Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
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Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
Official Name
Mohd Hanafi , Mat Som
Alternative Name
Mat Som, M. H
Mat Som, Mohd Hanafi
Som, M. H.M.
Som, M. H.Mat
Som, Mohd Hanafi Mat
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Scopus Author ID
57215715847
Researcher ID
R-4326-2019

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  • Publication
    A Review on Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy Potential for Fetal Acidosis Examination
    ( 2022-02-01)
    Halim S.F.A.
    ;
    Zulkarnay Zakaria
    ;
    Pusppanathan J.
    ;
    Anas Mohd Noor
    ;
    Ahmad Nasrul Norali
    ;
    Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman
    ;
    Muji S.Z.M.
    ;
    Rahim R.A.
    ;
    Engku-Husna E.I.
    ;
    Muhamad Khairul Ali Hassan
    ;
    Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    Fetal acidosis is one of the main concerns during labor. Currently, fetal blood sampling (FBS) has become the most accurate measurement of acidosis detection. However, it is invasive and does not provide a real time measurement due to laboratory procedures. Delays in diagnosis of acidosis have caused serious injury to the fetus, especially for the brain and the heart. This paper reviews the new technique in diagnosis of acidosis non-invasively. Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy (MIS) has been proposed to be a new device for acidosis detection in recent years. This paper explains the basic principle of MIS and outlines the design specifications and design considerations for a MIS pH probe. It is expected that readers will gain a basic understanding of the development of a MIS pH probe from this review.
  • Publication
    Lower extremity joint reaction forces and plantar fascia strain responses due to incline and decline walking
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Shahriman Abu Bakar
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Asyraf Hakimi Abu Bakar
    Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effect of incline and decline walking on ground and joint reaction forces (JRF) of lower extremity and plantar fascia strain (PFS) under certain surface inclination angles. Methods: Twenty-three male subjects walked on a customized platform with four different surface inclinations (i.e., 0°, 5°,7.5° and 10°) with inclined and declined directions. The motion of the ten reflective markers was captured using Qualysis motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden) and exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software (C-motion, Germantown, USA) in order to analyze the GRF, JRF and PFS. Results: The results found that the peak vertical GRF is almost consistent for 0° and 5° inclination slope but started to decrease at 7.5° onwards during decline walking. The most affected JRF was found on knee at medial-lateral direction even as low as 5°, to 10° inclination for both walking conditions. Furthermore, the findings also show that the JRF of lower extremity was more affected during declined walking compared to inclined walking based on the number of significant differences observed in each inclination angle. The PFS was found increased with the increase of surface inclination. Conclusions: The findings could provide a new insight on the relationship of joint reaction forces and strain parameter in response to the incline and decline walking. It would benefit in providing a better precaution that should be considered during hiking activity, especially in medial-lateral direction in order to prevent injury or fall risk.
      4
  • Publication
    Pre- and Post-operative Assessment of Bone with Osteogenesis Imperfecta using Finite Element Analysis: A Review
    ( 2024-02-01)
    Wanna Soh Bua Chai
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Fauziah Che Mat
    ;
    Muhamad Khairul Ali Hassan
    Applications of finite element analysis (FEA) to demonstrate the pre-and post-operative conditions of the brittle bone-related disease known as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) has been widely used in the past and at present. The method used to reconstruct the bone model that resemble the OI bone geometry plays an important aspect to accurately represent the bone condition to provide more alternative ways to evaluate surgical intervention options. Other factors such as material properties and boundary conditions also reflect the results of the analysis. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to analyse the approaches of previous studies in terms of model geometry construction, selection of materials properties and boundary conditions to enable a deeper understanding and evaluation of bone fractures in OI patients. The biomechanical design of the intramedullary (IM) rods used in post-operative surgery and the interface between IM rods and bone fragments are also discussed in this review paper.
      2
  • Publication
    The Effect of Surface Inclination to Knee Joint Contact Force: A Pilot Study
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Ruslizam Daud
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    Compressive loading at knee during walking on slope can caused the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis due to cartilage degeneration impacted which may require long periods of medical treatment and costly. The purpose of this pilot study is to analyzed the effect of surface inclination to joint contact force at knee in frontal, sagittal and transverse plane during walking. The differences in joint contact forces obtained were analyzed using Freebody 2.0 software. The findings of this pilot study indicate that, both flat and inclined walking have almost similar trends of joint contact force at knee for each direction compared to decline walking. However, each walking condition show different magnitude of tibiofemoral joint contact force. In conclusion, the result of this pilot study could not be taken as a whole. Advancement on surface angle and number of subjects is as well as research in other joint of lower limb is recommended for future work to further understand and prevent any common injury risk during walking on inclined surface.
      4
  • Publication
    Finite Element Analysis on Tibia with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: The Influence of Incomplete Bone in Model Reconstruction
    ( 2020-07-01)
    Tan S.L.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Sulaiman A.R.
    ;
    Aziz Safar M.J.
    ;
    Amin Megat Ali M.S.
    Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) patients continuously experience bone fractures throughout their lifetime. To date, physicians still have difficulties to determine a suitable method to predict fractures. The paper aims to develop finite element (FE) model based on patient-specific computed tomography (CT) images for the purpose of determination of fracture risk. Three types of FE models have been developed using VOXELCON. The first tibia model was a complete tibia composed of epiphysis and diaphysis part of the bone. The second tibia model only include the diaphysis part of the bone which is the shaft. The final tibia model, composed of diaphysis, and a part of epiphysis of the bone which is the extension shaft. Each model uses the same Young's Modulus (19 GPa) and Poisson's ratio (0.3). The developed models were used for FE analysis using VOXELCON under various loadings, and then the results of the different models were compared. Geometry and volume of the models, and surface area of load applied on the models affect distribution of von Mises stress. All the stress values were judged by the fracture criteria, assumed at 115 MPa. It was found out patient is safe in the standing position. Conversely, jumping will cause fracture in the three types of FE models.
