Browsing by Title

  • Publication
    1-point fractional adams method for solving single order differential equations with fractional delay
    ( 2023-11-17)
    Zakaria N.N.
    ;
    Aziz N.H.A.
    ;
    Senu N.
    This paper deals with fractional delay differential equations (FDDE) of single order with fractional Caputo derivatives using the 1-point fractional Adams method. The proposed method is a predictor-corrector approach that can be constructed from the Adams-Bashforth method and Adams-Moulton method to achieve both simplicity and accuracy. The implementation of the fractional Caputo derivatives using the Euler-Gamma function and the approximation of delay term using the Newton divided difference interpolation are discussed. Some of the numerical examples are presented to show the proposed method is reliable and efficient
  • Publication
    12V mini magnetic spotlight: Analysis and design concept
    ( 2021-05-03)
    Farizuan R.M.
    ;
    Hazwan M.H.M.
    ;
    Radhwan H.
    ;
    Shamim Ahmad S.A.
    ;
    Mustaqim M.M.
    ;
    Sharifhudin M.A.
    ;
    Khiruzzaki K.F.
    ;
    Nordin N.B.
    This paper focused on the 12V mini magnetic spotlight process to design and analysis on the cost of mini spotlight. Nowadays, there are many new technology products launched to the market and speeding up the pace of weeding out the old and bring forth new ones. Every company is constantly researching, innovating and designing new products so that they have the ability to compete with others. The major product which concerned in this project is spotlight. Although there are many different design and function of spotlight had manufactured based on customer need but none of them can satisfy and solve the use problem. In the nutshell, to innovate and overcome the shortcomings faced by the user of the existing product some improvement may be needed. The objectives of this project are to improve and redesign the existing product and to reduce the cost, time and energy consume for the product. The design of 12V mini magnetic spotlight is using morphology chart to fulfill customer needs. At the end of this project, this research will give understanding about the new design concept using CAD software and analysis on the product cost that improved the spotlight.
  • Publication
    1×4 Patch Array All-Textile Antenna for WLAN Applications
    ( 2020-09-28)
    Mashaghba H.A.
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    ;
    Mohamedfareq Abdulmalek
    ;
    Ismahayati Adam
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani
    This paper proposes the design of 1×4 patch array all-Textile antenna for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) applications. The wearable antenna needs to have low profile and lightweight since such antenna is intended to operate in the vicinity of the human body. The key parameters are studied to determine their effects towards the performance of the antenna. The proposed design uses ShieldIt as the top radiator and ground plane, while fabric Felt is used as a substrate, sandwiched between the top radiator and ground plane.The obtained results show that there is improvement in the proposed array antenna in terms of gain enhancement and impedance bandwidth, maximum up to 143.6% and 19.08%, respectively, against single patch structure.
  • Publication
    1×4 Patch Array All-Textile Antenna for WLAN Applications
    ( 2020-09-28)
    Mashaghba H.A.
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Ping Jack Soh
    ;
    Abdulmalek Mohamedfareq
    ;
    Ismahayati Adam
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani
    This paper proposes the design of 1×4 patch array all-Textile antenna for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) applications. The wearable antenna needs to have low profile and lightweight since such antenna is intended to operate in the vicinity of the human body. The key parameters are studied to determine their effects towards the performance of the antenna. The proposed design uses ShieldIt as the top radiator and ground plane, while fabric Felt is used as a substrate, sandwiched between the top radiator and ground plane.The obtained results show that there is improvement in the proposed array antenna in terms of gain enhancement and impedance bandwidth, maximum up to 143.6% and 19.08%, respectively, against single patch structure.
  • Publication
    2 × 1 Circularly Polarized Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Sabri N.H.M.
    ;
    Jamlos M.A.
    ;
    Seng L.Y.
