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Publication

A comparative study of numerical modelling and analysis for large articulated pendulums

(Semarak Ilmu Publishing, 2025-05)

Siti Fatimah Azzahra Ahmad Noh

;

Mohamad Ezral Baharudin

;

Mohd Zakimi Zakaria

;

Mohd Sazli Saad

;

Azuwir Mohd Nor

In this article, we present a large system of multiple pendulums, also articulated pendulums, with twenty pendulums as a multibody model. The main objective of the study is to compare the computational time efficiency of two multibody formulations: the augmented Lagrangian and the recursive method for each articulated system. The equations of motion were derived for each formulation and the fourth- and fifth-order Runge-Kutta methods were utilised to solve for the equations by representing the kinematics and dynamics of the systems numerically. The computational times that corresponded to the manipulated step size and tolerance were compared for both formulations. The results showed that the augmented Lagrangian formulation had a significant divergence towards the negative y-axis at tolerance 0.1s for all modified step sizes. The animations also demonstrated elongation for specific pendulums based on the step size selection at a tolerance 0.1s. The recursive method, on the other hand, produced the best-fit plots and stable results for all xy-position and velocity-time plots for each adjusted step size and tolerance. Therefore, the recursive method is concluded to be more efficient than the augmented Lagrangian formulation in solving large open-loop multibody systems.

Publication

A review on the potential of polylactic acid based thermoplastic elastomer as filament material for fused deposition modelling

( 2022)

Luqman Musa

;

Nitiyah Krishna Kumar

;

Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim

;

Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi

;

Allan Edward Watson Rennie

;

Rozyanty Rahman

;

Armin Yousefi Kanani

;

Ahmad Azrem Azmi

Currently, a range of sectors are implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is a part of additive manufacturing (AM) technology via the fused deposition modelling (FDM) approach. As of now, various filament materials are available in the market and have their limitations. Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend as a filament material in 3D printing should be implemented to overcome the weakness of available filaments. TPE blend stands out due to its flexibility, thermoplastic-like processability, and renewability. Based on the findings, TPE blend filament can be made with polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic and elastomers such as natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The TPE printed components will be flexible; tough with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. In this paper, the characteristics of TPE are being reviewed to show the potential of TPE material as filament.

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Publication

A study on the effect of fin pitch variation on the thermal performance of a bus duct conductor

(Elsevier, 2023)

Mark Selvan

;

Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz

;

Kok Hwa Yu

;

Mohd Sharif Nurulakmal

;

Heng Pin Ong

;

Khor Chu Yee

The numerical results of this work provide an optimum design for a three-dimensional natural convection heat sink on the bus duct conductor's casing. The size of the fin pitch is regarded as a design variable. Using ANSYS FLUENT, a numerical model that closely resembles the experimental setup was created. The experimental data were compared to the IEC 60439-1 and IEC 60439-2 standards as a benchmark. Five potential fin pitch sizes (s1 = 1.0 mm, s2 = 1.5 mm, s3 = 2.0 mm, s4 = 3.0 mm, and s5 = 4.0 mm) were taken into consideration. It was shown that as the fin pitch gap size is reduced, the average surface temperature falls. According to the investigation, conduction resistance increased while convective resistance reduced as the fin pitch gap size grew. The overall heat resistance did, however, rise. The optimal fin pitch size, s1 = 1 mm, outperformed the other fin pitches in terms of thermal performance. The current numerical analysis expects an improved knowledge of the influence of fin pitch on a bus duct conductor's thermal performance.

Publication

A UDP-TRIZ method as a universal design approach for product design

(The Society of Systematic Innovation, 2023)

Mohamad Suhaimi Shahrin

;

Khairul Aidil Adlin Abdul Rahman

;

Khairul Manami Kamarudin

;

Rosalam Che Me

To encourage the participation of individuals with diverse abilities in the community, universal design has been adopted as the foundation for creating user-friendly designs that include people of all ages, the disabled, and the elderly. However, the approach to universal design lacks a systematic and directed strategy for designers to ensure that their designs fit universal design requirements. Most manuals and guidelines focus on the built environment, and there is no specific guidance for product design. This situation is seen as an opportunity to introduce an approach for designers to approach universal designs effectively. Therefore, this research proposes an intervention tool for universal design. Universal design principles and TRIZ 40 creative principles are synergised and used in the design process to benefit one another mutually. A UDP - TRIZ methodology framework is introduced to a group of designers engaged in a series of design activities to create a product with a universal design for visually impaired persons in mind. This study demonstrates that this strategy can assist designers in understanding user-related problems, identifying innovations, justifying designs in terms of universal design requirements, and fostering the creative process.

