Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
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Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
Official Name
Mohd Hanafi , Mat Som
Alternative Name
Mat Som, M. H
Mat Som, Mohd Hanafi
Som, M. H.M.
Som, M. H.Mat
Som, Mohd Hanafi Mat
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Scopus Author ID
57215715847
Researcher ID
R-4326-2019

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  • Publication
    Recent Trends in Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare
    ( 2019)
    Azian Azamimi Abdullah
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Zulkarnay Zakaria
    The field of biomedical engineering has emerged rapidly with new technologies that aim to improve the quality of life and healthcare. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine, combining the design and problem-solving skills of engineering with medical biological sciences to advance healthcare treatment, including diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. This book focuses on the state-of-the-art and recent trends in the emerging field of biomedical engineering. The topics such as biomedical signal and image processing, bio instrumentations, biomedical electronics and devices, biomaterials, biomechanics medical imaging, augmented reality, and bioinformatics are widely covered in this book. The present book is developed to make the reader familiar with the technologies that can improve human health. It will cater to the graduate and post-graduate students of electronic, mechanical, mechatronic, and biomedical engineering. This book is also suitable for researchers and practitioners who have an interest in recent trends in biomedical engineering and healthcare.
  • Publication
    Effect of sloped walking on ground and joint reaction forces
    ( 2023-04-24)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Zahar N.Z.A.C.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Salleh A.F.
    ;
    Khudzari A.Z.M.
    Sloped walking is commonly known to be benefited to health. However, the increase of GRF that contribute to increment to JRF during inclined walking compared to level-ground walking also has been a concern in preventing injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of sloped walking in comparison with level-ground walking to GRF and JRF at hip, knee and ankle joints. Ten healthy male participants (age: 24 ± 1.2 years old with normal body mass index (BMI)) were asked to walk at preferred speed on customized ramp at the slopes of -5°, 0° and 5°. Kinematic data were captured with five-camera motion capture system (Qualysis Track Motion). Kinetic data were measured with two force plate (Bertex) which embedded into the ramp. A musculoskeletal model (Visual 3D C-motion) was used to assess joint reaction force (JRF) of lower limb. Result show that peak value of mean GRF as well as maximum JRF at all joints of lower limb were higher during sloped walking compared to level-ground walking. In addition, the maximum JRF at hip is the highest, followed by knee and ankle for all walking conditions. GRF had a significant influence to the JRF at lower limb during inclined and declined walking where sloped walking have a higher force at all joints of lower limb than level- ground walking. Therefore, a suitable walking strategy in adapting the forces demand is required in preventing any slope slippage and/or vertical body instability that might lead to musculoskeletal injury.
  • Publication
    Lower extremity joint reaction forces and plantar fascia strain responses due to incline and decline walking
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Shahriman Abu Bakar
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Asyraf Hakimi Abu Bakar
    Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effect of incline and decline walking on ground and joint reaction forces (JRF) of lower extremity and plantar fascia strain (PFS) under certain surface inclination angles. Methods: Twenty-three male subjects walked on a customized platform with four different surface inclinations (i.e., 0°, 5°,7.5° and 10°) with inclined and declined directions. The motion of the ten reflective markers was captured using Qualysis motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden) and exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software (C-motion, Germantown, USA) in order to analyze the GRF, JRF and PFS. Results: The results found that the peak vertical GRF is almost consistent for 0° and 5° inclination slope but started to decrease at 7.5° onwards during decline walking. The most affected JRF was found on knee at medial-lateral direction even as low as 5°, to 10° inclination for both walking conditions. Furthermore, the findings also show that the JRF of lower extremity was more affected during declined walking compared to inclined walking based on the number of significant differences observed in each inclination angle. The PFS was found increased with the increase of surface inclination. Conclusions: The findings could provide a new insight on the relationship of joint reaction forces and strain parameter in response to the incline and decline walking. It would benefit in providing a better precaution that should be considered during hiking activity, especially in medial-lateral direction in order to prevent injury or fall risk.
  • Publication
    The Effect of Surface Inclination to Knee Joint Contact Force: A Pilot Study
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Ruslizam Daud
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    Compressive loading at knee during walking on slope can caused the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis due to cartilage degeneration impacted which may require long periods of medical treatment and costly. The purpose of this pilot study is to analyzed the effect of surface inclination to joint contact force at knee in frontal, sagittal and transverse plane during walking. The differences in joint contact forces obtained were analyzed using Freebody 2.0 software. The findings of this pilot study indicate that, both flat and inclined walking have almost similar trends of joint contact force at knee for each direction compared to decline walking. However, each walking condition show different magnitude of tibiofemoral joint contact force. In conclusion, the result of this pilot study could not be taken as a whole. Advancement on surface angle and number of subjects is as well as research in other joint of lower limb is recommended for future work to further understand and prevent any common injury risk during walking on inclined surface.