    This paper presents a high gain of 2 × 1 circularly polarized rectangular microstrip array antenna for wide communication. This paper study the design and the simulation of the array antenna in terms of S-parameter, antenna gain, and the axial ratio. The 2 × 1 array antenna with dimension of 130 × 80 mm is proposed. The presented design is composed of two elements of microstrip patch antenna with an array configuration. The truncated edge of the patch and the inclined slot are the techniques used in order to achieve circular polarized capability. The antenna is fed by microstrip transmission line with full ground plane and etched on Rogers RT 5880 substrate with 2.2 and 0.51 mm of dielectric constant and thickness respectively. The antenna substrate is layered by 3 layers in order to increase the substrate thickness to 1.53 mm. The patch antenna is fed by using microstrip transmission line which separated into two lines based on the number of radiating elements. The quarter wave impedance matching technique is used to match the radiating patch. The 50 Ω transmission line are utilized to be matching between 70 Ω and 100 Ω. The 2 × 1 array antenna achieved a gain of 10.77 dB with a return loss of −24. 63 dB at a desired frequency of 5.8 GHz.
  • Publication
    2.4GHz RF based active RFID localization in industrial environment
    ( 2019-07-01)
    Wye K.F.P.
    ;
    Kanagaraj E.
    ;
    Syed Zakaria S.M.M.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    ;
    Zakaria A.
    ;
    Ahmad N.B.
    This paper documents the implementation of a zone-based localization in an industrial environment based on active RFID system by observing the RSSI values. The active RFID system uses signal strength information to classify which zone the RFID tags are located in. The zoning classification uses Rules-based algorithm to determine the RFID tag allocated zone. The experiment testbed is divided into 4 zones and the number of readers is placed based on the activity coverage for the zone. The active RFID reader characteristics was also studied to determine its range and coverage in the industrial environment. The reader was found to cover 40 m × 70 m read range in the current setup. The Rules-based zone localization is verified with the zone profiling throughout the movement around the testbed.
  • Publication
    2.4GHz RF based active RFID localization in industrial environment
    ( 2019-07-01)
    Wye K.F.P.
    ;
    Kanagaraj E.
    ;
    Syed Zakaria S.M.M.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    ;
    Zakaria A.
    ;
    Ahmad N.B.
    This paper documents the implementation of a zone-based localization in an industrial environment based on active RFID system by observing the RSSI values. The active RFID system uses signal strength information to classify which zone the RFID tags are located in. The zoning classification uses Rules-based algorithm to determine the RFID tag allocated zone. The experiment testbed is divided into 4 zones and the number of readers is placed based on the activity coverage for the zone. The active RFID reader characteristics was also studied to determine its range and coverage in the industrial environment. The reader was found to cover 40 m × 70 m read range in the current setup. The Rules-based zone localization is verified with the zone profiling throughout the movement around the testbed.
  • Publication
    20 Mb/s Experimental Demonstration Using Modulated 460 nm Blue LED for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications (UOWC)
    ( 2021-06-11)
    Seow Y.L.
    ;
    Rashidi C.B.M.
    ;
    Aljunid S.A.
    ;
    Ali N.
    ;
    Endut R.
    This paper has demonstrated an experimental low power consumption underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system with 460-nm LZ1-00DB00 Blue LED and avalanche photodetector. With the LZ1-00DB00 Blue LED operating at a driving current of 1200 mA with an optical power of 5280 mW, UWOC link offering a data rate up to 20 Mb/s over a transmission range of 5 meters under an underwater channel link. The measured bit-error rate (BER) is 3 10-3 which pass well the forward error correction (FEC) threshold.