Publication

Abrasive wear performance of repair welds on R260 rail using different welding electrodes

(Elsevier, 2025-06)

Prapas Muangjunburee

;

Hein Zaw Oo

;

Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim

;

Buntoeng Srikarun

This study compares the abrasion resistance of unrepaired base rail steel grade R260 to three different welds repaired using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Three different types of pearlitic covered electrodes were utilized in this study. Rail steel and repaired weld metals were examined for chemical composition, microstructure, hardness, wear test, and worn surface. The repaired weld metal using covered electrodes A, B, and C featured acicular ferrite and bainitic structure, while the original rail steel grade R260 possessed a pearlite matrix. The results showed that wear resistance did not correlate with hardness values. The wear resistance of the rail steel was highest, while its hardness was lowest. Covered electrode C, on the other hand, has the highest hardness but the lowest wear resistance. The worn surface of the repaired weld metal employing covered electrode A dominated micro-cutting mechanism. Micro ploughing and micro fracturing occurred in the weld metal of covered electrodes B and C during abrasion test. Therefore, covered electrode A performed best in this repair welding of R260 rail steel.

Publication

Acid-activated natural zeolite clinoptilolite functionalized with curcumin for superior methylene blue adsorption: insights into optimization, characterization, and adsorption mechanisms

(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2025)

Nur Fatin Atikah Abdul Mutalib

;

Azat Seitkhan

;

Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman

;

Abdul Qaiyum Ramle

;

Norliyana Mohd Salleh

;

Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman

;

Siti Khadijah Hubadillah

;

Mohd Riduan Jamalludin

;

Nur Nabihah Yusof

;

Mohd Ridhwan Adam

This study investigates the treatment of natural zeolite clinoptilolite (NZC) through acid and base pretreatments, aiming to enhance its adsorption efficiency for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. The results indicate that NZC treated with 3.0M HCl (hydrochloric acid) exhibits superior MB removal efficiency (93.24%) compared to 1.0M NaOH (sodium hydroxide)-treated NZC (91.40%), accompanied by a higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (135.5002m2/g) in contrast to (43.6059m2/g). The optimized 3.0M HCl-treated NZC is further functionalized with curcumin, resulting in CUR-HCl-NZC, which demonstrates enhanced MB removal efficiencies of 95.09% at 45min and 83.81% at 90min, surpassing untreated NZC. The adsorption parameters, including contact time (45min), adsorbent dosage (0.2g), and initial dye concentration (25ppm), are systematically varied to optimize the conditions for CUR-HCl-NZC. Characterization through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET analysis confirm the successful binding of curcumin to HCl-treated NZC, revealing structural and surface modifications. BET analysis shows that the surface area of CUR-HCl-NZC is 100.0382m2/g, indicating changes in porosity due to curcumin modifications. The isotherm analysis identifies the Langmuir isotherm model as the best fit, with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.9996 and adsorption capacity of 41.203mg/g, suggesting monolayer adsorption dominance. This study establishes CUR-HCl-NZC as an effective, low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB, offering a promising solution for water purification applications.

Publication

Acoustic characteristic of Bio-Composite Micro-Perforated Panel (BC-MPP) backed with natural fiber

(The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag, 2023)

Faridah Wahab

;

Tan Wei Hong

;

Mohamad Haziman Mohamad Azhar

;

