Browsing by Title

  • Publication
    1-point fractional adams method for solving single order differential equations with fractional delay
    ( 2023-11-17)
    Zakaria N.N.
    ;
    Nurul Huda Abdul Aziz
    ;
    Senu N.
    This paper deals with fractional delay differential equations (FDDE) of single order with fractional Caputo derivatives using the 1-point fractional Adams method. The proposed method is a predictor-corrector approach that can be constructed from the Adams-Bashforth method and Adams-Moulton method to achieve both simplicity and accuracy. The implementation of the fractional Caputo derivatives using the Euler-Gamma function and the approximation of delay term using the Newton divided difference interpolation are discussed. Some of the numerical examples are presented to show the proposed method is reliable and efficient
      1
  • Publication
    12V mini magnetic spotlight: Analysis and design concept
    ( 2021-05-03)
    Farizuan R.M.
    ;
    Hazwan M.H.M.
    ;
    Radhwan H.
    ;
    Shamim Ahmad S.A.
    ;
    Mustaqim M.M.
    ;
    Sharifhudin M.A.
    ;
    Khiruzzaki K.F.
    ;
    Nordin N.B.
    This paper focused on the 12V mini magnetic spotlight process to design and analysis on the cost of mini spotlight. Nowadays, there are many new technology products launched to the market and speeding up the pace of weeding out the old and bring forth new ones. Every company is constantly researching, innovating and designing new products so that they have the ability to compete with others. The major product which concerned in this project is spotlight. Although there are many different design and function of spotlight had manufactured based on customer need but none of them can satisfy and solve the use problem. In the nutshell, to innovate and overcome the shortcomings faced by the user of the existing product some improvement may be needed. The objectives of this project are to improve and redesign the existing product and to reduce the cost, time and energy consume for the product. The design of 12V mini magnetic spotlight is using morphology chart to fulfill customer needs. At the end of this project, this research will give understanding about the new design concept using CAD software and analysis on the product cost that improved the spotlight.
      2
  • Publication
    132kV oil impregnated paper bushing transformer-design by CAD, analysed by FEM
    ( 2019-12-01)
    Rahman N.A.
    ;
    Isa M.
    ;
    Rohani M.N.K.H.
    ;
    Hamid H.A.
    ;
    Al Bakri Abdullah M.M.
    The Electric Field and Voltage Distribution (EFVD) are an important parameter for assessing high voltage bushing transformer performance. However, conducting laboratories experiment is dangerous, difficult and expensive due to several aspects. Therefore, Finite Element Method (FEM) software is the best option used as a tool for the assessment of bushing transformer's performance in terms of EFVD. But, before an assessment of analysis could be carried out, an accurate model of bushing transformer must first to be designed. In this research, Computer Aided Design (CAD) software has been employed to design the 145kV bushing transformer based on actual dimension. Upon completion, the design has been exported to FEM software for further analysis. In FEM software, measurement and analysis of electric field and voltage distribution (EFVD) have been carried out. The measurements are performed at various locations of bushing transformer such as of the porcelain surface (both air and oil side), along with aluminum foils, and at oil-impregnated paper (OIP). The results obtained have been compared with other researchers and it is found very satisfactory.
  • Publication
    16×16 fast signed multiplier using Booth and Vedic architecture
    ( 2018-12-06)
    Shing L.Z.
    ;
    Hussin R.
    ;
    Kamarudin A.
    ;
    Mohyar S.N.
    ;
    Taking S.
    ;
    Aziz M.H.A.
    ;
    Ahmad N.
    This paper present the new 16×16 signed multiplier design using Booth architecture and Vedic architecture. The Booth architecture is based on Radix-4 Booth multiplier which reduces the number of partial product generated into almost half. Vedic architecture has advantages in partial product generation and addition which are done concurrently [1]. In order to improved the performance of signed muliplier, the 16×16 signed multiplicand and multiplier is partition by using the 16×16 Vedic architecture (8 bits per block). Radix-4 Booth multiplier is used to multiply each block as in 16×16 Vedic architecture. This new 16×16 signed multiplier is taking advantages on Booth multiplier approach on top of Vedic achitecture. It has simple architecture compared to normal 16×16 Radix-4 Booth multiplier. This new signed multiplier uses Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) or Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA) to add up the generated partial product. This new 16×16 signed multiplier has improved the performance by reducing the total propagation delay. The new 16×16 signed multiplier design 1 (RCA) and design 2 (CLA) are 33.4% and 35.6% faster compared to the 16×16 Radix-4 Booth multiplier. It is because the partial product generation by Radix-4 Booth multiplier and partial product addition are done concurrently using Vedic architecture.