  • Publication
    Pre- and Post-operative Assessment of Bone with Osteogenesis Imperfecta using Finite Element Analysis: A Review
    ( 2024-02-01)
    Wanna Soh Bua Chai
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Fauziah Che Mat
    ;
    Muhamad Khairul Ali Hassan
    Applications of finite element analysis (FEA) to demonstrate the pre-and post-operative conditions of the brittle bone-related disease known as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) has been widely used in the past and at present. The method used to reconstruct the bone model that resemble the OI bone geometry plays an important aspect to accurately represent the bone condition to provide more alternative ways to evaluate surgical intervention options. Other factors such as material properties and boundary conditions also reflect the results of the analysis. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to analyse the approaches of previous studies in terms of model geometry construction, selection of materials properties and boundary conditions to enable a deeper understanding and evaluation of bone fractures in OI patients. The biomechanical design of the intramedullary (IM) rods used in post-operative surgery and the interface between IM rods and bone fragments are also discussed in this review paper.
  • Publication
    Finite Element Analysis on Tibia with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: The Influence of Incomplete Bone in Model Reconstruction
    ( 2020-07-01)
    Tan S.L.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Sulaiman A.R.
    ;
    Aziz Safar M.J.
    ;
    Amin Megat Ali M.S.
    Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) patients continuously experience bone fractures throughout their lifetime. To date, physicians still have difficulties to determine a suitable method to predict fractures. The paper aims to develop finite element (FE) model based on patient-specific computed tomography (CT) images for the purpose of determination of fracture risk. Three types of FE models have been developed using VOXELCON. The first tibia model was a complete tibia composed of epiphysis and diaphysis part of the bone. The second tibia model only include the diaphysis part of the bone which is the shaft. The final tibia model, composed of diaphysis, and a part of epiphysis of the bone which is the extension shaft. Each model uses the same Young's Modulus (19 GPa) and Poisson's ratio (0.3). The developed models were used for FE analysis using VOXELCON under various loadings, and then the results of the different models were compared. Geometry and volume of the models, and surface area of load applied on the models affect distribution of von Mises stress. All the stress values were judged by the fracture criteria, assumed at 115 MPa. It was found out patient is safe in the standing position. Conversely, jumping will cause fracture in the three types of FE models.
  • Publication
    Performance analysis of diabetic retinopathy detection using fuzzy entropy multi-level thresholding
    ( 2023-07-01)
    Qaid M.S.A.
    ;
    Shafriza Nisha Basah
    ;
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Ali Hassan M.K.
    Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the major causes of blindness. Many DR detection systems were developed to segment and determine the type and number of lesions that appeared on retinal images and used to classify DR and its severity level. Even though several researchers have already proposed many automated diagnosis systems with different image segmentation algorithms, their accuracy and reliability are generally unexplored. The accuracy of an automated diagnosis system usually depends on the segmentation techniques. The accuracy of this system is heavily dependent upon the retinal and image parameters, which have intensity level difference between background (BG)-blood vessels (BV), BV-bright lesions, BV-dark lesions, and noise levels. In this work, the automated diagnosis system accuracy has been analysed to successfully detect DR and its severity levels. The focus is on fundus image modalities segmentation based on fuzzy entropy multi-level thresholding. The analysis aimed to develop conditions to guarantee accurate DR detection and its severity level. Firstly, a retinal image model was developed that represents the retina under the variation of all retinal and image parameters. Overall, 45,000 images were developed using the retinal model. Secondly, feasibility and consistency analysis were performed based on a specific design Monte Carlo statistical method to quantify the successful detection of DR and its severity levels. The conditions to guarantee accurate DR detections are: BG to BV > 30% and BV to the dark lesions (MAs) >15% for mild DR, BG to BV > 40% and BV to the dark lesions (MAs and HEM) > 20% for moderate DR, and BG to BV > 30% and BV to the dark lesions (MAs and HEM) > 15%, and BV to the bright lesions (EX) > 55% for severe DR. Finally, the validity of these conditions was verified by comparing their accuracy against real retinal images from publicly available datasets. The verification results demonstrated that the condition for the analysis could be used to predict the success of DR detection.
  • Publication
    Quantification of Gait Stability during Incline and Decline Walking: The Responses of Required Coefficient of Friction and Dynamic Postural Index
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Abdul Yamin N.A.A.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Abu Bakar S.