  • Publication
    2008 economics crisis in Malaysia: Implications on the economy, society and safety nets
    ( 2013-06)
    Isahaque Ali
    ;
    Zulkarnain Ahmad Hatta
    Malaysia`s experience with the 2008 financial crisis was very different from that of 1998. Notwithstanding the differences, the country was not spared of the negative setbacks. Many sectors of society felt that the impact. The impact of an economic crisis on export and industrial output deteriorated and investments declined. At the national level, income reduction could be due to lower demand for goods and services, rising unemployment, and reduced investment or remittances. Crisis also vividly affected private or public spending on education, health, and even food. The non-existence of comprehensive social safety nets (SSNs) for formal and informal sector is a cause of concern as this may exacerbate economic and social instability in times of economic shocks. This paper remains a review examining Malaysia’s setbacks caused by the 2008 crisis. The focus would be on the financial sectors and the implication the crisis had on society at large. Following the review, the paper suggested that government advance comprehensive social safety nets programs and job placements to improve the living standard of the citizens. The programs should be based on special training and education and implemented with a government- private collaboration.
  • Publication
    2D Animation: The Development of Animation Depression Awareness for University Students
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Jie O.C.
    ;
    Wan Azani Wan Mustafa
    ;
    Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus
    ;
    Mohd Aminudin Jamlos
    ;
    Wahab M.H.A.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    Depression is a mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feel, or act negatively. It has also been an issue to Malaysia as it could not only affect an individual, but also their friends, family or even the society. However, the awareness of public towards depression is still low especially when it comes to depression among university students. The lack of awareness could cause the patients to recover slower or having their illness worsen. A more interesting informational and awareness raising material compared with the one in text or audio form is needed to attract more audience understand this issue and raising their awareness towards depression among university students. The development of animation had been carried out successfully with core elements of analyse, design, development, implement and evaluation. The research involved ten respondents from UniMAP and Alpha test that involved a multimedia expert and a psychological expert. As a result, from the questionnaire given to the respondent and Alpha test, the product was able to let almost all the audience to learn about how to overcome depression and increase the awareness of depression among university students. In conclusion, the animation succeeds to achieve the objectives of the research and could be used as an informational and awareness raising material about depression.
  • Publication
    2D LiDAR based reinforcement learning for Multi-Target path planning in unknown environment
    ( 2023)
    Nasr Abdalmanan
    ;
    Kamarulzaman Kamarudin
    ;
    Muhammad Aizat Abu Bakar
    ;
    Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman
    ;
    Ammar Zakaria
    ;
    Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria
    ;
    Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
    Global path planning techniques have been widely employed in solving path planning problems, however they have been found to be unsuitable for unknown environments. Contrarily, the traditional Q-learning method, which is a common reinforcement learning approach for local path planning, is unable to complete the task for multiple targets. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a modified Q-learning method, called Vector Field Histogram based Q-learning (VFH-QL) utilized the VFH information in state space representation and reward function, based on a 2D LiDAR sensor. We compared the performance of our proposed method with the classical Q-learning method (CQL) through training experiments that were conducted in a simulated environment with a size of 400 square pixels, representing a 20-meter square map. The environment contained static obstacles and a single mobile robot. Two experiments were conducted: experiment A involved path planning for a single target, while experiment B involved path planning for multiple targets. The results of experiment A showed that VFH-QL method had 87.06% less training time and 99.98% better obstacle avoidance compared to CQL. In experiment B, VFH-QL method was found to have an average training time that was 95.69% less than that of the CQL method and 83.99% better path quality. The VFH-QL method was then evaluated using a benchmark dataset. The results indicated that the VFH-QL exhibited superior path quality, with efficiency of 94.89% and improvements of 96.91% and 96.69% over CQL and SARSA in the task of path planning for multiple targets in unknown environments.
  • Publication
    2D LiDAR Based Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Target Path Planning in Unknown Environment
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Abdalmanan N.
    ;
    Kamarudin K.
    ;
    Bakar M.A.A.
    ;
    Rahiman M.H.F.
    ;
    Zakaria A.