  • Publication
    1×4 Patch Array All-Textile Antenna for WLAN Applications
    ( 2020-09-28)
    Mashaghba H.A.
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Ping Jack Soh
    ;
    Abdulmalek Mohamedfareq
    ;
    Ismahayati Adam
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani
    This paper proposes the design of 1×4 patch array all-Textile antenna for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) applications. The wearable antenna needs to have low profile and lightweight since such antenna is intended to operate in the vicinity of the human body. The key parameters are studied to determine their effects towards the performance of the antenna. The proposed design uses ShieldIt as the top radiator and ground plane, while fabric Felt is used as a substrate, sandwiched between the top radiator and ground plane.The obtained results show that there is improvement in the proposed array antenna in terms of gain enhancement and impedance bandwidth, maximum up to 143.6% and 19.08%, respectively, against single patch structure.
      9  2
  • Publication
    2 × 1 Circularly Polarized Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Sabri N.H.M.
    ;
    Jamlos M.A.
    ;
    Seng L.Y.
    This paper presents a high gain of 2 × 1 circularly polarized rectangular microstrip array antenna for wide communication. This paper study the design and the simulation of the array antenna in terms of S-parameter, antenna gain, and the axial ratio. The 2 × 1 array antenna with dimension of 130 × 80 mm is proposed. The presented design is composed of two elements of microstrip patch antenna with an array configuration. The truncated edge of the patch and the inclined slot are the techniques used in order to achieve circular polarized capability. The antenna is fed by microstrip transmission line with full ground plane and etched on Rogers RT 5880 substrate with 2.2 and 0.51 mm of dielectric constant and thickness respectively. The antenna substrate is layered by 3 layers in order to increase the substrate thickness to 1.53 mm. The patch antenna is fed by using microstrip transmission line which separated into two lines based on the number of radiating elements. The quarter wave impedance matching technique is used to match the radiating patch. The 50 Ω transmission line are utilized to be matching between 70 Ω and 100 Ω. The 2 × 1 array antenna achieved a gain of 10.77 dB with a return loss of −24. 63 dB at a desired frequency of 5.8 GHz.
  • Publication
    2-Axis controlled spray pyrolysis deposition device for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
    ( 2024-10)
    Siti Nurhaziqah Abd Majid
    ;
    Muhammad Fikri Bakrin
    ;
    Mohd Khairul Ahmad
    ;
    Diani Galih Saputri
    ;
    Noor Kamalia Abd Hamed
    ;
    Shazleen Ahmad Ramli
    ;
    Mohd Azwadi Omar
    ;
    Faridah Abu Bakar
    ;
    Nik Aziz Nik Ali
    ;
    Mohamad Hafiz Mamat
    ;
    Masaru Shimomura
    ;
    Suriani Abu Bakar
    ;
    Mohd Yazid Ahmad
    ;
    Jais Lias
    Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based photovoltaic systems due to their efficient light-to-electricity conversion. A critical component of DSSCs is titanium dioxide (TiO2), responsible for converting light into electrical energy. Spray pyrolysis was one of the methods for fabricating TiO2 thin films. However, there are several drawbacks, such as challenges in particle size control, maintaining homogeneity of the thin film, and scalability issues during the deposition process. Modifications to the manufacturing process are necessary to achieve optimal performance in DSSCs, particularly with the thickness of the cell. This work focuses on the 2-axis spray pyrolysis process, a cost-effective way to create thin and thick films. In particular, it focuses on TiO2 thin films utilized as working electrodes in DSSC applications. The method was performed at different motor speeds, namely MS80, MS100, and MS120. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum showed that the dominance of the anatase phase appeared in an MS100. The UV-Vis results depict that the band gap value is 3.02 eV. The surface profiler analysis indicates that sample MS100 has an optimal thickness of 15.17 μm. The DSSC achieved 9.4% efficiency with sample MS100. This finding demonstrates that using 2-axis controlled spray pyrolysis deposition improves DSSC performance with an optimal motor speed.
