UniMAP RIS :: Browsing Publications 2022 by Issue Date

Publication

Rssi-based for device-free localization using deep learning technique

( 2020-06-01)

Sukor A.S.A.

;

Latifah Munirah Kamarudin

;

Ammar Zakaria

;

Rahim N.A.

;

Sudin S.

;

Nishizaki H.

Device-free localization (DFL) has become a hot topic in the paradigm of the Internet of Things. Traditional localization methods are focused on locating users with attached wearable devices. This involves privacy concerns and physical discomfort especially to users that need to wear and activate those devices daily. DFL makes use of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to characterize the user’s location based on their influence on wireless signals. Existing work utilizes statistical features extracted from wireless signals. However, some features may not perform well in different environments. They need to be manually designed for a specific application. Thus, data processing is an important step towards producing robust input data for the classification process. This paper presents experimental procedures using the deep learning approach to automatically learn discriminative features and classify the user’s location. Extensive experiments performed in an indoor laboratory environment demonstrate that the approach can achieve 84.2% accuracy compared to the other basic machine learning algorithms.

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Publication

Fire exposure, impact responses, and burst tests of glass-reinforced epoxy (GRE) composite pipes

( 2020-07-09)

Abrar F.S.B.

;

Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid

;

Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir

The paper presents the fire exposure, impact responses, and burst tests of glass-reinforced epoxy (GRE) composites pipes. Fire responses of three different fire exposure times (10 s, 20 s and 30 s) were conducted, followed by impact loadings. Three different energy levels (5 J, 7.5 J, and 10 J) were applied for impact responses and followed by monotonic burst tests. Monotonic burst tests were conducted on GRE samples using hydrostatic pressure testing equipment in accordance with ASTM D1599. The result shows that the longer the time of fire exposure towards GRE pipes, the higher the impact energy applied to the pipes, the lower the burst strength of the pipes. The maximum burst strength found decreased with an increase in the fire exposure time. The results also indicated that the strength of the GRE pipes significantly decreases with an increase in impact energy level.

2

Publication

Assessment of a Self-sustaining Drainage Ditch: Water Quality Monitoring and Sampling

( 2021-01-01)

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Tan Wei Hong

;

Faridah Wahab

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Shahniza M.S.N.

A research was to determine the water quality in the drainage ditch, and the area under investigation was in Kg Wang Ulu near Perlis. Five parameters of surface water quality physical and chemical characteristics were assessed, and pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were analyzed. Water sampling was carried out during the time before planting, during planting and after planting in a single season. Results shown at NH3-N at point 1 varying from 1.18 to 4.82 mg/L, pH of 6.18 to 7.38, DO of 3.06 to 9.06 mg/L, BOD of 6.45 to 19.16 mg/L and COD of 18 to 28 mg/L. At point 2, 1 NH3-N ranging from 1.52 to 4.89 mg/L, pH values ranging from 6.13 to 7.38, DOs ranging from 3.19 to 8.63 mg/L, BOD ranging from 7.06 to 14.98 mg/L and COD ranging from 19 to 30 mg/L. Finally, point 3 results for NH3-N ranging from 2.50 to 5.92 mg/L, pH values ranging from 6.19 to 7.41, DO ranging from 3.06 to 9.06 mg/L, BOD ranging from 6.18 to 12.78 mg/L, and COD ranging from 18 to 42 mg/L, respectively.

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Publication

Detection of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Using Machine Learning Algorithms

( 2022-01-01)

Hdaib D.

;

Almajali N.

;

Alquran H.

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Al-Azzawi W.

;

Alkhayyat A.