      2  1
  • Publication
    Analysis of Optical Character Recognition using EasyOCR under Image Degradation
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Salehudin M.A.M.
    ;
    Shafriza Nisha Basah
    ;
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Safar M.J.A.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Sidek K.A.
    This project explores EasyOCR's performance with Latin characters under image degradation. Variables like character-background intensity difference, Gaussian blur, and relative character size were tested. EasyOCR excels in distinguishing unique lowercase and uppercase characters but tends to favor uppercase for similar shapes like C, S, U, or Z. Results showed that high character-background intensity differences affected OCR output, with confidence scores ranging from 3 % to 80%. Higher differences caused confusion between characters like o and 0, or i and 1. Increased Gaussian blur hindered recognition but improved it for certain letters like v. Image size had a significant impact, with character detection failing as sizes decreased to 40% to 30% of the original. These findings provide insights into EasyOCR's capabilities and limitations with Latin characters under image degradation.
      2
  • Publication
    A Review on Deep Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Medical Image Segmentation
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Nik Hasnida Awang Mustapa
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali
    Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) image segmentation by using Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) is yet to be evaluated. The segmentation of OI is very important as a useful tool for medical experts to further analyze the fracture risk and avoid bone fractures. In this paper, we present the review of DCNN architecture used in image segmentation. The images were obtained from different types of modalities such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), or Ultrasound. Several architectures have been used by previous studies include U-Net, faster R-CNN, ResNet, and MS-Net architecture to automatically segment the images. Overall, all researchers from the reviewed papers concluded that the proposed DCNN architecture gave good performance results.
      2
  • Publication
    Effect of sloped walking on ground and joint reaction forces
    ( 2023-04-24)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Zahar N.Z.A.C.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Salleh A.F.
    ;
    Khudzari A.Z.M.
    Sloped walking is commonly known to be benefited to health. However, the increase of GRF that contribute to increment to JRF during inclined walking compared to level-ground walking also has been a concern in preventing injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of sloped walking in comparison with level-ground walking to GRF and JRF at hip, knee and ankle joints. Ten healthy male participants (age: 24 ± 1.2 years old with normal body mass index (BMI)) were asked to walk at preferred speed on customized ramp at the slopes of -5°, 0° and 5°. Kinematic data were captured with five-camera motion capture system (Qualysis Track Motion). Kinetic data were measured with two force plate (Bertex) which embedded into the ramp. A musculoskeletal model (Visual 3D C-motion) was used to assess joint reaction force (JRF) of lower limb. Result show that peak value of mean GRF as well as maximum JRF at all joints of lower limb were higher during sloped walking compared to level-ground walking. In addition, the maximum JRF at hip is the highest, followed by knee and ankle for all walking conditions. GRF had a significant influence to the JRF at lower limb during inclined and declined walking where sloped walking have a higher force at all joints of lower limb than level- ground walking. Therefore, a suitable walking strategy in adapting the forces demand is required in preventing any slope slippage and/or vertical body instability that might lead to musculoskeletal injury.
      4
  • Publication
    A Review on Edge Detection on Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) Image using Fuzzy Logic
    ( 2021-11-25)
    Zaki M.Z.A.A.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Shafriza Nisha Basah
    ;
    Ali M.S.A.M.
    Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a bone disorder that causes bone to be brittle and easy to fracture. The patient suffered from this disease will have poor quality of life. Simulation on the bone fracture risk would help medical doctors to make decision in their diagnosis. Detection of edges from the OI images is very important as it helps radiologist to segmentize cortical and cancellous bone to make a good 3D bone model for analysis. The purpose of this paper is to review the fundamentals of fuzzy logic in edge detection of OI bone as it is yet to be implemented. Several fuzzy logic concepts are reviewed by previous studies which include fuzziness, membership functions and fuzzy sets regarding digital images. The OI images were produced by modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, or Computed Tomography (CT). In summary, researchers from the reviewed papers concluded that fuzzy logic can be implemented to detect edges in noisy clinical images.
      2
  • Publication
    Finite Element Prediction on Fracture Load of Femur with Osteogenesis Imperfecta under Various Loading Conditions
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Wanna Soh Bua Chai
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Fauziah Che Mat
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Sulaiman A.R.
    Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder characterized by extreme bone fragility due to collagen defects. It is an incurable disease. Bone fractures can occur frequently without prior notice, especially among children. Early quantitative prediction of fracture loads due to OI tends to alert patients to avoid unnecessary situations or dangerous conditions. This study is aimed at investigating the fracture loads of femur with OI under various types of loading. Ten finite element models of an OI-affected bone were reconstructed from the normal femur with different bowing angles ranging from 7.5 to 30.0°. The boundary conditions were assigned on an OI-affected femoral head under three types of load: medial-lateral impacts, compression-tension, and internal-external torsions, and various loading direction cases that reflect the stance condition. The fracture load was examined based on the load that can cause bone fracture for each case. The results show that the loads bearable by the femur before fracture were decreased with respect to the increase of OI bowing angles in most of the loading cases. The risk of fracture for the femur with OI was directly proportional to the increase of bowing angles in the frontal plane. This study provides new insights on fracture load prediction in OI-affected bone with respect to various loading types, which could help medical personnel for surgical intervention judgement.
      2