UniMAP RIS :: Browsing Publications 2023 by Issue Date

Publication

Design of Compact UHF-RFID Tag Antenna with Meander Line Technique

( 2020-03-20)

Fazilah A.F.M.

;

Muzammil Jusoh

;

Zakaria A.

;

Thennarasan Sabapathy

;

Ibrahim M.F.

;

Osman M.N.

;

Yaasin M.N.

;

Malhotra S.

;

Rahim H.A.

In this paper, a compact UHF RFID tag antenna that can operate at Malaysia UHF RFID frequency (860 MHz - 960MHz) is proposed. The antenna with a common geometry structure without any shorting pin consists of 90degree angled line (meander line) and double T-match structure. The proposed antenna has been designed and simulated using CST Simulation software. The proposed tag antenna design shows a good performance in terms of size, gain and impedance with a dimension of 36 mm 25 mm 1.6 mm. The simulated gain of antenna obtained is -0.135 dB at 910 MHz with 19 MHz bandwidth.

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Publication

Critical heat flux and Leidenfrost temperature on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) - constructed hemispherical surface

( 2021)

Suhaimi Illias

;

Suhaila Hussain

;

Rosman N.A.

;

Mohamad Ezral Baharudin

;

Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Ishak

;

Khirul Azwan Ismail

;

Mohd Hanafi Ani

This paper reports a Leidenfrost temperature on hemispherical surface constructed by Electrical discharge machining or known as EDM. We focus our study on the droplet evaporation lifetime to investigate and identify the Leidenfrost temperature. Three (3) different types of materials were selected i. e such as Brass (Br), Aluminum (Al) and Copper (Cu). Meanwhile, ethanol liquid has been chosen as the test liquid. Ethanol liquid was elected due to its low boiling point of approximately 78 °C. The droplet impact velocity and droplet diameter was approximately 1.129 m/s and 3.476 mm, respectively. As a result, we finally succeeded in determining the Leidenfrost temperature for all materials mentioned above. On top of that, all the Leidenfrost temperature results, TL were close to the superheat limit temperature of ethanol liquid, TSL which is about 197.8 °C.

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Publication

Modeling coupled electric drives systems using a modified narmax model

( 2021-05-03)

Mohd Zakimi Zakaria

;

Mansor Z.

;

Azuwir Mohd Nor

;

Mohamad Ezral Baharudin

;

Mohd Sazli Saad

The nonlinear auto-regressive moving average with exogeneous input (NARMAX) model known as one of superior type of models to represent a wide class of dynamic systems. In this paper, a modified NARMAX is proposed in modeling dynamic system. The aim is to investigate the performance of the modified NARMAX model and compared to the conventional NARMAX model for modeling CE8 coupled electric drives system. Multi-objective optimization differential evolution (MOODE) algorithm is used as a model structure selection algorithm to obtain the final model from both approached models. Model predicted output (MPO) test is applied in order to reveal the performance of each model. Through the MPO test, it is concluded that the modified NARMAX model offers a better predicted output than conventional NARMAX model.

2

Publication

A Review on Edge Detection on Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) Image using Fuzzy Logic

( 2021-11-25)

Zaki M.Z.A.A.

;

Mohd Hanafi Mat Som

;

Yazid H.

;

Khairul Salleh Basaruddin

;

Shafriza Nisha Basah

;

Ali M.S.A.M.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a bone disorder that causes bone to be brittle and easy to fracture. The patient suffered from this disease will have poor quality of life. Simulation on the bone fracture risk would help medical doctors to make decision in their diagnosis. Detection of edges from the OI images is very important as it helps radiologist to segmentize cortical and cancellous bone to make a good 3D bone model for analysis. The purpose of this paper is to review the fundamentals of fuzzy logic in edge detection of OI bone as it is yet to be implemented. Several fuzzy logic concepts are reviewed by previous studies which include fuzziness, membership functions and fuzzy sets regarding digital images. The OI images were produced by modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, or Computed Tomography (CT). In summary, researchers from the reviewed papers concluded that fuzzy logic can be implemented to detect edges in noisy clinical images.