    ;
    Mamduh S.M.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    Global path planning techniques have been widely employed in solving path planning problems, however they have been found to be unsuitable for unknown environments. Contrarily, the traditional Q-learning method, which is a common reinforcement learning approach for local path planning, is unable to complete the task for multiple targets. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a modified Q-learning method, called Vector Field Histogram based Q-learning (VFH-QL) utilized the VFH information in state space representation and reward function, based on a 2D LiDAR sensor. We compared the performance of our proposed method with the classical Q-learning method (CQL) through training experiments that were conducted in a simulated environment with a size of 400 square pixels, representing a 20-meter square map. The environment contained static obstacles and a single mobile robot. Two experiments were conducted: experiment A involved path planning for a single target, while experiment B involved path planning for multiple targets. The results of experiment A showed that VFH-QL method had 87.06% less training time and 99.98% better obstacle avoidance compared to CQL. In experiment B, VFH-QL method was found to have an average training time that was 95.69% less than that of the CQL method and 83.99% better path quality. The VFH-QL method was then evaluated using a benchmark dataset. The results indicated that the VFH-QL exhibited superior path quality, with efficiency of 94.89% and improvements of 96.91% and 96.69% over CQL and SARSA in the task of path planning for multiple targets in unknown environments.
  • Publication
    2D LiDAR Based Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Target Path Planning in Unknown Environment
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Abdalmanan N.
    ;
    Kamarudin K.
    ;
    Bakar M.A.A.
    ;
    Rahiman M.H.F.
    ;
    Zakaria A.
    ;
    Mamduh S.M.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    Global path planning techniques have been widely employed in solving path planning problems, however they have been found to be unsuitable for unknown environments. Contrarily, the traditional Q-learning method, which is a common reinforcement learning approach for local path planning, is unable to complete the task for multiple targets. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a modified Q-learning method, called Vector Field Histogram based Q-learning (VFH-QL) utilized the VFH information in state space representation and reward function, based on a 2D LiDAR sensor. We compared the performance of our proposed method with the classical Q-learning method (CQL) through training experiments that were conducted in a simulated environment with a size of 400 square pixels, representing a 20-meter square map. The environment contained static obstacles and a single mobile robot. Two experiments were conducted: experiment A involved path planning for a single target, while experiment B involved path planning for multiple targets. The results of experiment A showed that VFH-QL method had 87.06% less training time and 99.98% better obstacle avoidance compared to CQL. In experiment B, VFH-QL method was found to have an average training time that was 95.69% less than that of the CQL method and 83.99% better path quality. The VFH-QL method was then evaluated using a benchmark dataset. The results indicated that the VFH-QL exhibited superior path quality, with efficiency of 94.89% and improvements of 96.91% and 96.69% over CQL and SARSA in the task of path planning for multiple targets in unknown environments.
  • Publication
    2D LiDAR Based Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Target Path Planning in Unknown Environment
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Abdalmanan N.
    ;
    Kamarudin K.
    ;
    Bakar M.A.A.
    ;
    Rahiman M.H.F.
    ;
    Zakaria A.
    ;
    Mamduh S.M.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    Global path planning techniques have been widely employed in solving path planning problems, however they have been found to be unsuitable for unknown environments. Contrarily, the traditional Q-learning method, which is a common reinforcement learning approach for local path planning, is unable to complete the task for multiple targets. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a modified Q-learning method, called Vector Field Histogram based Q-learning (VFH-QL) utilized the VFH information in state space representation and reward function, based on a 2D LiDAR sensor. We compared the performance of our proposed method with the classical Q-learning method (CQL) through training experiments that were conducted in a simulated environment with a size of 400 square pixels, representing a 20-meter square map. The environment contained static obstacles and a single mobile robot. Two experiments were conducted: experiment A involved path planning for a single target, while experiment B involved path planning for multiple targets. The results of experiment A showed that VFH-QL method had 87.06% less training time and 99.98% better obstacle avoidance compared to CQL. In experiment B, VFH-QL method was found to have an average training time that was 95.69% less than that of the CQL method and 83.99% better path quality. The VFH-QL method was then evaluated using a benchmark dataset. The results indicated that the VFH-QL exhibited superior path quality, with efficiency of 94.89% and improvements of 96.91% and 96.69% over CQL and SARSA in the task of path planning for multiple targets in unknown environments.