One of the most common diseases in women of reproductive age is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). PCOS diagnosis can be tricky, because not everyone with PCOS has polycystic ovaries (PCO), nor does everyone with ovarian cysts have PCOS, hence the pelvic ultrasound as a stand-alone diagnosis is not sufficient. The full diagnostic plan is mainly a combination of a pelvic ultrasound besides blood tests of specific parameters that indicate the presence of PCOS. Since PCOS is a hard-to-diagnose widespread hormonal disorder, blood tests, symptoms, and other parameters with the help of a computer can form a new and easy method to diagnose it. Therefore, we had successfully built a high performing diagnostic model using MATLAB. The data was obtained from the website Kaggle, and the dataset is called Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. In this paper various machine algorithms were employed by utilizing seven classifiers. Results demonstrated that Linear Discriminant classifier exhibits the best performance in terms of accuracy, while in terms of sensitivity, the KNN classifier had the best result. Also, a comparison with four other research papers that exploited the same PCOS dataset was done in terms of implementation platforms, evaluation methods, classifiers, classes, accuracy, and precision of each classifier. Our research excelled among all in terms of accuracy and varied in precedence with precision. MATLAB had shown substantial results and a great model fitting embedded approaches, scoring a high accuracy and precision outcome compared to other studies. Other improvements on the overall PCOS prediction can involve employing preprocessed ultrasound images with the features presented in the dataset.

Publication

Potential of Pretreated Spent Coffee Ground as Adsorbent for Oil Adsorption

( 2022-01-01)

Nasaruddin N.F.N.

;

Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim

;

Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi

;

Zulfakar Mokhtar

;

Tan L.S.

;

Jusoh N.W.C.

Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) has the potential of becoming a low-cost adsorbent for oil removal. However, the effectiveness of SCG as an oil adsorbent is limited by its hydrophilicity. In this work, chemical pretreatment of SCG with acid and alkali was evaluated as a means of enhancing its performance for adsorbing palm cooking oil. The surface morphology of raw and pretreated SCG samples was characterised using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The functional groups were analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A comparison between adsorption performances was performed in terms of contact time in batch adsorption experiments to determine the adsorption capacity of SCG-based adsorbents with oil. The SEM results showed that more developed pores were present on the acid- and alkali-treated SCG samples compared to on the raw SCG sample, while the FTIR results indicated the elimination of hydrophilic cellulose and hemicellulose on these samples. According to these results, both acid- and alkali-treated SCG have better tendencies of adsorbing oil compared to raw SCG. The maximum oil adsorption capacity (2.549 g/g) occurred after 150 min of contact time between alkali-treated SCG adsorbents and oil.

Publication

Perpendicular High Isolation MIMO Antenna

( 2022-01-01)

Mohd Aminudin Jamlos

;

Sabri N.H.M.

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani

;

Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus

;

Husna H.

This research presented a perpendicular high isolation MIMO antenna for LTE advance application. A high gain perpendicular MIMO antenna is concentrated on designing used in LTE advance application. The issues of low isolation of conventional antenna can be solved by structuring a MIMO antenna in order to increase the isolation in LTE advance application. Generally, the array antenna design causes a bigger antenna size and has a mutual coupling which lead to spectral efficiency damage and reduce the MIMO antenna framework performance. The substrate material like FR-4 is choosing as a dielectric substrate due to its good performances for many applications beside it has a low cost and more usable. The advantage of copper such as has a great relative material, cheaper and easy to construct is choose in this project as a conductive material. ADS software has been utilized for the structure stage to design the antenna. Then, the results are evaluated in terms of return loss (S11 and S22), mutual coupling (S12 and S21), match impedance, directivity, radiation pattern, gain and radiated power. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is used to measure the fabricated antenna. The factor of cable loses and the soldering technique will make the measurement result was slightly change from the simulating result. However, the antenna design satisfied the proficiency necessity of the antenna which the frequency is drop at 2.5 GHz with the return loss is below than −10 dB.

Publication

Synergistic Effect Between Iron and Food/Microorganism (F/M) Ratio in Biological Wastewater Treatment

( 2022-01-01)

Subramaniam L.S.

;

Nabilah Aminah Lutpi

;

Wong Yee Shian

;

Ong Soon An

;

Nazerry Rosmady Rahmat

;

Siripatana C.

Biological wastewater treatment is mainly dependent on the actions of microorganisms that can be used to treat wastewater. Microorganisms will start to stick together when they degrade the organic matter in wastewater for food and flocculate to settle the pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of food to microorganism (F/M) ratio and iron in a biological process using aerobic treatment. For this purpose, four aerobic tanks (A, B, C, D) were set up using activated sludge as the seed sludge, air pump as air diffuser to provide oxygen to the system, and three litres of synthetic medium as carbon source for each tank. A specific amount of iron (II) sulfate was added into tanks B, C, and D with the weight of 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g, respectively. Tank A act as a control, and no iron dosage was added. The F/M ratio for tanks A, B, C, and D were 0.8, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3 mg BOD/mg MLVSS, respectively. The aerobic tanks were operated for 40 days in sequential batch mode and sampling was collected four times per week to observe the COD and MLVSS. This study has found that Tank D shows the best performance compared to all tanks with 84.71% COD removal efficiency and a fivefold increment of microorganism growth rate. These findings suggest that a relationship exists between the iron and F/M ratio to enhance the aerobic treatment process.