Nor Hafizul Hilni Abdul Rahman

We investigated the sound absorption properties of a bio-composite microperforated panel (BC-MPP) with a combination of backed-structure and several types of natural fibers such as loofah, kapok, and coconut coir. The sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of different combinations of natural fibers samples was obtained by using a two-microphone impedance tube. In addition, three models, including Delany-Bazley model, Maa theory, and electroacoustical analogy, were employed to estimate the SAC value of natural fiber, BC-MPP, and BC-MPP with a backed structure, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the SAC value was increased to almost 0.99 as compared to BC-MPP alone when natural fiber was introduced at the back of BC-MPP either by insertion in the hole of backed structure or attached directly at the back of BC-MPP. The SAC peak also shifted to a lower frequency bandwidth with the highest peak obtained at 930 Hz, 800 Hz and 640 Hz for MPP with coconut husk, BC-MPP with kapok and BC-MPP with loofah, respectively. The absorption frequency was also observed slightly wider than BC-MPP without natural fiber. In comparison of BC-MPP with loofah and BC-MPP with others natural fibers, the insertion of kapok and coconut coir in the hole of backed structure provides a wider effective sound absorption coefficient. The comparison of experimental result with the theoretical calculation shows that the SAC obtained from experiment provides higher SAC value over the theoretical model for both BC-MPP and BC-MPP backed structure.

Publication

Adoption of improved rice varieties in the global south: a review

(Elsevier, 2023)

Julia Checco

;

Fathin Ayuni Azizan

;

Jaquie Mitchell

;

Ammar Abdul Aziz Abdullah Kallaroth

Improved rice varieties (IRVs) play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s. However, the adoption of new IRVs has remained relatively low. This low adoption poses a challenge to rice-producing and consuming countries as they are increasingly threatened by production shortages, malnutrition, and poor rice quality. Many empirical studies have attempted to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs by distinguishing the characteristics between adopters and non-adopters. This review showed a consensus on the important determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs in the Global South. Findings synthesized from 99 studies suggested that variables (farm size, education, information access and farm location) examined extensively are not necessarily the most important determinants of adoption when undertaking a weighted analysis. Terrain, source of seed and technology-related attributes (perceived yield, maturity, ease of use, marketability and technical efficiency) are more important determinants of adoption, with determinants changing according to adoption type (probability or intensity of adoption), variety type and region. The recommendations for future adoption studies include: incorporating more technology-specific variables, increasing research for overlooked regions and variety types, shifting away from predominant static analysis by capturing the dynamics of the adoption process, and considering the potential biases in analyses. This review will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote IRV adoption in the Global South.

Publication

Advanced value stream mapping: development of a conceptual model considering variability in production processes

(SAE International, 2023)

Alaa Salahuddin Araibi

;

Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Ishak

;

Muhanad Hatem Shadhar

Recently, lean manufacturing (LM) practices are being combined with tools and techniques that belong to other areas of knowledge such as risk management (RM). Value stream mapping (VSM) is a well-known tool in showing the value, the value stream, and the flow, which represents the three lean principles. VSM and RM, when used in tandem with one another, are more advantageous in covering VSM issues such as the variability of production processes. In this article, a conceptual model that integrates the two is shown and explained. The model helps to generate scenarios of current state map (CSM) and future state map (FSM) in a dynamic way by identifying current and potential risks. These risks might happen in the future, bringing with it negative ramifications including not reaching the main objectives within the defined time. The model has been tested in a coffee production company belonging to health and food sector. The proposed model specified the ranges of variability through the drawing of CSM and FSM. This is quite a milestone because one of the challenges of VSM is that it is a static tool, and, as such, process variability cannot be captured appropriately. This new model is expected to overcome this drawback.

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Publication

An investigation of the processability of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites on shallow and flat thin-walled parts by injection moulding process

( 2013)

Mohd Azaman Md Deros

;

S.M. Sapuan

;

S. Sulaiman

;

E.S. Zainudin

;

K. Abdan

Currently, many industries are trending towards producing products exhibit such properties as small thickness, lightweight, small dimensions, and environmental friendliness. In this project, flat or shallow thin-walled parts were designed to compare the advantages and disadvantages of lignocellulosic polymer composites (PP + 50 wt% wood) in terms of processability. This study focused on the filling, in-cavity residual stresses and warpage parameters associated with both types of thin-walled moulded parts. Thin-walled parts 0.7 mm in thickness were suitably moulded using lignocellulosic composite materials to determine the effects of filling. The analysis showed, the shallow thin-walled part is preferable in moulding lignocellulosic polymer composite material due to the low residual stress and warpage measured. The results also indicate that the shallow thin-walled part is structurally rigid, such that it can be used in applications involving small shell parts, and can be processed more economically using less material than the flat thin-walled part.