  • Publication
    2-D wavelength/time MDW code optimization for cardinality enhancement in OCDMA system
    ( 2018)
    Amy Azura Mohamad Saufe
    The explosive growth of bandwidth demand, together with advance in latest communication services and emerging applications has inspired huge interest in application of code division multiple access (CDMA) technique in optical network. As a core of an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system, several multiple access techniques have been created for optical fiber correspondence. The aim of using OCDMA is to overcome the multiple access interference (MAI) noise and phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) which encourages the amount of bit error rate (BER). The MAI and PIIN can be reduced and suppress by using the perfect code property with minimum crosscorrelation. In this thesis, the incoherent two-dimensional (2-D) wavelength/time (W/T) modified double weight (MDW) code OCDMA is analysed and demonstrated. The allocation of W/T in this thesis is to make the system asynchronously continuous with time without any objection. The good result in optimum PIIN suppression in comparison within the proposed 2-D MDW code with other codes such as 2-D Perfect Difference Code (PDC) and 1-D MDW code. The 2-D W/T MDW code achieves high scalability with the improvement in term of cardinality, bit rate, bit error rate (BER) and distance. At 10-9 (BER), the code cardinality reaches 251 simultaneous number of users and the lowest effective received power (𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) is achieved at -16.5 dBm. By comparing within parameter; avalanche photodiode (APD) are achieved 19 km longer compare with PIIN photodiode there is 18 km in this system. Thus, the 2-D W/T MDW OCDMA code simulation has successfully reduced MAI and suppress PIIN which result in optical fiber length and effective received power.
  • Publication
    2-SAT discrete Hopfield neural networks optimization via Crow search and fuzzy dynamical clustering approach
    ( 2024)
    Caicai Feng
    ;
    Saratha Sathasivam
    ;
    Nurshazneem Roslan
    ;
    Muraly Velavan
    <abstract> <p>Within the swiftly evolving domain of neural networks, the discrete Hopfield-SAT model, endowed with logical rules and the ability to achieve global minima of SAT problems, has emerged as a novel prototype for SAT solvers, capturing significant scientific interest. However, this model shows substantial sensitivity to network size and logical complexity. As the number of neurons and logical complexity increase, the solution space rapidly contracts, leading to a marked decline in the model's problem-solving performance. This paper introduces a novel discrete Hopfield-SAT model, enhanced by Crow search-guided fuzzy clustering hybrid optimization, effectively addressing this challenge and significantly boosting solving speed. The proposed model unveils a significant insight: its uniquely designed cost function for initial assignments introduces a quantification mechanism that measures the degree of inconsistency within its logical rules. Utilizing this for clustering, the model utilizes a Crow search-guided fuzzy clustering hybrid optimization to filter potential solutions from initial assignments, substantially narrowing the search space and enhancing retrieval efficiency. Experiments were conducted with both simulated and real datasets for 2SAT problems. The results indicate that the proposed model significantly surpasses traditional discrete Hopfield-SAT models and those enhanced by genetic-guided fuzzy clustering optimization across key performance metrics: Global minima ratio, Hamming distance, CPU time, retrieval rate of stable state, and retrieval rate of global minima, particularly showing statistically significant improvements in solving speed. These advantages play a pivotal role in advancing the discrete Hopfield-SAT model towards becoming an exemplary SAT solver. Additionally, the model features exceptional parallel computing capabilities and possesses the potential to integrate with other logical rules. In the future, this optimized model holds promise as an effective tool for solving more complex SAT problems.</p> </abstract>
  • Publication
    2.45 GHZ wearable rectenna array design for microwave energy harvesting
    ( 2019-05-01)
    Shawalil S.
    ;
    Abdul Rani K.N.
    ;
    Rahim H.A.
    This paper presents a design of a wearable textile microstrip patch rectifying antenna (rectenna) array operating for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) at the center frequency, f c of 2.45 GHz. Precisely, jeans or denim with the relative permittivity, = 1.70 and thickness of 1.00 mm is chosen as a substrate attached to SheildIt Super as a conductive material with the thickness, h of 0.17 mm and conductivity of 6.67 10 5 S/m, respectively. In the first stage, a microstrip patch antenna array layout with the inset fed technique is designed and simulated by using the Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) software. In the second stage, a wearable textile microstrip patch antenna array is fabricated, integrated, and hidden inside the jeans fabric. In the third stage, the rectifier circuit layout on the Flame Retardant-4 (FR-4) Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with the dielectric constant, = 4.7, thickness, h = 1.6 mm, and loss tangent, δ = 0.018 that can generate Radio Frequency-Direct Current (RF-DC) conversion is designed and simulated using the ADS software Each simulation result and fabrication measurement shows that the designed antenna array characteristics are suitable for an Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio (ISM) band by having the reflection coefficient, S 11 less than-10 decibel (dB) at the respective resonant frequency, f r . Moreover, through simulation, the output DC voltage for the bridge rectifier circuit is from 132 mV to 5.01 V with the corresponding Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) between 3.48% and 50.20% whereas for the voltage doubler rectifier, the output DC voltage is from 417 mV to 2.91 V with the corresponding PCE between 34.78% and 53.56%, respectively.
