in the simultaneous degradation of synthetic wastewater and dihydroxybenzene isomers (catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone) and concurrently with bioelectricity generation. Operating parameter such as effect of catalyst on MFC system was evaluated using bare carbon plate and copper (II) oxide (CuO) loaded carbon plate as cathodes, respectively, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dihydroxybenzene isomers removal efficiency, maximum voltage output and power density. Results revealed that the application of CuO loaded carbon plate was more effective in the COD removal of synthetic wastewater in the anodic chamber and degradation of dihydroxybenzene isomers in the cathodic chamber. Compared with the bare carbon plate as cathode, the COD removal efficiency of synthetic wastewater, removal rate of dihydroxybenzene isomers and maximum voltage output increased 20, 100 and 31 %, respectively, when CuO was applied as cathodic catalyst. Among the dihydroxybenzene isomers, hydroquinone exhibited the best performance in both absence and presence of catalyst in the MFC. The position of the substituent of hydroxyl groups possessed significant effect on the reaction rate, reactivity and conductivity of dihydroxybenzene isomers. Hydroquinone was more susceptible to be degraded than that of catechol and resorcinol due to its lower dipole moment which eased the bond cleavage. The intermediate products of degradation of catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone were determined using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and the degradation pathways were proposed.
  • Publication
    Crucial roles of aeration and catalyst on caffeine removal and bioelectricity generation in a double chambered microbial fuel cell integrated electrocatalytic process
    ( 2021-02-01)
    Yap K.L.
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Guo K.
    ;
    Oon Y.S.
    ;
    Ong Y.P.
    ;
    Thor S.H.
    The effects of aeration and catalyst on caffeine removal in the cathodic chamber and electricity generation of a double chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) integrated electrocatalytic process were investigated. The overall performances of MFC in caffeine removal and electricity generation were significantly enhanced under the presence of copper (II) oxide (CuO) and aeration. CuO was synthesized using a hydrothermal method and was immobilized on the carbon plate for application as cathode. The CuO particles and CuO loaded carbon plate (CuO/C) were characterized by using X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The effective transfer of electrons from anodic chamber to cathodic chamber for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) accelerated the removal of caffeine using CuO/C cathode under aerated condition. Results revealed that 15-fold higher removal efficiency of caffeine was obtained using CuO/C cathode (52.16 %) as compared with that of bare carbon plate (bare C) (3.41 %) at the first 24 h under aerated condition. The highest maximum power density and current density (28.75 mW m-2 and 253.33 mA m-2) were obtained for CuO/C cathode under aerated condition. Bare C cathode possessed the lowest maximum power density and current density (9.75 mW m-2 and 106.67 mA m-2) under unaerated condition. The circuit connection greatly improved the chemical oxygen demand removal of synthetic wastewater in the anodic chamber when the cathodic chamber was under aerated condition. The detailed mechanisms of the effects of CuO catalyst and aeration on the ORR at cathodic chamber were discussed.
  • Publication
    Effect of operating temperature in the anaerobic degradation of palm oil mill effluent: Process performance, microbial community, and biokinetic evaluation
    ( 2022-09-01)
    Audrey Chai Yee Chieh
    ;
    Wong Yee Shian
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
    ;
    Sam Sung Ting
    ;
    Kee Wei Chin
    This research paper presents the thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is an extension of a previously conducted mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) study. An anaerobic suspended growth closed bioreactor was operated at various hydraulic retention times (HRT) between 24 and 8 days. The effect of operating temperature on the performance, microbial identification, and biokinetic coefficients was evaluated. Performance was quantified by the production of biogas and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiency. Biogas production in TAD (64.56 L/day) was higher than MAD (46.76 L/day). A higher COD reduction efficiency was also achieved in TAD (90.90%) compared to MAD (89.66%). Other than that, more species of methanogenic bacteria were also identified in TAD through 16S rDNA. Furthermore, the modified Monod model implemented in the biokinetic evaluation revealed that higher values of maximum substrate utilization rate (rx,max) and maximum specific biomass growth rate (μmax) contributed to the better performance in TAD. The high rx,max value explains the higher COD reduction efficiency obtained in TAD. The critical retention time (θC) in TAD is also higher than MAD, making it less prone to the washout of active microbes when operating near low retention times. Additionally, TAD also achieved higher methane yield (YCH4) as opposed to MAD. The extension study concluded that the TAD of POME demonstrated improved performance in terms of biogas production and COD reduction when evaluated against the previously conducted MAD.
  • Publication
    Pilot scale single chamber up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment and electricity generation
    ( 2017-04-06)
    Thung W.E.
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Wong Yee Shian
    ;
    Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan
    ;
    Oon Yoong Ling
    ;
    Oon Yoong Sin
    ;
    Harvinder Kaur Lehl
    Pilot scale up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell (UFML-MFC) was constructed to study feasibility of the bioreactor for simultaneous degradation of organic substance and electricity generation. The performance of the UFML-MFC was evaluated with different anode electrode (cube carbon felt and stacked carbon felt) in terms of voltage output, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Coulombic efficiency (CE). Carbon flake were used as cathode in the UFML-MFC. UFML-MFC was operated in three stages where included batch-fed, end of batch fed and semi-continuous. The Cube carbon felt as anode have the better performance in terms of voltage output and electricity generation in all 3 stages. Maximum voltage output was 0.311 ± 0.004 V at 75% of COD reduction and thus CE was 0.15%. The result shows the operational mode is the key to improve the voltage output and also COD reduction.