  • Publication
    2D-Modelling for the simulation of current-voltage characteristics in polysilicon schottky diode deposited by LPCVD and SAPCVD methods.
    ( 2009-01)
    Nadia Benseddik
    ;
    Mohammed Amrani
    ;
    Zineb Benamara
    ;
    Tayeb Mohammed-Brahim
    The aim of this work is to compare the quality of the Schottky contact obtained between Silver and the un-doped polysilicon layer deposited on glass substrate (Corning 1737) by using two techniques: Lower Pressure Chemical Vapor deposition LPCVD (LPCVD sample) and Sub Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition SAPCVD (SAPCVD sample). A non ideal measured foward bias I-V characteristic has been observed. The elctrical parameters are evaluated such as ideality factor (4.94 and 6.46), barrier height (0.57 eV and 0.50 eV), saturation current (6.74x10ˉ³ mA and 2.14x10ˉ² mA) and series resistance (960Ω and 2300Ω), respectively on LPCVD and SAPCVD samples. Two-dimensional (2D) model of I-V characteristics taking into account the localization of traps states in the grain boundaries is developed. We are also considered the U-distribution of traps states in the band gap. A good adjustment is obtained between measurement and simulation of I-V characteristics and gives the energetic traps states distribution. The comparison of the performance of the two polysilicon layer deposition techniques has been analyzed and discussed. The experimental current curves are well fitted by this model which gives the energetic traps states distribution in the band gap. A good quality polycrystalline can be obtained using LPCVD technique but it is possible to deposit films with SAPCVD technique which it may be interesting candidate for the fabrication of solar cell.
  • Publication
    3D frequency selective surfaces for structural health monitoring systems
    ( 2017)
    Syaiful Anas Suhaimi
    The research work in this dissertation mainly highlighted to the study of capability 3D Frequency Selective Surfaces to act as a sensor in structure monitoring. A new type of three-dimensional (3D) Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) applied for passive sensing in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is presented. Square shape FSS are chosen in this research which it able to govern the sensitivity of frequency response. Moreover, these FSSs are modified in a 3D form to feature enhanced performance compared to conventional FSSs and sensors. More specifically, the proposed 3D FSS is able to control its sensitivity |S21| in either TE or TM incident waves. In this research, incident angle characteristics are evaluated for SHM application to obtain angular responses of up to 80 degrees. The resonant behavior of the TE-incident wave is shown to be sensitive towards the incident angle and is suitable to be used for monitoring any building tilting and damages. This is due to the significant 3D length hanges of the conductor elements. Meanwhile, the TM-incident wave is found to be insensitive (frequency operation not shifting) towards the incident angle. There have some novelty have been introduced in this work such 3D FSS give an extra advantage to perform as a passive sensor and equation for relation between frequency response and incident angle are derived.
  • Publication
    3D grape bunch model reconstruction from 2D images
    ( 2023-12-01)
    Woo Y.S.
    ;
    Li Z.
    ;
    Tamura S.
    ;
    Buayai P.
    ;
    Nishizaki H.
    ;
    Makino K.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    ;
    Mao X.
    A crucial step in the production of table grapes is berry thinning. This is because the market value of table grape production is significantly influenced by bunch compactness, bunch form and berry size, all of which are primarily regulated by this task. Grape farmers must count the number of berries in the working bunch and decide which berry should be eliminated during thinning, a process requiring extensive viticultural knowledge. However, the use of 2D pictures for automatic berry counting and identifying the berries to be removed has limitations, as the number of visible berries might vary greatly depending on the direction of view. In addition, it is extremely important to understand the 3D structure of a bunch when considering future automation via robotics. For the reasons stated, obtaining a field-applicable 3D grape bunch model is needed. Thus, the contribution of this study is a novel technology for reconstructing a 3D model of a grape bunch with uniquely identified berries from 2D images captured in the real grape field environment.
  • Publication
    3D nanoporous hybrid nanoflower for enhanced non-faradaic redox-free electrochemical impedimetric biodetermination
    ( 2020-11-01)
    Subramani I.G.
