Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
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Preferred name
Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
Official Name
Basaruddin, Khairul Salleh
Alternative Name
Basaruddin, Khairul S.
Basaruddin, K
Bin Basaruddin, Khairul Salleh
Basaruddin, K. S.
Khairul, Salleh B.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
54683507500
Researcher ID
I-8478-2019

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  • Publication
    Stability Analysis of Plate—Screw Fixation for Femoral Midshaft Fractures
    ( 2023-09-01)
    Basirom I.
    ;
    Daud R.
    ;
    Ijaz M.F.
    ;
    Rojan M.A.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    An understanding of the biomechanical characteristics and configuration of flexible and locked plating in order to provide balance stability and flexibility of implant fixation will help to construct and promote fast bone healing. The relationship between applied loading and implantation configuration for best bone healing is still under debate. This study aims to investigate the relationship between implant strength, working length, and interfragmentary strain (εIFM) on implant stability for femoral midshaft transverse fractures. The transverse fracture was fixed with a fragment locking compression plate (LCP) system. Finite element analysis was performed and subsequently characterised based on compression loading (600 N up to 900 N) and screw designs (conventional and locking) with different penetration depths (unicortical and bicortical). Strain theory was used to evaluate the stability of the model. The correlation of screw configuration with screw type shows a unicortical depth for both types (p < 0.01) for 700 N and 800 N loads and (p < 0.05) for configurations 134 and 124. Interfragmentary strain affected only the 600 N load (p < 0.01) for the bicortical conventional type (group BC), and the screw configurations that were influenced were 1234 and 123 (p < 0.05). The low steepness of the slope indicates the least εIFM for the corresponding biomechanical characteristic in good-quality stability. A strain value of ≤2% promotes callus formation and is classified as absolute stability, which is the minimum required value for the induction of callus and the maximum value that allows bony bridging. The outcomes have provided the correlation of screw configuration in femoral midshaft transverse fracture implantation which is important to promote essential primary stability.
  • Publication
    Effects of Running Surface Stiffness on Three-Segment Foot Kinematics Responses with Different Shod Conditions
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Salleh A.F.
    ;
    Mohammad Shahril Salim
    ;
    Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad
    Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface stiffness on multisegment foot kinematics and temporal parameters during running. Methods. Eighteen male subjects ran on three different surfaces (i.e., concrete, artificial grass, and rubber) in both heeled running shoes (HS) and minimal running shoes (MS). Both these shoes had dissimilar sole profiles. The heeled shoes had a higher sole at the heel, a thick base, and arch support, whereas the minimal shoes had a flat base sole. Indeed, the studied biomechanical parameters responded differently in the different footwear during running. Subjects ran in recreational mode speed while 3D foot kinematics (i.e., joint rotation and peak medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle) were determined using a motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden). Information on stance time and plantar fascia strain (PFS) was also collected. Results. Running on different surface stiffness was found to significantly affect the peak MLA angles and stance times for both HS and MS conditions. However, the results showed that the joint rotation angles were not sensitive to surface stiffness. Also, PFS showed no relationship with surface stiffness, as the results were varied as the surface stiffness was changed. Conclusion. The surface stiffness significantly contributed towards the effects of peak MLA angle and stance time. These findings may enhance the understanding of biomechanical responses on various running surfaces stiffness in different shoe conditions.
  • Publication
    Effect of sloped walking on ground and joint reaction forces
    ( 2023-04-24)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Zahar N.Z.A.C.
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Salleh A.F.
    ;
    Khudzari A.Z.M.