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Publication

In vitro Cytotoxic Activities, Molecular Docking and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Evaluation of Chalcone Derived Pyrazolines

( 2022-04-01)

Farooq S.

;

Ngaini Z.

;

Hwang S.S.

;

Choo D.C.Y.

;

Adibah Izzati Daud

;

Khairul W.M.

Chalcone natural products modified drugs are a significant tool for the pharmaceutical industry to cure cancer. Numerous cytotoxic drugs have some drawbacks such as toxicity effect, high cost, less bioavailability, poor selectivity and drug resistance properties. The production of effective and high potent cytotoxic agents has become a challenge nowadays. For all compounds (1a–f), (2a–f) and (3a–f) in vitro cytotoxic activities were evaluated through MTS assay, where (3a) and (3e) exhibited potent activities against nasopharyngeal cell line HK-1 with IC50 7.7 mM and 7.3 mM, respectively, compared to cisplatin IC50 8.9 mM. The molecular docking interaction studies against 5IKR target protein and DFT evaluations via Gaussian 09 software exhibited the binding affinity – 10.4 kcal/mol and energy gap 4.46 eV respectively, supported the potential pyrazoline as anticancer drugs. This current study is a significant breakthrough in the drug design process that contributes to the development of new in vitro cytotoxic drugs with excellent properties.

25 2

Publication

Enhancing UAV Safety: Accurate Distance Measurement with YOLOV8-based Measuring Application

( 2023)

Jack Lee L.

;

Hazry Desa

;

Muhammad Azizi A.

;

Abadal-Salam T.H.

;

Hassan T.M.

This article introduces a lightweight and efficient model for measuring applications, aimed at enhancing the current UAV monitoring system. The primary objective of this project is to develop a measuring application capable of determining and displaying the distance between the camera on the UAV and the facial model. The YOLOV8 framework is employed as a detection model to identify and interpret objects within the region of interest. Additionally, the algorithm incorporates the concept of focal length in lenses to calculate the distance between the facial expressions of a human face and the camera. To assess the algorithm's accuracy, facial models were placed at various distances from the camera during testing. The predicted distance values obtained through the algorithm were then compared to the actual measured distances using a measuring tape. The results demonstrated a maximum tolerance of ±0.9 cm, indicating the algorithm's reliable performance in predicting distance measurements.

22 2

Publication

Heart Arrhythmia Classification Using Deep Learning: A Comparative Study

( 2023)

Radi Omar

;

Alslatie Mohammad

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Alquran Hiam

;

Badarneh Alaa

;

Mohammed F.F.

;

Ahmed Alkhayyat

Heart arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat that causes heart problems. It can be classified by their seriousness into serious and non-serious arrhythmia. Mainly to diagnose heart arrhythmias, we use Electrocardiogram (ECG). In this paper, the authors compared three different models of classifiers: Convolutional Neural Network, Dense Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory to classify cardiac arrhythmia into two types normal and abnormal, using the MIT-BIH database. The results show that CNN and DNN have the best result of the models with 99% accuracy while LSTM shows 60 accuracy percent.

3 9

Publication

Effects of Heat Treatment on the Properties of SS440C for Blades Applications

( 2023)

Nur Maizatul Shima Adzali

;

Siti Khadijah Salihin

;

Nur Hidayah Ahmad Zaidi

SS440C steel is commonly used for knife blades, bearings, valve parts, and medical equipment. The composition of SS440C steels is designed to increase hardness especially in blade applications. The effect of quenching and tempering heat treatment on the properties of SS440C was investigated in this study. Quenching heat treatment is done at 1000 °C, followed by tempering at 150 and 500 °C in a muffle furnace. Microstructure of SS440C samples were studied using an optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Properties of SS440C after heat treatment have been investigated using the Rockwell hardness test and tensile test. It was found that the sample quenched at 1000 °C (without temper) had the highest hardness with 58.4HRC, while the as-received annealed sample had 11.4HRC followed by sample tempered at 150 °C with 57.5HRC and 500 °C with 54.1HRC. Tensile testing reveals that quenching and tempering at 500 °C result in the highest maximum stress compared to other samples. Through optical microscopy observation, a sample tempered at 500 °C has larger size of carbide precipitate than sample that quenched and tempered at a 150 °C. Insufficient carbide dissolution or a more abrasive reaction is revealed by larger carbide sizes. In conclusion, SS440C temper at 500 °C reflects that it has better properties than the other.