  • Publication
    2.4GHz RF based active RFID localization in industrial environment
    ( 2019-07-01)
    Wye K.F.P.
    ;
    Kanagaraj E.
    ;
    Syed Zakaria S.M.M.
    ;
    Kamarudin L.M.
    ;
    Zakaria A.
    ;
    Ahmad N.B.
    This paper documents the implementation of a zone-based localization in an industrial environment based on active RFID system by observing the RSSI values. The active RFID system uses signal strength information to classify which zone the RFID tags are located in. The zoning classification uses Rules-based algorithm to determine the RFID tag allocated zone. The experiment testbed is divided into 4 zones and the number of readers is placed based on the activity coverage for the zone. The active RFID reader characteristics was also studied to determine its range and coverage in the industrial environment. The reader was found to cover 40 m × 70 m read range in the current setup. The Rules-based zone localization is verified with the zone profiling throughout the movement around the testbed.
      1
  • Publication
    20 Mb/s Experimental Demonstration Using Modulated 460 nm Blue LED for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications (UOWC)
    ( 2021-06-11)
    Seow Y.L.
    ;
    Rashidi C.B.M.
    ;
    Aljunid S.A.
    ;
    Ali N.
    ;
    Endut R.
    This paper has demonstrated an experimental low power consumption underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system with 460-nm LZ1-00DB00 Blue LED and avalanche photodetector. With the LZ1-00DB00 Blue LED operating at a driving current of 1200 mA with an optical power of 5280 mW, UWOC link offering a data rate up to 20 Mb/s over a transmission range of 5 meters under an underwater channel link. The measured bit-error rate (BER) is 3 10-3 which pass well the forward error correction (FEC) threshold.
  • Publication
    2008 economics crisis in Malaysia: Implications on the economy, society and safety nets
    ( 2013-06)
    Isahaque Ali
    ;
    Zulkarnain Ahmad Hatta
    Malaysia`s experience with the 2008 financial crisis was very different from that of 1998. Notwithstanding the differences, the country was not spared of the negative setbacks. Many sectors of society felt that the impact. The impact of an economic crisis on export and industrial output deteriorated and investments declined. At the national level, income reduction could be due to lower demand for goods and services, rising unemployment, and reduced investment or remittances. Crisis also vividly affected private or public spending on education, health, and even food. The non-existence of comprehensive social safety nets (SSNs) for formal and informal sector is a cause of concern as this may exacerbate economic and social instability in times of economic shocks. This paper remains a review examining Malaysia’s setbacks caused by the 2008 crisis. The focus would be on the financial sectors and the implication the crisis had on society at large. Following the review, the paper suggested that government advance comprehensive social safety nets programs and job placements to improve the living standard of the citizens. The programs should be based on special training and education and implemented with a government- private collaboration.
      4  12
  • Publication
    2D Animation: The Development of Animation Depression Awareness for University Students
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Jie O.C.
    ;
    Wan Azani Wan Mustafa
    ;
    Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus
    ;
    Mohd Aminudin Jamlos
    ;
    Wahab M.H.A.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    Depression is a mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feel, or act negatively. It has also been an issue to Malaysia as it could not only affect an individual, but also their friends, family or even the society. However, the awareness of public towards depression is still low especially when it comes to depression among university students. The lack of awareness could cause the patients to recover slower or having their illness worsen. A more interesting informational and awareness raising material compared with the one in text or audio form is needed to attract more audience understand this issue and raising their awareness towards depression among university students. The development of animation had been carried out successfully with core elements of analyse, design, development, implement and evaluation. The research involved ten respondents from UniMAP and Alpha test that involved a multimedia expert and a psychological expert. As a result, from the questionnaire given to the respondent and Alpha test, the product was able to let almost all the audience to learn about how to overcome depression and increase the awareness of depression among university students. In conclusion, the animation succeeds to achieve the objectives of the research and could be used as an informational and awareness raising material about depression.
  • Publication
    2D LiDAR Based Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Target Path Planning in Unknown Environment
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Abdalmanan N.