Publication

Analysis of accent-sensitive words in multi-resolution mel-frequency cepstral coefficients for classification of accents in Malaysian English

( 2013-06)

M.A. Yusnita

;

M.P. Paulraj

;

Sazali Yaacob

;

R. Yusuf

;

Shahriman Abu Bakar

This paper investigates the most accent-sensitive words for Malaysian English (MalE) speakers in multi-resolution 13 Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients. A text-independent accent system was implemented using different numbers of Mel-filters to determine the optimal settings for this database. Then, text-dependent accent systems were developed to rank the most accent-sensitive words for MalE speakers according to the classification rates. Prior work has also been conducted to test the significance of the wordlist for both gender and accent factors, and to investigate any interaction between these two factors. Experimental results show that male speakers have a higher intensity of accent effects compared with female speakers by 3.91% on text-independent and 3.47% on text-dependent tasks. Another finding has proven that by selecting appropriate words that carry severe accent markers could improve the task of speaker accent classification. An improvement of at most 8.45% and 8.91% was achieved on the male and female datasets, respectively, following vocabulary selection.

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Publication

Analysis of temperature and relative humidity distributions in a dental treatment room at a government health clinic in Malaysia

(Semarak Ilmu Publishing, 2025)

Mohamad Nazrin Yahaya

;

Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan

;

Eswanto Eswanto

;

Naoki Maruyama

;

Anas Abdul Rahman

;

Muhd Nur Rahman Yahya

;

Shahriman Abu Bakar

;

Muhammad Faiz Hilmi Rani

This study investigates the vertical distribution of temperature and relative humidity within dental treatment rooms at a Government Type 3 Health Clinic in Gial Perlis, Malaysia, addressing a significant gap in the literature regarding environmental conditions in dental healthcare settings. Precise measurements were conducted at four specific heights 0.3 m, 1.0 m, 1.7 m, and 2.7 m utilizing calibrated digital thermometers with hygrometers to capture accurate environmental data. The collected data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to assess the significance of variations across these levels. Results revealed statistically significant differences in both temperature and relative humidity (p < 0.05). At the uppermost level (2.7 m), the highest mean temperature of 22.1°C and a mean relative humidity of 68.2% were recorded, while the lowest level (0.3 m) exhibited the lowest mean temperature of 20.9°C and the highest mean relative humidity of 73.8%. Temperatures at the patient level (1.0 m and 1.7 m) averaged between 21.0 °C and 21.6°C, which is slightly below the optimal comfort range of 22°C to 26°C. These vertical gradients indicate that the existing HVAC systems may not be effectively regulating indoor conditions, potentially impacting patient comfort, the performance of temperature-sensitive dental materials, and the effectiveness of infection control measures due to altered aerosol behaviour. The findings underscore the necessity of optimizing HVAC designs to achieve uniform temperature and humidity distributions within dental treatment rooms. This research provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of tailored environmental management strategies to enhance patient comfort, procedural outcomes, and safety in dental healthcare settings.

Publication

Analyzing critical success factors in Lean Six Sigma training

(Emerald Publishing, 2025)

Nithiaprathap Paneerselvam

;

Nur Amalina Muhammad

;

Anis Masturina Azhan

;

Noorhafiza Muhammad

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) training by investigating critical success factors (CSFs) categorized into the domains of people, processes and technology.

Publication

Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of fresh, oven-dried and stir-fried tamarind leaves

( 2017)

Lee Yit Leng

;

Mohd Nadzrin Mohammad Radzi

;

Abd Razak Shaari

;

Norawanis Abdul Razak

;

Khor Chu Yee

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content as well as the chemical groups of fresh, oven-dried and stir-fried tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) leaves. Methanol was used for extraction of fresh, oven-dried and stir-fried tamarind leaves. The stir-fried leaves were prepared using medium heat for 10 minutes prior to extraction and chemical analysis while dried leaves were obtained by oven drying at 60°C for 3 hours. The stir-fried leaves had significantly highest total phenolic content (TPC) (139.87 mg/g) and percentage DPPH radical-scavenging inhibition (69.92%) while the fresh leaves had the lowest TPC (39.31 mg/g) and antioxidant capacity (16.46%). The FTIR spectral data suggest that the heat treatment increased the amine groups as well as the antioxidant capacity of the tamarind leaves. To increase the antioxidant capacity, the tamarind leaves should be prepared in a stir-frying process.