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Publication

Horn Antenna Gain Enhancement using 3-D Printed Dielectric Lens for Dielectric Properties Measurement

( 2023)

Renukka Sivakumar

;

Saidatul Norlyana Azemi

;

Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi

;

Zahari Awang Ahmad

;

Kok Yeow You

;

Lee Yeng Seng

;

Soh Ping Jack

A 3-D printed dielectric lens for gain enhancement of horn antenna from 18 GHz to 40 GHz is presented in this paper. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is used to fabricate the Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) lensas it is one of the well-known 3-D printing techniques. The results with and without dielectric lens are analyzed and compared from the simulation. From simulation results with thedielectric lens, a maximum gain of 26.7 dBi was achieved. The dielectric lens of 21.72 mm thickness was able to provide a gain enhancement up to 26.7 dBi when compared to the simulation result without the dielectric lens. The proposed dielectric lens can improve the gain of the horn antenna as good agreement between literature, simulation and measurement was achieved.

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Publication

Utilization of Seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) Liquid as Cost-Effective Macronutrients and Micronutrients for Bioethanol Production

( 2023)

Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria

;

Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny

;

Mohd Irfan Hatim Mohamed Dzahir

;

Abdul Aziz Ahmad

;

Ku Syahidah Ku Ismail

;

Safa Senan Mahmod

;

Muhammad Javed

;

Namdar B.-Yazdi

;

Md Nabil Ab Adzim Saifuddin

Seaweed liquid waste from filter-squeezed drying process of Gracilaria sp. causes an unpleasant odour to the environment. Although this waste can partially be used as biofertilizer and heavy metals adsorbent, a bigger portion of the waste remains unutilized thus causing a problem to the environment. The present study aimed to utilize seaweed liquid waste as a supplement in fermentation media. To achieve this aim, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a famous bioethanol producer was used to examine the ability of seaweed liquid to supply macronutrients and micronutrients in the media to produce ethanol. Interestingly, when used as a supplement in the fermentation media to produce ethanol, the liquid boosted ethanol production three folds from 200 mg/L of 2 % glucose alone to 600 mg/L of 2 % glucose in liquid. Additionally, the liquid was able to substitute yeast extract and peptone within YPD media to produce 647.48 mg/L ethanol as compared to only 542.39 mg/L with normal YPD which contains yeast extract and peptone. For that reason, the utilization of seaweed liquid as the supplement in the medium should be considered as an alternative cost-effective media for enhancing ethanol production without the addition of other nutrients.

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Publication

Simulations on Aluminum Interdigitated Electrode with Gold nanorod-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite for Impedance-based Biosensing

( 2023)

Adam Hussaini

;

Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath

;

Fakhri Makram A.

;

Salim Evan T.

;

Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad

;

Perumal Veeradasan

;

Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny

;

Tijjani Adam

this study used COMSOL software to design biosensors with higher sensitivity and accuracy. The software allowed simulations of the sensor's behavior in an electrolyte, providing insights into electric field distribution and optimizing electrode design. The study also simulated properties like electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, density, permittivity, and permeability. The use of nanocomposites like aluminum oxide, gold nanorods, and zinc oxide further enhanced the performance, improving sensitivity and biocompatibility of the biosensors.