Publication

Permittivity extraction of glucose solutions through artificial neural networks

( 2022-01-01)

Alidrus S.

;

Ibrahim S.Z.

;

Hanim Mohd Noh F.

;

Kamarudin L.M.

;

Tantiviwat S.

This paper presents an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to determine the permittivity value of glucose solution at different concentrations predicted using the reflection coefficient value (S11). An open-ended probe connected to a vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to measure the complex permittivity value of glucose solutions at different concentrations. The S11 values and permittivity of these samples were analyzed over a frequency range from 500MHz to 5GHz. 11 glucose solution samples are prepared from 0g/mL to 1g/mL or 0% to 100%. By referring to the difference in frequency, concentration, and dielectric properties, the behavior of the dielectric constant and loss factor are analyzed. To develop the ANN model, 132 data points of S11 values are used as input data and 132 data points of permittivity values are used as target data. To achieve the target accuracy, the model consists of a data set that has unbiased ANN design parameters such as network type as feed-forward back propagation, transfer function as Tan-sigmoid, number of 10 neurons in hidden layer and training algorithm as Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation. Validation is carried out through MATLAB software by comparing the measured value and the calculated value, in terms of accuracy the equality of values has reached more than 99% accuracy.

Publication

Design of ground-mounted grid-connected photovoltaic system with bifacial modules using PVsyst software

( 2022-01-01)

Mohamed N.S.S.

;

Sulaiman S.I.

;

Rahim S.R.A.

Bifacial photovoltaic module has gained significant traction in recent years due to its higher irradiation capture capabilities with cost-effective technology. This paper presents the design, simulation, and techno-economic evaluation of a 45MW fixed-tilt ground-mounted grid-connected photovoltaic system with bifacial photovoltaic modules. The site is located in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. The PVsyst 7.2 software was used to design the system by selecting the rating of PV module, inverter and tilt angle of PV modules. In addition, shading and loss calculation, as well as performance evaluation, were also conducted using the software. The simulation of the optimal geometrical parameters had shown an optimal tilt angle of 5°, the pitch of 5.5m and PV array installation height of 1.5m with an albedo value of 0.25. Besides, the performance of system with bifacial and monofacial modules were compared in terms of techno-economic performance indicators. The results showed that the bifacial PV system produces higher energy output with a lower levelized cost of electricity when compared to the system with monofacial PV modules.

Publication

Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Penetration of Lab Scaled Shape Charge Mechanism

( 2022-01-01)

Kamarudin K.H.

;

Zaidi A.M.A.

;

Ahmad Humaizi Hilmi

;

Abdullah M.F.

;

Nor N.M.

;

Ismail A.

;

Yusof M.A.

;

Rasool Mohideen S.

Shaped charge (SC) is a mechanism used by defence industries as anti-armored weapon to penetrate armored plates. Numerous studies have been conducted on the shaped charged effects. However, experimental studies are limited due to great safety requirement and limited access to high grade explosive. Due to these limitations, an experimental study on a small-scale shaped charge mechanism (SCM) penetration blast test was conducted against five (5) types of target materials. The experimental data is then verified by simulation to proof that it can be used to predict the SC penetration data. This paper intent to present a comparative study on the effect of shaped charge blast conducted by simulation with the actual experimental results. In order to conduct this study, a 2D AUTODYN software were used to develop the SC blast model against five (5) types of target materials. This study concludes that the 2D AUTODYN simulations results can predict the hypervelocity penetration for all target materials compared to the experimental test with an average difference of 9.1 %.

Publication

Identification of ARX Model for Thermoelectric Cooling on Glass Windows

( 2022-01-01)

Mohd Saifizi Saidon

;

Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin

;

‘Aqilah Che Sulaiman

;

Mohd Rizal Manan

;

Siti Marhainis Othman

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Arith F.