    Sloped walking is commonly known to be benefited to health. However, the increase of GRF that contribute to increment to JRF during inclined walking compared to level-ground walking also has been a concern in preventing injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of sloped walking in comparison with level-ground walking to GRF and JRF at hip, knee and ankle joints. Ten healthy male participants (age: 24 ± 1.2 years old with normal body mass index (BMI)) were asked to walk at preferred speed on customized ramp at the slopes of -5°, 0° and 5°. Kinematic data were captured with five-camera motion capture system (Qualysis Track Motion). Kinetic data were measured with two force plate (Bertex) which embedded into the ramp. A musculoskeletal model (Visual 3D C-motion) was used to assess joint reaction force (JRF) of lower limb. Result show that peak value of mean GRF as well as maximum JRF at all joints of lower limb were higher during sloped walking compared to level-ground walking. In addition, the maximum JRF at hip is the highest, followed by knee and ankle for all walking conditions. GRF had a significant influence to the JRF at lower limb during inclined and declined walking where sloped walking have a higher force at all joints of lower limb than level- ground walking. Therefore, a suitable walking strategy in adapting the forces demand is required in preventing any slope slippage and/or vertical body instability that might lead to musculoskeletal injury.
  • Publication
    Lower extremity joint reaction forces and plantar fascia strain responses due to incline and decline walking
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Shahriman Abu Bakar
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    ;
    Asyraf Hakimi Abu Bakar
    Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effect of incline and decline walking on ground and joint reaction forces (JRF) of lower extremity and plantar fascia strain (PFS) under certain surface inclination angles. Methods: Twenty-three male subjects walked on a customized platform with four different surface inclinations (i.e., 0°, 5°,7.5° and 10°) with inclined and declined directions. The motion of the ten reflective markers was captured using Qualysis motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden) and exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software (C-motion, Germantown, USA) in order to analyze the GRF, JRF and PFS. Results: The results found that the peak vertical GRF is almost consistent for 0° and 5° inclination slope but started to decrease at 7.5° onwards during decline walking. The most affected JRF was found on knee at medial-lateral direction even as low as 5°, to 10° inclination for both walking conditions. Furthermore, the findings also show that the JRF of lower extremity was more affected during declined walking compared to inclined walking based on the number of significant differences observed in each inclination angle. The PFS was found increased with the increase of surface inclination. Conclusions: The findings could provide a new insight on the relationship of joint reaction forces and strain parameter in response to the incline and decline walking. It would benefit in providing a better precaution that should be considered during hiking activity, especially in medial-lateral direction in order to prevent injury or fall risk.
  • Publication
    An IoT Agricultural System for Harumanis Farm
    ( 2021-12-01)
    Ismail F.A.
    ;
    Muhamad Khairul Ali Hassan
    ;
    Fathinul Syahir Ahmad Sa'ad
    ;
    Haniza Yazid
    ;
    Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Abdul Halim Ismail
    ;
    Mohd Nasir Ayob
    Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology that represents the future of communication and computing. The field of IoT implementation is vast and can be applied in every field. This project is about to develop an IoT system for Harumanis Farm as agriculture is becoming an essential growing sector throughout the world due to the increasing population. The major challenge in the Harumanis sector is to improve the productivity and quality of Harumanis without continuous manual monitoring. IoT improves crop management, cost-effectiveness, crop monitoring and also improves the quality and quantity of the crop. This IoT system completes with several sensors to monitor the Harumanis farm, such as temperature and humidity sensor, pH level sensor, soil moisture sensor, also nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) sensor. The system is a simple IoT architecture where sensors collect information and send it over the Wi-Fi network to the mobile applications.
  • Publication
    The Effect of Surface Inclination to Knee Joint Contact Force: A Pilot Study
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Ruslizam Daud
    ;
    Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
    Compressive loading at knee during walking on slope can caused the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis due to cartilage degeneration impacted which may require long periods of medical treatment and costly. The purpose of this pilot study is to analyzed the effect of surface inclination to joint contact force at knee in frontal, sagittal and transverse plane during walking. The differences in joint contact forces obtained were analyzed using Freebody 2.0 software. The findings of this pilot study indicate that, both flat and inclined walking have almost similar trends of joint contact force at knee for each direction compared to decline walking. However, each walking condition show different magnitude of tibiofemoral joint contact force. In conclusion, the result of this pilot study could not be taken as a whole. Advancement on surface angle and number of subjects is as well as research in other joint of lower limb is recommended for future work to further understand and prevent any common injury risk during walking on inclined surface.