2 16

Publication

Analysis of Optical Character Recognition using EasyOCR under Image Degradation

( 2023)

Muhamad Aqil Mirza Salehudin

;

Shafriza Nisha Basah

;

Haniza Yazid

;

Khairul Salleh Basaruddin

;

Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar

;

Mohd Hanafi Mat Som

;

Khairul Azami Sidek

This project explores EasyOCR's performance with Latin characters under image degradation. Variables like character-background intensity difference, Gaussian blur, and relative character size were tested. EasyOCR excels in distinguishing unique lowercase and uppercase characters but tends to favor uppercase for similar shapes like C, S, U, or Z. Results showed that high character-background intensity differences affected OCR output, with confidence scores ranging from 3 % to 80%. Higher differences caused confusion between characters like o and 0, or i and 1. Increased Gaussian blur hindered recognition but improved it for certain letters like v. Image size had a significant impact, with character detection failing as sizes decreased to 40% to 30% of the original. These findings provide insights into EasyOCR's capabilities and limitations with Latin characters under image degradation.

7 29

Publication

Acoustical Analysis for The Lecture Rooms in UniMAP

( 2023)

Tan Wei Hong

;

Hafiz Muhammad

;

Chan Choon Kit

;

Niresh Jayarajan

Acoustic analysis is a measurement used to analyse the behaviour of sound waves in enclosed spaces, which influences speech intelligibility. Another parameter that influences speech intelligibility is reverberation time. Reverberation time is the time for the sound source to decay by 60 dB. A high reverberation time causes sound to dissipate more slowly, resulting in continual reflection of sound waves, which disrupts student concentration in class. Furthermore, a poor acoustic environment could have an impact on health and lecture delivery. The objective of this study is to determine and analyse the acoustic performance for five selected lecture rooms in UniMAP. The reverberation time is the parameter of this study that was obtained from the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the sound pressure by using the impulsive sound source method from a burst balloon. In this study, the "balloon pop" sound pressure was consistently recorded at approximately 105dB across all cases. This measurement indicates the peak sound intensity of the stimulus. The influence of the location of receiver, design, and space volume for the lecture room on the reverberation time was investigated. At a location of 6 m from the sound source, at the back wall of a room with chairs, BKN 5 and BPU 5 measured longer reverberation times of 1.3 s and 1.2 s, respectively. The higher value of reverberation time is caused by where the sound receiver is. If it is close to a wall, the sound receiver will be exposed to numerous reflections of sound waves, causing the room to become reverberant. Compared to other lecture rooms, the length of BKN 5 and BPU 5 is shorter. Their lengths are 11.639 m and 11.689 m, so the sound receiver is closer to the wall and makes the reverberation time higher. BKN 5 room, which has a volume of 258.3 m3, had the highest reverberation time (1.2 s on average in a room with chairs). This is because it is larger than the other rooms. So, the reverberation times get longer as the room's volume increases. BPU 5 room had the longest reverberation time for a condition room without chairs (an average of 2.4 s), but it also had the smallest space volume (242.4 m3) compared to the other rooms. Thus, it takes longer for the sound waves in the room to fade away when there are no chairs there. If the smaller room didn't have enough sound-absorbing materials, the reverberation times would be longer.

3 8

Publication

The Integration of Critical Risk with Building Information Modelling (BIM) Application Strategies in Building Refurbishment Project Lifecycle

( 2023)

Nur Hidayah Khairul Anuar

;

Nurfadzillah Ishak

;

Nor Suraya Shohime

Building refurbishment project is rapidly becoming a significant part of the construction industry in Malaysia. Refurbishment projects are typically higher risk, more complex, and require more coordination than new construction projects. The refurbishment industry has the potential to expand and contribute to Malaysia's overall building output. The growing demand for refurbishment work in Malaysia will be driven by the increasing number of old and failing structures, as well as the limited space available for new development. Therefore, the aim of this research is to establish the most significance integration Building Information Modelling (BIM) application strategies in managing the risk for building refurbishment project lifecycle improvement. In this regard, this study was conducted through a quantitative method using the questionnaire which was distributed by employing a self-administrated approach as a research medium to obtain feedback from project manager who has been a representative from G7 registered construction organization with Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia. As a result, 96.7 percent of the response rate were accepted. The analysis showed that the integration of critical risk with BIM application strategies was recognized as important factors and strategies towards building refurbishment projects lifecycle improvement and found that the mean is in very high range. Additionally, the results indicate that the level of critical risk and BIM application strategies have been measured through descriptive analysis. The findings of this study are expected to establish a foundation for future research in order to develop an adequate framework for managing building refurbishment projects and improve the quality of decision making among the building industry professionals.