Thermoelectric cooling (TEC) is a solid-state heat pump that uses the Peltier effect to dissipate the heat generated by the electronic packaging system. TECs are widely used in aerospace, military, scientific work and industry due to small size, lack of moving parts, and ease of integration. In this study, a cooling system integrated with TEC is developed in a testing area (lecturer’s office) with the aim to reduce the temperature of the hot glass window area due to solar radiation that passes through it. This cooling system used direct TEC, for keeping the cooling temperature on the window to about 26 °C which is equivalent to an air conditioning setting temperature of 26 °C set during the experiment. This work includes experimental and modelling studies conducted on cooling systems integrated with TEC. The main target of this study is to develop a dynamic model of a cooling system integrated with TEC. The black box modelling approach in producing a mathematical model was selected based on the ARX model that corresponds to the actual dynamic state of the cooling system. The best model was finalized based on the best match on curve patterns when comparing the real and estimated models using the system identification tools in MATLAB, and also had the least error. The accuracy of the models was compared and analysed. The results showed that the 4th order of the ARX model produced a higher best fitting and standard deviation values of 78.14% and 0.030769. This system accuracy is almost within the acceptable range for most error calculations in the validation method. In addition, the ARX model is found incapable of achieving the highest fitting due to the losses from the dynamic environment and losses from the TEC itself. Still, the use of this black box model used in this study is a significant variation where system parameters can be identified even offline.

Publication

Performance of Two Phase Anaerobic Digestion on Food Waste for Biogas Production

( 2022-01-01)

Zakarya I.A.

;

Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar

;

Siti Khadijah Za'aba

;

Hilmi N.A.M.

;

Mohd Rashidi Che Beson

;

Matei M.

Every year, the total amount of solid waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia grew, according to the Malaysia government. The typical solid waste management system practiced in developing country brings many problems that can cause risks and hazards for living things and the environment in Malaysia if there are not managed properly. For example, illegal dumping cause groundwater and soil pollution. The methane gas produced from the landfill causes greenhouse effect. Food waste is categorized under household waste, where it is produced in residential areas, restaurants, cafeteria, markets and commercial areas. Therefore, anaerobic digestion process is introduced for organic waste with higher solids contents such as food waste as an alternative method. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion process can be investigated through this process. In this study, two phase of anaerobic digesters was proposed. The reactor was operated at a temperature 35 °C, analyzed for biogas production, pH values and C/N ratio. The highest biogas production in this study is 50.4%. For a co-digestion containing more sludge can increase the pH value and biogas production.

Publication

Decagonal c-shaped csrr textile-based metamaterial for microwave applications

( 2022-01-01)

Hossain K.

;

Thennarasan Sabapathy

;

Muzammil Jusoh

;

Soh Ping Jack

;

Al-Bawri S.S.

;

Osman M.N.

;

Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin

;

Torrungrueng D.

;

Akkaraekthalin P.

This paper introduces a decagonal C-shaped complementary splitring resonator (CSRR) textile-based metamaterial (MTM). The overall size of the proposed sub-wavelength MTM unit cell is 0.28λ0 ×0.255λ0 at 3 GHz. Its stopband behaviour was first studied prior analysing the negative index properties of the proposed MTM. It is worth noting that in this work a unique way the experiments were completed. For both simulations andmeasurements, the proposed MTM exhibited negative-permittivity and negative-refractive index characteristics with an average bandwidth of more than 3 GHz (considering 1.7 to 8.2 GHz as the measurements were carried out within this range). In simulations, the MTM exhibited negative-permittivity properties within the range of 1.7 to 7.52 GHz and 7.96 to 8.2 GHz; and negative-refractive index from 1.7 to 2.23 GHz and 2.33 to 5.09 GHz and 5.63 to 7.45 GHz. When measured from 1.7 to 8.2 GHz, negative-permittivity and negative-refractive index characteristics are exhibited throughout an average bandwidth of more than 3 GHz. Similarly, the transmission coefficient attained in simulations and measurements indicated about 3 GHz of bandwidth, from 1.7 to 3.88 GHz and from 6.68 to 7.4 GHz. The satisfactory agreement between simulations and experiments indicates the potential of the proposed MTM for microwave applications.