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Publication

Benchmarking artifact of selective laser sintering (SLS) components fabricated with flexible and rigid polymers

(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2025-01)

Hor Zian Shen

;

Nor Amalina Muhayudin

;

Tien-Dat Hoang

;

Khairul Salleh Basaruddin

;

Nur Liyana Tajul Lile

;

Shah Fenner Khan Mohamad Khan

This study aims to assess the performance of an Additive Manufacturing (AM) machine, specifically a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine, through the design and evaluation of a benchmarking artifact. Drawing from insights gained in previous research, the artifact is meticulously crafted with two distinct materials to explore potential variations in geometric accuracy. The artifact comprises two types: one featuring straight geometries and another incorporating curved elements. The research methodology involves printing both artifact types at default machine settings, followed by precise measurements using a 3D scanner. The inclusion of straight and curved features facilitates a comprehensive examination of the machine’s ability to reproduce diverse geometries. The amalgamation of these features into a combined artifact provides a holistic assessment of the machine’s overall performance. To validate the benchmarking artifact, the final design is reproduced, and its output is compared not only with the original design but also with real-life parts. The results show that flexible polymers offer higher accuracy but lower resolution, while rigid polymers provide better resolution but with a greater number of defects. This comparative analysis serves to highlight the accuracy and reliability of the benchmarking artifact in reflecting the machine’s performance in practical scenarios. In conclusion, this study endeavours to advance the understanding of an SLS machine’s capabilities by leveraging a carefully designed benchmarking artifact.

Publication

Biodegradability of bioplastic film using different regions of Pennisetum purpureum incorporated with gelatine and chitosan

(Springer, 2022)

T. N. Tuan Rohadi

;

Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir

;

Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid

;

Mohd Hafis Sulaiman

The accumulation of plastic waste and rapid reduction of fossil reserves have pushed the development of packaging towards eco-friendly materials, such as bioplastics. However, most bioplastics are manufactured with chemical additives that are inorganic and entirely nondegradable. Therefore, bioplastics from renewable and biodegradable sources have been developed by incorporating cellulose, gelatine, and chitosan. This paper presents the optical properties, moisture content, swelling behaviour, assessment as packaging materials, and biodegradability tests of bioplastics. The considered bioplastics consisted of raw and cellulose from the whole, fibre, and bark of Pennisetum purpureum, with gelatine and chitosan fabricated using the solution-casting method. Cellulose was isolated using 8 wt% concentration of sodium hydroxide followed by 1.7 wt% concentration of sodium chlorite. The compatibility of fibre-matrix adhesion was improved by including cellulose from WPP, FPP, and BPP into the incorporation of chitosan and gelatine in bioplastics. Nevertheless, improving their optical properties, moisture content, and swelling behaviour had caused bioplastics to be more resistant to microbial activity and have the slower degradation rate.

Publication

Biodegradable natural fiber polymer composite as future 3D printing feedstock

(CRC Press, 2023)

Sanusi Hamat

;

Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak

;

Mohd Sapuan Salit

;

Noorfaizal Yidris

The key advantages of 3D printing are its capability to produce complex structures and rapid prototyping. This has contributed to the development of modern material processing methods over the past years for industrial tasks and needs. However, the development of biodegradable feedstock for 3D printing filament and enhanced natural fiber as reinforcement filler to improve mechanical properties and biodegradation is still not fully explored. Also, there have been alarming concerns around the world about the use of non-biodegradable resources during 3D printing that could threaten the sustainable environment. This review discusses the types of biodegradable polymers, natural fibers with their properties and applications, the development method for non-biodegradable and biodegradable polymer composites obtained through fused filament fabrication (FFF). Finally, the challenges and future opportunities associated with 3D printing feedstock of biodegradable polymer composites are reviewed and analyzed.