    ;
    Salleh A.F.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Hoang T.D.
    This study aims to investigate the gait stability response during incline and decline walking for various surface inclination angles in terms of the required coefficient of friction (RCOF), postural stability index (PSI), and center of pressure (COP)-center of mass (COM) distance. A customized platform with different surface inclinations (0°, 5°, 7.5°, and 10°) was designed. Twenty-three male volunteers participated by walking on an inclined platform for each inclination. The process was then repeated for declined platform as well. Qualysis motion capture system was used to capture and collect the trajectories motion of ten reflective markers that attached to the subjects before being exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software and executed in Matlab to obtain the RCOF, PSI, as well as dynamic PSI (DPSI) and COP-COM distance parameters. According to the result for incline walking, during initial contact, the RCOF was not affected to inclination. However, it was affected during peak ground reaction force (GRF) starting at 7.5° towards 10° for both walking conditions. The most affected PSI was found at anterior-posterior PSI (APSI) even as low as 5° inclination during both incline and decline walking. On the other hand, DPSI was not affected during both walking conditions. Furthermore, COP-COM distance was most affected during decline walking in anterior-posterior direction. The findings of this research indicate that in order to decrease the risk of falling and manage the inclination demand, a suitable walking strategy and improved safety measures should be applied during slope walking, particularly for decline and anterior-posterior orientations. This study also provides additional understanding on the best incline walking technique for secure and practical incline locomotion.
  • Publication
    Finite Element Prediction on Fracture Load of Femur with Osteogenesis Imperfecta under Various Loading Conditions
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Wanna Soh Bua Chai
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Fauziah Che Mat
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Sulaiman A.R.
    Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder characterized by extreme bone fragility due to collagen defects. It is an incurable disease. Bone fractures can occur frequently without prior notice, especially among children. Early quantitative prediction of fracture loads due to OI tends to alert patients to avoid unnecessary situations or dangerous conditions. This study is aimed at investigating the fracture loads of femur with OI under various types of loading. Ten finite element models of an OI-affected bone were reconstructed from the normal femur with different bowing angles ranging from 7.5 to 30.0°. The boundary conditions were assigned on an OI-affected femoral head under three types of load: medial-lateral impacts, compression-tension, and internal-external torsions, and various loading direction cases that reflect the stance condition. The fracture load was examined based on the load that can cause bone fracture for each case. The results show that the loads bearable by the femur before fracture were decreased with respect to the increase of OI bowing angles in most of the loading cases. The risk of fracture for the femur with OI was directly proportional to the increase of bowing angles in the frontal plane. This study provides new insights on fracture load prediction in OI-affected bone with respect to various loading types, which could help medical personnel for surgical intervention judgement.
  • Publication
    Correlation between Postural Stability and Lower Extremity Joint Reaction Forces in Young Adults during Incline and Decline Walking
    ( 2023-12-01)
    Yamin N.A.A.A.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Ijaz M.F.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Muhammad Nazrin Shah Shahrol Aman
    ;
    Takemura H.
    Postural stability may be affected during slope walking, as there are different body kinetics and kinematic responses compared with level walking. Understanding body adaptations toward different inclinations is essential to prevent the risk of injury from falls or slips. This study was conducted to determine the correlations between stability parameters and loading response in terms of joint reaction force at the lower-extremity joints during inclined and declined walking. Twenty male subjects walked in the level, incline, and decline directions on a custom-built platform at three different slope angles (i.e., 5°, 7.5°, and 10°). To determine the ground reaction force (GRF), joint reaction force (JRF), center of pressure (COP), and center of mass (COM), a motion capture system was used to read the data of the ten reflective markers and transfer them to visual three-dimensional (3D) software. Pearson’s correlation test was performed with statistical significance set at p < 0.05 to evaluate the correlation of the required coefficient of friction (RCOF), postural stability index (PSI), and COP-COM distance with the JRF. This study has identified that the JRF changes in opposition to the changes in the RCOF during the initial strike during incline and decline walking, as JRF increases, the RCOF decreases with different strengths of correlation. There is also a strong positive correlation between the PSI and JRF in the proximal–distal direction, where the JRFs change in accordance with the change in the PSI, and the JRF increases with the increment of PSI. In addition, the JRF of the lower extremity also changed in a manner similar to the COP-COM distance in the medial–lateral direction. Overall, each stability parameter was correlated with the JRF of the lower-extremity joints in different directions and strengths. This study demonstrated that slope walking is particularly affected by surface inclination in terms of stability and loading. Therefore, this research can serve as a basis for future studies on slopes, as there is no specific basis for a maximum degree of inclination that is safe and suitable for all applications.