    ;
    Kamarulzaman Kamarudin
    ;
    Muhammad Aizat Abu Bakar
    ;
    Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman
    ;
    Ammar Zakaria
    ;
    Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria
    ;
    Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
    Global path planning techniques have been widely employed in solving path planning problems, however they have been found to be unsuitable for unknown environments. Contrarily, the traditional Q-learning method, which is a common reinforcement learning approach for local path planning, is unable to complete the task for multiple targets. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a modified Q-learning method, called Vector Field Histogram based Q-learning (VFH-QL) utilized the VFH information in state space representation and reward function, based on a 2D LiDAR sensor. We compared the performance of our proposed method with the classical Q-learning method (CQL) through training experiments that were conducted in a simulated environment with a size of 400 square pixels, representing a 20-meter square map. The environment contained static obstacles and a single mobile robot. Two experiments were conducted: experiment A involved path planning for a single target, while experiment B involved path planning for multiple targets. The results of experiment A showed that VFH-QL method had 87.06% less training time and 99.98% better obstacle avoidance compared to CQL. In experiment B, VFH-QL method was found to have an average training time that was 95.69% less than that of the CQL method and 83.99% better path quality. The VFH-QL method was then evaluated using a benchmark dataset. The results indicated that the VFH-QL exhibited superior path quality, with efficiency of 94.89% and improvements of 96.91% and 96.69% over CQL and SARSA in the task of path planning for multiple targets in unknown environments.
      1
  • Publication
    2D LiDAR based reinforcement learning for Multi-Target path planning in unknown environment
    ( 2023)
    Nasr Abdalmanan
    ;
    Kamarulzaman Kamarudin
    ;
    Muhammad Aizat Abu Bakar
    ;
    Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman
    ;
    Ammar Zakaria
    ;
    Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria
    ;
    Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
    Global path planning techniques have been widely employed in solving path planning problems, however they have been found to be unsuitable for unknown environments. Contrarily, the traditional Q-learning method, which is a common reinforcement learning approach for local path planning, is unable to complete the task for multiple targets. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a modified Q-learning method, called Vector Field Histogram based Q-learning (VFH-QL) utilized the VFH information in state space representation and reward function, based on a 2D LiDAR sensor. We compared the performance of our proposed method with the classical Q-learning method (CQL) through training experiments that were conducted in a simulated environment with a size of 400 square pixels, representing a 20-meter square map. The environment contained static obstacles and a single mobile robot. Two experiments were conducted: experiment A involved path planning for a single target, while experiment B involved path planning for multiple targets. The results of experiment A showed that VFH-QL method had 87.06% less training time and 99.98% better obstacle avoidance compared to CQL. In experiment B, VFH-QL method was found to have an average training time that was 95.69% less than that of the CQL method and 83.99% better path quality. The VFH-QL method was then evaluated using a benchmark dataset. The results indicated that the VFH-QL exhibited superior path quality, with efficiency of 94.89% and improvements of 96.91% and 96.69% over CQL and SARSA in the task of path planning for multiple targets in unknown environments.
      11  26
  • Publication
    2D-Modelling for the simulation of current-voltage characteristics in polysilicon schottky diode deposited by LPCVD and SAPCVD methods.
    ( 2009-01)
    Nadia Benseddik
    ;
    Mohammed Amrani
    ;
    Zineb Benamara
    ;
    Tayeb Mohammed-Brahim
    The aim of this work is to compare the quality of the Schottky contact obtained between Silver and the un-doped polysilicon layer deposited on glass substrate (Corning 1737) by using two techniques: Lower Pressure Chemical Vapor deposition LPCVD (LPCVD sample) and Sub Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition SAPCVD (SAPCVD sample). A non ideal measured foward bias I-V characteristic has been observed. The elctrical parameters are evaluated such as ideality factor (4.94 and 6.46), barrier height (0.57 eV and 0.50 eV), saturation current (6.74x10ˉ³ mA and 2.14x10ˉ² mA) and series resistance (960Ω and 2300Ω), respectively on LPCVD and SAPCVD samples. Two-dimensional (2D) model of I-V characteristics taking into account the localization of traps states in the grain boundaries is developed. We are also considered the U-distribution of traps states in the band gap. A good adjustment is obtained between measurement and simulation of I-V characteristics and gives the energetic traps states distribution. The comparison of the performance of the two polysilicon layer deposition techniques has been analyzed and discussed. The experimental current curves are well fitted by this model which gives the energetic traps states distribution in the band gap. A good quality polycrystalline can be obtained using LPCVD technique but it is possible to deposit films with SAPCVD technique which it may be interesting candidate for the fabrication of solar cell.