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Publication

Biomass fuel characteristics of Malaysian Khaya Senegalensis wood-derived energy pellets: effects of densification at varied processing temperatures

( 2024)

Ras Izzati Ismail

;

Khor Chu Yee

;

Alina Rahayu Mohamed

This study addresses the effects of densification at varied pelletization temperatures on the novel Malaysian Khaya senegalensis wood-derived pellets biomass fuel characteristics. The lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the biomass fuel characteristics of this species prompted the research. By addressing this knowledge gap, this study explores the impact of temperature variations on key fuel properties, contributing to the optimization of sustainable biomass fuel production in manufacturing and materials processing. Khaya senegalensis wood, grown and harvested in Malaysia, was pelletized at different temperatures to analyze the calorific value, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon, bulk density, and moisture contents of the pellets. The experimental data revealed a significant relationship between temperature and these fuel properties. Pelletizing at 75 °C produced the highest calorific value of 19.47 MJ/kg and the maximum fixed carbon content of 10.04%. A low ash level of 4.26% was achieved via pelletizing at 75 °C. According to the results, 75 °C produced the best thermophysical properties. These findings provide valuable understanding of how pelletization temperature influences fuel pellet thermophysical properties, a critical aspect in optimizing fuel pellet production, storage, advancing renewable energy resource utilization, and, finally, promoting a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

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Publication

Blade exit angle impact on centrifugal pump performance: Entropy generation and fluid–structure interaction analysis

(Springer, 2024-06)

Hayder Kareem Sakran

;

Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz

;

Khor Chu Yee

Understanding the impact of specific design parameters is essential for enhancing pump functionality and minimizing energy consumption. Alterations in the blade exit angle impact the static pressure, relative velocity, and energy loss within the pump and associated effects on the structural behavior of the impeller. This work investigates the influence of the blade exit angle on the performance, hydraulic, and structural design of the flow passage components of the centrifugal pump. Impeller models with different exit angles (15°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 55°) were simulated while keeping all other parameters constant. Computational investigations were conducted to examine the flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump with five distinct impellers using the shear stress transport k–ω turbulence model. The numerical investigation was validated with the previous study. The analysis focuses on variations in static pressure, relative velocity, and energy loss. Besides, the energy loss distribution was investigated to determine the total entropy generation (TEG) and entropy generation rate (EGR). The fluid–structure interaction (FSI) for several impeller models was used to examine the effect of the exit angle on the structural properties of the impeller. The results demonstrate that the blade exit angle significantly impacts the pump performance. An increase in blade exit angle has resulted in a rise in head and pressure. Furthermore, the structural behaviors, including the total deformation and equivalent stress, are discussed. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into enhancing energy efficiency and hydraulic design principles of centrifugal pumps.

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Publication

CFD Simulation on an Improvised Ice Cream Container

(Semarak Ilmu Publishing, 2023)

Mohd Tasyrif Abdul Rahman

;

Nursyazwani Abdul Aziz

;

Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin

;

Mohd Ijmal Kamil Patriot

;

Mohd Sofwan Mohd Resali

;

Azizul Mohamad

;

Muhammad Izham Ismail

;

Mohd Asrul Md Saad

A temperature-sensitive product such as ice-cream may cause the industry to face several challenges throughout the production, storage, packaging, and distribution processes. With the purpose to improve the performance of an ice cream container that acts as cold storage during the delivery process, the integration of a tube-type phase change material (PCM) thermal storage system was studied. In this work, a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method was used to model and analysed eight designs of phase change thermal storage systems incorporated within the ice-cream container. The tube type PCM was modeled, with and without the conducting pins, aiming to maximise the heat exchange within the system. To obtain a proper design, parametric studies on the number of pins and its diameter were further analysed. For all simulations, the initial time for freezing simulation was set to 2℃, assuming the PCM was fully in a liquid state with the ice mass fraction was set to 0. With that, the PCM average temperature and the total mass fraction was observed and analysed. From the results, the ice mass fraction percentage of the systems was observed to increase with the increasing number of pins. Model with (the maximum) 40 pins has improved ice mass fraction for at least 67.58% when compared to the configuration without pin. Also, the average temperature of PCM for model with maximum pins, was observed to be 37.14% lower when compared to the configuration without pins and less pin numbers. Nevertheless, although the presence of pins has proven to enhance the heat exchange within the system, the percentage of ice formation was considered to be low and the average temperature was still as high as 0.66℃ after 12 hrs of freezing process. This indicating that a proper design of TES is inevitably needed, in order to maximise both heat exchanges and PCM storage ability within the system. © 2023, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.

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