6 3

Publication

Assessment of wind power potential in the North region of Malaysia, Chuping Perlis

( 2023)

Thiraphorn Bun Leew

;

Leow Wai Zhe

;

Mohd Irwan Yusoff

;

Safwati Ibrahim

;

Tan Xiao Jian

;

Muhammad Irwanto Misrun

;

Kumuthawathe Ananda-Rao

The wind turbines is a main device that convert the kinetic energy from blades to electrical energy. Before installing wind turbines, the Weibull probability distribution must be calculated to determine the certain wind speed probability. Many problems will come if there no analysis the characteristics of wind in selected location, such as wind speed that not suitable for building wind farm to supply the population in that area. Shape and scale factors, which be controlled in a variety of ways, influence the Weibull distribution. Many studies have looked into which of the various Weibull parameter estimation methods is the most dependable. However, because the results of these investigations were inconsistent, research into more trustworthy Weibull parameter estimation methods is still ongoing. An analysis of data collected Chuping, Perlis for two years was conducted in this study (from 2018 to 2019). By using statistical analysis to evaluate the Weibull distribution method, this study used three methods to compared the Weibull parameters and identified the most reliable and effective method to obtain the Weibull probability distribution by using a three approach that compares the variances of RMSE, MSE and R2, which provides comprehensive insight into level error and volatility. Modified maximum likelihood method, graphical method, and power density method are the three methods used in this study. Therefore, the graphical method has the best accuracy in the wind speed distribution prediction, several methods such as the modified maximum likelihood method, and the power density method have the worst prediction of the wind speed distribution based on all the statistical method variances for this region.

7 29

Publication

Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment of Rubber Seed Shells for Cellulose and Hemicellulose Production

( 2023)

Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria

;

Norshakilla Afendi

;

Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny

;

Younesi Habibollah

;

Ku Syahidah Ku Ismail

Ethanol is a clean biofuel that can be produced from biomass, namely, rubber seed shells. Rubber seed shells (RSS) tend to be less worthy and are rapidly becoming an agricultural waste. The environment is getting incredibly degraded as the industrial world constantly expands and has become more technologically developed in industrial operations. Generally, the most common chemical method used in pretreatment is acid and alkaline based. However, this method is unsuitable since it causes a lot of problems such as inhibitors generation and high energy consumption during the pretreatment process. Therefore, in this study, deep eutectic solvent (DESs) was used as the green solvent to pretreat the RSS for more environmentally friendly production of cellulose and hemicellulose. Seven combinations of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) were used to synthesize DESs based on their molar ratio and physiochemical properties (pH, viscosity, density, hydrogen bond) were examined. Later, the best synthesized DES to pretreat RSS based on the cellulose and hemicellulose content was evaluated. The chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) for untreated and pretreated RSS were determined by using the ASTM and TAPPI methods. The experimental results showed that the higher cellulose production were obtained by using acidic based DESs; ChCl:Oxalic acid, ChCl:Lactic acid and ChCl:Formic acid (24.43, 20.42, and 20.31%, respectively). Meanwhile, higher hemicellulose was obtained when using ChCl:Ethylene glycol and ChCl:Urea, with 46.86% and 41.14%, respectively. Hence, the study showed that acidic and slightly acidic based DESs were able to produce high cellulose and hemicellulose from RSS.

3 25

Publication

Determination of the hybridization rate of Acipenser stellatus and Huso huso based on microsatellite analysis

( 2023)

Razvan Matache

;

Elena Holban

;

Deak Gyorgy

;

Raluca Prangate

;

Monica Matei

;

Madalina Boboc

;

Raoul Popescu

;

Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar

On the basis of the in situ analysis of the sturgeon condition within the Lower Danube River, the aim was to carry out a research that would complement the results obtained from the monitoring and ultrasonic tagging methods. Thus, DNA samples were taken selectively from each ultrasonically tagged specimen in order to determine whether or not there is a possibility of hybridization between the species Acipenser stellatus and Huso huso. Thus, the microsatellite loci were investigated and certain parameters like diagnostic alleles, repeated sequences and specific molecular markers which were used to determine the degree of hybridism.