  • Publication
    Development of synthetic spine for biomechanical research: An overview
    ( 2021-10-25)
    Nor Amalina Muhayudin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Haniza Yazid
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    Human and animal cadaveric spines are the most common specimens used in biomechanical investigations. However, biological cadaveric spines come with a lot of disadvantages, which resulted in questionable reliability of the data obtained. This motivated the authors to look at the development of a working synthetic spine in motion segments because synthetic materials have been used widely to replace the cadaveric specimens especially for bone testing. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current development of a working synthetic spine and why it is crucial to consider synthetic spine as another alternative specimens to replace human and animal cadaveric spines for biomechanical research. The development of synthetic spines studies in recent years showed a great potential to replicate the human cadaveric spine. Although some of the motions were quite stiff in comparison with human cadaveric motions, with further adjustment, the improved synthetic spine can potentially benefit and transform the spinal biomechanical investigations in the future.
  • Publication
    Performance analysis of entropy thresholding for successful image segmentation
    ( 2022-02-01)
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Shafriza Nisha Basah
    ;
    Rahim S.A.
    ;
    Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    Image segmentation refers to a procedure of segmenting the foreground (object of interest) from the background. One of the well-known methods is thresholding based segmentation that segments an image according to a threshold value. Most of the proposed methods either proposing a new algorithm or improvising the algorithm to segment the foreground. However, there is no analysis is carried out to determine the successfulness of the methods under different conditions. This main contribution of this paper is to analyse the entropy thresholding namely the method proposed by Kapur and Li for various parameters which include noise measurement, size of the object, and the difference in intensity between the background and object. In this paper, a few conditions were proposed to ensure successful image segmentation. Based on the experimental result, intensity difference needs to be around 35% and the object size is about 73% for all noise levels for Kapur. For Li entropy, the intensity difference needs to be at a minimum of 44% and 80% for object size. It is demonstrated that the proposed conditions accurately foresee the result of image thresholding based on Kapur and Li entropy.
  • Publication
    Lung Nodules Detection Using Inverse Surface Adaptive Thresholding (ISAT) and Artificial Neural Network
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Gunasegaran T.
    ;
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Rahman W.I.W.A.
    Early detection of lung nodules is important since it increases the probability of survival for the lung cancer’s patient. Conventionally, the radiologists will manually examine the lung Computed Tomography (CT) scan images and determine the possibility of having malignant nodules (cancerous). This process consumes a lot of time since they have to examine each of the CT images and marking the lesion (nodules) manually. In addition, the radiologist may experience fatigue due to large number of images to be analysed. Therefore, automated detection is proposed to assist the radiologist in detecting the nodules. In this paper, the main novelty is the implementation of image processing methods to segment and classify the lung nodules. In this work, several image processing methods are utilized namely the median filter, histogram adjustment, Inverse Surface Adaptive Thresholding (ISAT) to segment the nodules in CT scan images. Then, 13 features are extracted and given as input to the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) to classify the image either benign or malignant. Based on the result obtained, it showed that ISAT segmentation achieved 99.9% in term of accuracy. The extracted features were given as input to the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) to classify the image either benign or malignant. Lung nodules that are less than 3 mm are considered as benign (non-cancerous) and if their size is more than 3 mm, there are considered as malignant (cancerous). The results showed that the proposed methods obtained 90.30% in term of accuracy.
  • Publication
    Discontinuities Classification Using Texture Features and Support Vector Machine
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Yazid H.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Muhammad Juhairi Aziz Safar
    ;
    Yazid H.
    In this paper, a new approach is proposed for discontinuities classification in radiographic images. Two types of discontinuities will be considered namely line and circular discontinuities. To locate the region of interest (ROI), several image processing techniques such as fuzzy c means clustering, region filling, mean filtering, edge detection, Otsu thresholding, and valley detection were used in the first step, followed by inverse surface thresholding to segment the discontinuities. Then, the features were extracted using Segmentation based Fractal Texture Analysis (SFTA). Based on the extracted features, the images were classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM). In this work, 45 images were used for training and 25 images were used for testing. The proposed approach obtained 96% classification rate.