Publication

Comparison between the Tensile, Water Absorption and Flammability Properties of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene/Rice Husk Composite from Twin-Screw Extruder and Heated Two-Roll Mill

( 2022-01-01)

Mohd Nazry Salleh

;

Roslaili Abdul Aziz

;

Shan C.R.

;

Luqman Musa

;

Mohd Fairul Sharin Abdul Razak

;

Nabialek M.

;

Jez B.

This study compares the mechanical properties of recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE)/rice husk (RH) composites from a twin-screw extruder and a heated two-roll mill, and the effect of different filler loadings using different melt blending processes on the mechanical properties of r-HDPE/RH composites. Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (MAPE) acts as the coupling agent to enhance interfacial bonding between the fibre and the polymer matrix. The filler loading used was in the range of 10-40 wt. %. In this work, r-HDPE/RH blends were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and a heated two-roll mill. The ratio of 70/30 twin-screw extruder compounded composites significantly showed higher tensile based on improved to about 45.5% at 11 MPa compared to those compounded in the heated two-roll mill. The same ratio showed an increment almost up to 9% of elongation at break. It has also been verified that the higher filler loading used reduced the tensile strength and elongation at break, while the Young's modulus increased. The result was evidenced by the increase in water absorption and longer burning time as the filler loading increased.

Publication

Simulation of Mos2based Asymmetric Nano-Channel Rectifier

( 2022-01-01)

Garg S.

;

Sharma B.

;

Khanal G.M.

;

Gupta N.

;

Singh A.K.

;

Syal R.

;

Kumar S.

;

Kasjoo S.R.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been utilized to demonstrate rectification behavior in an asymmetric channel similar to a diode-like I-V response. The demonstrated asymmetric device called self-switching diode is simulated by Silvaco TCAD software. The large signal analysis has been performed to estimate the frequency response. The diode shows NEP and responsivity of 6.50 nW/Hz1/2 and 59.11 V/W, respectively. The diode can be used for radio frequency (RF) rectification as it has a cut-off frequency of 191 MHz.

Publication

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Production and Analytical Utilization: Fundamental to Cutting-Edge Technologies

( 2022-01-01)

Subramani I.G.

;

Perumal V.

;

Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath

;

Fhan K.S.

;

Mohamed N.M.

Over the past decade, science has experienced a growing rise in nanotechnology with ground-breaking contributions. Through various laborious technologies, nanomaterials with different architectures from 0 D to 3 D have been synthesized. However, the 3 D flower-like organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with the most direct one-pot green synthesis method has attracted widespread attention and instantly become research hotspot since its first allusion in 2012. Mild synthesis procedure, high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced enzymatic activity and stability are the main factor for its rapid development. However, its lower mechanical strength, difficulties in recovery from the reaction system, lower loading capacity, poor reusability and accessibility of enzymes are fatal, which hinders its wide application in industry. This review first discusses the selection of non-enzymatic biomolecules for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers followed by the innovative advancements made in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers to overcome aforementioned issues and to enhance their extensive downstream applications in transduction technologies. Besides, the role of hybrid nanoflower has been successfully utilized in many fields including, water remediation, biocatalyst, pollutant adsorption and decolourization, nanoreactor, biosensing, cellular uptake and others, accompanied with several quantification technologies, such as ELISA, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and fluorescence were comprehensively reviewed.

Publication

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chemoresistance: Regulatory Roles, Molecular Interactions, and Potential Inhibitors

( 2022-01-01)

Tune B.X.J.

;

Sim M.S.

;

Poh C.L.

;

Guad R.M.

;

Woon C.K.

;

Hazarika I.

;

Das A.

;

Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath

;

Rajan M.

;

Sekar M.

;

Subramaniyan V.

;

Fuloria N.K.

;

Fuloria S.

;

Batumalaie K.

;

Wu Y.S.

Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Its treatments usually fail when the tumor has become malignant and metastasized. Metastasis is a key source of cancer recurrence, which often leads to resistance towards chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, most cancer-related deaths are linked to the occurrence of chemoresistance. Although chemoresistance can emerge through a multitude of mechanisms, chemoresistance and metastasis share a similar pathway, which is an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a class of zinc and calcium-chelated enzymes, are found to be key players in driving cancer migration and metastasis through EMT induction. The aim of this review is to discuss the regulatory roles and associated molecular mechanisms of specific MMPs in regulating chemoresistance, particularly EMT initiation and resistance to apoptosis. A brief presentation on their potential diagnostic and prognostic values was also deciphered. It also aimed to describe existing MMP inhibitors and the potential of utilizing other strategies to inhibit MMPs to reduce chemoresistance, such as upstream inhibition of MMP expressions and MMP-responsive nanomaterials to deliver drugs as well as epigenetic regulations. Hence, manipulation of MMP expression can be a powerful tool to aid in treating patients with chemo-resistant cancers. However, much still needs to be done to bring the solution from bench to bedside.

Publication

Chronic Kidney Disease Detection Using Machine Learning Technique

( 2022-01-01)

Al-Momani R.

;

Al-Mustafa G.

;

Zeidan R.

;

Alquran H.

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Alkhayyat A.

chronic kidney disease is a disorder that disables normal kidney function. The WHO has shown that CKD is a serious disease, ranked as one of the top twenty causes of death. It is recognized that2 million people worldwide suffer from kidney failure and the number of patients diagnosed with CDK continues to expand at a rate of 5-7% annually. late diagnosis of this disease is a life-threatening problem, which, often occurs in remote areas due to the lack of specialized medical personnel, in addition to the high cost of diagnosis. This paper aims at early detection of CDK using machine learning algorithms Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and k-Nearest Neighbor. The importance of AI is reflected in the importance of identifying these typically fatal ailments. This study looks at a data set consisting of 400 samples and 13 features. The three classification techniques were evaluated by applying them to the data. The results show that the ANN classifier achieved the best accuracy at 99.2%.

Publication

Design a hexagonal shape frequency reconfigurable antenna for new C-band 5G applications

( 2022-01-01)

Ganesh M.

;

Raghava N.S.

;

Thennarasan Sabapathy

In this Communication, a simple hexagonal shape frequency reconfigurable antenna is designed with reduced ground plane for new C-band 5G (3.7GHz-3.98GHz applications. To enable frequency reconfiguration a PIN diode is adopted in the reduced ground plane with a gap size of 1mm. When diode is in OFF state the designed antenna resonates at 3.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 760 MHz, range used for Wi-Max and in ON state the designed structure resonates at 3.8 GHz with a bandwidth of 930 MHz, range used for New C-band 5G networks. The designed structure of an antenna is etched on a Fr-4 substrate with a size of 38X36X1.6mm3.

Publication

Femtomolar Dengue Virus Type-2 DNA Detection in Back-gated Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor Biosensor

( 2022-01-01)

Abidin W.A.B.Z.

;

Nor M.N.M.

;

Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad

;

Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil

;

Nor Azizah Parmin

;

Sisin N.A.H.T.

;

Ibau C.

;

Azlan A.S.

Background: Dengue is known as the most severe arboviral infection in the world spread by Aedes aegypti. However, conventional and laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-says (ELISA) are the current approaches in detecting dengue virus (DENV), requiring skilled and well-trained personnel to operate. Therefore, the ultrasensitive and label-free technique of the Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) biosensor was chosen for rapid detection of DENV. Methods: In this study, a SiNW field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor integrated with a back-gate of the low-doped p-type Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer was fabricated through conventional photo-lithography and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Reactive Ion Etching (ICP-RIE) for Dengue Virus type-2 (DENV-2) DNA detection. The morphological characteristics of back-gated SiNW-FET were examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope supported by the elemental analysis via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results and Discussion: A complementary (target) single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) was recognized when the target DNA was hybridized with the probe DNA attached to SiNW surfaces. Based on the slope of the linear regression curve, the back-gated SiNW-FET biosensor demonstrated the sensitivity of 3.3 nAM-1 with a detection limit of 10 fM. Furthermore, the drain and back-gate voltages were also found to influence the SiNW conductance changed. Conclusion: Thus, the results obtained suggest that the back-gated SiNW-FET shows good stability in both biosensing applications and medical diagnosis throughout the conventional photolithography method.

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