4 3

Publication

The Grim Cost of Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: A Comprehensive Panel ARDL Study of Public Debt in the ASEAN-5 Countries

( 2023)

Mohd Shahidan Shaari

;

Faiz Masnan

;

Mohd Juraij Abd Rani

;

Zaharah Zainal Abidin

;

Ridzuan Abdul Rahim

;

Norreha Othman

This study uses panel ARDL analysis to investigate the connections between GDP growth, environmental degradation, and public debt in the ASEAN-5 countries (Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, and Indonesia) from 1996 to 2021. It appears that economic development can increase public debt, but investment can reduce public debt in the long run. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between savings and public debt, but only in the short run. These findings raise important considerations for policymakers in striking a balance between economic development, environmental sustainability, and public debt. This study also suggests that savings may positively affect public debt in Indonesia. In contrast, investment may raise debt in the short term in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore. The possible effects of corruption on public debt in the Philippines and environmental damage in both that country and Thailand are also highlighted. Keeping public debt at a manageable level requires policies that balance economic development and environmental protection, as emphasized by this research.

4 29

Publication

Stages Classification on Cervical Cell Images: A Comparative Study

( 2023)

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Mohamad Irfan Noor

;

Alquran Hiam

;

Miharaini Md Ghani

;

Hafizul Fahri Hanafi

;

Noor Hidayah Che Lah

;

Mundher Adnan M.

;

Hameed Abdul Hussein Abbas

The cancer of the cervix is called cervical cancer. An element of a woman's womb is the cervix. Among other diseases that affect women, it came in at number four on the list. According to the World Health Organization's cancer report, there are currently roughly 10 million new cases of cancer recorded year, and by 2020, that number will have doubled to 20 million. With the right screening and awareness campaign, this number can be cut in half. A quarter of cancers are said to be brought on by infections, including hepatitis B, which is connected to liver cancer, and the human papillomavirus, which is connected to cervix cancer. Deep learning techniques have been successfully applied to a wide range of image classification tasks, and have the potential to be highly effective for cervical cell image classification as well. In this project, we propose to use a deep learning-based approach to classify cervical cell images into different categories, such as normal cells, abnormal cells, or cancerous cells. To achieve this goal, we will first pre-process the images to prepare them for analysis, and then extract relevant features. These features will be used to train a deep learning model, which will be fine-tuned and optimized for the specific task of cervical cell classification. In this project, transfer learning method will be by using pre-trained classifier such as ResNet-50, GoogLeNet and EfficientNet-b0. We will evaluate the performance of the model using metrics such as accuracy and compare our results to those obtained using traditional machine learning approaches. From this project, the highest accuracy achieved are 51.49%. The goal to develop a pre-trained classifier transfer learning can be used to accurately and reliably classify cervical cell images in a clinical setting are achieved.

4 8

Publication

Hybrid Cooling System for Solar Photovoltaic Panel

( 2023)

Mohd Syafiq Azmi

;

Muhamad Hatta Hussain

;

Siti Rafidah Abdul Rahim

;

Ernie Che Mid

;

Amiruddin Shaari

;

Nurul Huda Hashim

;

Husny N.

;

Mohd Fairus Ahmad

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is one of the renewable sources of energy and produced daily nowadays. Solar panel systems have efficiency influenced by different factors, such as ambient temperature, solar panel temperature, sunlight, weather, and irradiation. The increasing of the temperature of the solar PV panel decreases its efficiency and lifetime. Thus, to maintain and decrease the temperature of the PV cell, cooling system is required. This paper presents the hybrid (water and air) cooling system method for solar PV panel. The method has been designed and developed to lower and stable the operating temperature of the system considering different weather conditions. The results revealed that the hybrid cooling system has shown improvement of output power solar PV panel as compared with water cooling system only. Furthermore, the proposed method managed to improve efficiency approximately to 4.5%.

4 23

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