      1  15
  • Publication
    3D frequency selective surfaces for structural health monitoring systems
    ( 2017)
    Syaiful Anas Suhaimi
    The research work in this dissertation mainly highlighted to the study of capability 3D Frequency Selective Surfaces to act as a sensor in structure monitoring. A new type of three-dimensional (3D) Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) applied for passive sensing in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is presented. Square shape FSS are chosen in this research which it able to govern the sensitivity of frequency response. Moreover, these FSSs are modified in a 3D form to feature enhanced performance compared to conventional FSSs and sensors. More specifically, the proposed 3D FSS is able to control its sensitivity |S21| in either TE or TM incident waves. In this research, incident angle characteristics are evaluated for SHM application to obtain angular responses of up to 80 degrees. The resonant behavior of the TE-incident wave is shown to be sensitive towards the incident angle and is suitable to be used for monitoring any building tilting and damages. This is due to the significant 3D length hanges of the conductor elements. Meanwhile, the TM-incident wave is found to be insensitive (frequency operation not shifting) towards the incident angle. There have some novelty have been introduced in this work such 3D FSS give an extra advantage to perform as a passive sensor and equation for relation between frequency response and incident angle are derived.
  • Publication
    3D grape bunch model reconstruction from 2D images
    ( 2023-12-01)
    Woo Y.S.
    ;
    Li Z.
    ;
    Tamura S.
    ;
    Buayai P.
    ;
    Nishizaki H.
    ;
    Makino K.
    ;
    Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
    ;
    Mao X.
    A crucial step in the production of table grapes is berry thinning. This is because the market value of table grape production is significantly influenced by bunch compactness, bunch form and berry size, all of which are primarily regulated by this task. Grape farmers must count the number of berries in the working bunch and decide which berry should be eliminated during thinning, a process requiring extensive viticultural knowledge. However, the use of 2D pictures for automatic berry counting and identifying the berries to be removed has limitations, as the number of visible berries might vary greatly depending on the direction of view. In addition, it is extremely important to understand the 3D structure of a bunch when considering future automation via robotics. For the reasons stated, obtaining a field-applicable 3D grape bunch model is needed. Thus, the contribution of this study is a novel technology for reconstructing a 3D model of a grape bunch with uniquely identified berries from 2D images captured in the real grape field environment.
      1
  • Publication
    3D localization of moisture distribution in rice silo using RTI based on Wi-Fi signal
    ( 2022)
    Abd Alazeez Al Maleeh
    Rice is a staple food which conveys a sign of local culture throughout Asia, particularly in South Asia, and it is consumed daily, either as cooked rice or indirectly as rice flour. Several measures are aimed at raising national rice production for the next few years as expected to see rising demand and falling supply. Researchers discovered that, in order to ensure an adequate supply of domestic output, appropriate silo facilities together with good agriculture practices should be addressed to resolve this prolonged issue in the agricultural industry. A silo's main purpose is to protect grain crops from the environment, especially moisture build-up, pest infestation, and fungal load. Therefore, grain storage is part of an important aspect of quality assurance in post-harvest activities. One of the main issues is the moisture content of the rice during storage. The current state of the art for moisture measurement of rice in a silo is based on grab sampling or very much relies on single rod sensors placed at random locations during measurement. The moisture content of stored rice is directly dependent on the surrounding and environmental factors which in turn affects the quality and economic value of the rice. In addition, the moisture content needs to be measured frequently for prompt action. Until today, the current sensor is very localized and the continuous measurement microwave sensor is very costly. There is also no commercially available 3D volumetric measurement of rice moisture content in the silo. This research reported preliminary work using a off-the-shelf wireless device i.e., esp8266 which can be placed around the silo to measure the change of moisture. A new technique has been proposed in this research, which uses a more accurate reconstruction of the image generated by radio tomography based on Wi-Fi signals. The technique is based on the Hybrid Tikhonov-LASSO (HTL) combines the advantage of Tikhonov and the LASSO method, which achieved the reconstructed image is cleaner. Also used Regression-based machine learning (ML) on RF Tomographic Imaging which can provide 3D moisture content measurements to localize the moisture distribution in storage. This proposed technique can detect multiple levels of localized moisture distributions in the silo with high accuracies, depending on the size and shape of the sample under test. Unlike other approaches proposed in open literature or employed in the sector, the proposed system can be deployed to provide continuous monitoring of the moisture distribution in silos.