    ;
    Perumal V.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohamed N.M.
    ;
    Joshi N.
    ;
    Ovinis M.
    ;
    Sze L.L.
    Recently, non-faradaic electrochemical impedimetric (nfEIS) has been identified as a dynamic and robust method for bio-determining. However, the success of a nfEIS approach largely depends on its sensing layer architecture. In this study, the use of a Glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked copper (Cu) – bovine serum albumin (BSA) hybrid nanoflower with three-dimensional nanoporous architecture for the sensing layer was investigated. The nanoflower morphology changes were observed under FESEM, revealing loosely interlaced nanoflower into a tightly interlaced, highly porous structure upon GA crosslinking. This nanoflower was hybridized to immobilize aminated-DNA probe on the transducer surface and detect the target TB DNA in their natural redox-free environment. FTIR and XPS characterization showed distinct peaks at 950–1100 cm−1 (P-O, P=O bonds from nanoflower and DNA backbone) and 286.48 eV (interaction between BSA and aminated DNA), respectively, validating the successful DNA probe immobilization on the nanoflower surface. Furthermore, impedimetric sensing in a redox-free environment showed that the developed TB biosensor present has a detection limit (LOD) of 60 pM with a (linear) range from 1 pM to 1 µM with good reproducibility. This redox-free non-faradaic EIS offers excellent biosensing potential and may be extended for diagnosing other biomarkers in clinical practice.
  • Publication
    3D Reconstruction of embedded object using ground penetrating radar
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Fadil N.D.
    ;
    Ali H.
    ;
    Zaidi A.F.A.
    ;
    Kamal W.H.B.W.
    ;
    Basri N.A.M.
    Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive device widely used to locate and map underground utilities such as pipes, cables, etc. Its principle is based on the reflection signal of a transmitter-receiver antenna that strikes underground objects by means of the propagation of a short pulse of electromagnetic waves into the ground. The GPR will produce a hyperbolic curve as a result of the object's presence. Accurate interpretation of hyperbola curves is greatly important and highly depends on user expertise; thus, it is considered a challenge. To address this issue, this study aims to develop 3D reconstructions of embedded objects. In this study, C-scan images were acquired, and 3D interpolation and the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) were introduced. In this framework, the acquired data is subjected to pre-processing techniques via time-zero correction, background removal using average background subtraction, and Kirchoff's migration method. The software Reflex 3D Scan has been used to analyse and preprocess the 3D reconstruction of embedded objects. The obtained results show that 3D interpolation and SAFT methods are not only able to reconstruct 3D models but are also able to reveal information on the dimension and location of the buried object represented by voxel points in the 3D space cube.
  • Publication
    3D Reconstruction of embedded object using ground penetrating radar
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Fadil N.D.
    ;
    Ali H.
    ;
    Zaidi A.F.A.
    ;
    Kamal W.H.B.W.
    ;
    Basri N.A.M.
    Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive device widely used to locate and map underground utilities such as pipes, cables, etc. Its principle is based on the reflection signal of a transmitter-receiver antenna that strikes underground objects by means of the propagation of a short pulse of electromagnetic waves into the ground. The GPR will produce a hyperbolic curve as a result of the object's presence. Accurate interpretation of hyperbola curves is greatly important and highly depends on user expertise; thus, it is considered a challenge. To address this issue, this study aims to develop 3D reconstructions of embedded objects. In this study, C-scan images were acquired, and 3D interpolation and the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) were introduced. In this framework, the acquired data is subjected to pre-processing techniques via time-zero correction, background removal using average background subtraction, and Kirchoff's migration method. The software Reflex 3D Scan has been used to analyse and preprocess the 3D reconstruction of embedded objects. The obtained results show that 3D interpolation and SAFT methods are not only able to reconstruct 3D models but are also able to reveal information on the dimension and location of the buried object represented by voxel points in the 3D space cube.