Norawanis Abdul Razak
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Preferred name
Norawanis Abdul Razak
Official Name
Norawanis, Abdul Razak
Alternative Name
Razak, N. A.
Razak, Norawanis Abdul
Razak, N. R. Abdul
Razak, Nurul Razliana Abdul
Norawanis, A. R.
Razaki, N. A.
Razak, N. R.
Razak, N. R. A.
Abdul Razak, Norawanis
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57191646675
Researcher ID
C-3766-2016

Research Output

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  • Publication
    Infrared drying of Clinacanthus nutans leaves
    ( 2022-03-01)
    Sriyana Abdullah
    ;
    Yusof Y.A.
    ;
    Rukunudin I.H.
    ;
    Abdul Karim Shah N.N.
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    Clinacanthus nutans herbal leaf was dried using an infrared dryer under different power levels (100 W, 200 W, and 300 W) and at different distances between infrared source and samples (10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm). Results showed that the drying rate increased when power levels increased and distances decreased. There were found that Midili and Kucuk, Modified Henderson and Pabis, Verma, Two Term, and Wang and Singh gave the best fitting to the experimental moisture ratio for a specific drying treatment. The moisture diffusivity values determined were 4 Ã— 10−11 to 3.09 Ã— 10−10 m2/ s and the activation energy values ranged from 30.81 to 50.58 W/g. Infrared drying can be an option for quick preservation technique for C. nutans herbal leaves as it gave a shorter drying time which could optimize the energy usage. Novelty impact statement: The drying rate of C. nutans leaves was able to increase at a faster rate by infrared radiation as compared to the conventional methods. This result gave a significant reduction of drying time that may reduce energy consumption and enhance the physicochemical properties of the herb.
  • Publication
    The effect of different khaya senegalensis raw feedstock particle sizes on solid fuel pellet quality
    ( 2020-07-09)
    Ras Izzati Ismail
    ;
    Usamah M.I.
    ;
    Abd Razak Shaari
    ;
    Yee K.C.
    ;
    Alina Rahayu Mohamed
    ;
    Mohd Riduan Jamalludin
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Leng L.Y.
    ;
    Nur Lailina Makhtar
    ;
    Rosli M.U.M.
    In recent years, the usage and demand for biomass pellet has been increasing due to the need of substitution for non-renewable energy source. Therefore, high quality solid fuel is in need to cater this demand. Pellet qualities such as durability, calorific value and density are different depending on the type of material, size of particle and the density of the feedstock. In this study, the durability, calorific value and unit density of Khaya Senegalensis pellet was investigated. This was done to identify the optimum particle size to obtain the best qualities of pellet possible. The ground biomass material was separated into 0.15 mm, 0.50 mm and 1.00 mm particle sizes, pelletized and ultimately the pellet durability, calorific value and unit density were tested in this study. It was found that 0.15 mm particle size resulted in the highest pellet durability, and density value. 1.00 mm particle size pellet has the highest calorific value. As a conclusion, different raw biomass feedstock particle size will affect the durability, density and calorific value of pellet.
  • Publication
    The Effect of Infrared Drying on Orthosiphon Stamineus Leaves Quality
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Palanisamy V.V.
    ;
    Mohd Saifizi Saidon
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Ismail K.A.
    ;
    Siti Kartini Enche Ab Rahim
    ;
    Sulong M.M.S.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    ;
    Wan Azani Wan Mustafa
    ;
    Salah O.R.
    The dryer system is an important part of the drying of food and herbs, among other things. As a result, a special dryer is needed to keep the food or herbs fresh for as long as possible without killing the good nutrients. In this project, Orthosiphon stamineus herb will be used to dry using an Infrared dryer. Infrared drying involves transferring heat by radiation from a hot source to a lower-temperature substance that has to be heated or dried. The temperature of the heated element determines the peak wavelength of the radiation. The purpose of this project is to design an infrared dryer system and analyze the quality of the dried herb. The Orthosiphon Stamineus have been dried using a 200W Infrared dryer system at 60°C for 2hours. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay and evaluated using a UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, respectively. A moisture analyzer was used to look at the changes in moisture content, and a colorimeter was used to look at the colour changes. The result showed that drying O.stamineus under 60°C has significantly affected the herbal leaves quality in terms of moisture content, colour properties, Antioxidant capacity, and Total phenolic content.
  • Publication
    Effect of initial moisture content on physical properties of Orthosiphon stamineus ground powder during storage
    ( 2020-12-18)
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Rahim N.A.S.A.
    ;
    Abd Razak Shaari
    ;
    Lee Yit Leng
    Initial moisture content of ground powder is very important factor in maintaining the physical quality of the product during storage. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of initial moisture content of Orthosiphon stamineus ground powder on physical properties such as moisture content, water activity and colour properties during short term storage period. In this research, the experimental treatments were arranged in a completed randomized design (CRD) that consisted of two main factors which were initial moisture content (8, 13 and 20 %) and storage period (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks). The changes of moisture content, water activity and colour properties were analyzed using moisture analyzer, water activity meter and chroma meter, respectively. From the results, it was revealed that the best initial moisture content to maintain the quality of O. stamineus ground powder was 13 %. At early of storage period, moisture content and water activity were slightly reduced and they started to stable at week 8 to 10. The consistency of moisture content and water activity is expected to last for the next 6 months under same storage condition. However, it could be observed that the colour of O. staminus ground powder was slightly affected during short term storage.
      1
  • Publication
    Soil Macrofauna abundance in the intercropping of Mangifera Indica with aromatic plants
    ( 2023-12)
    Iqbal Usamah
    ;
    Lee Yit Leng
    ;
    Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Ras Izzati Ismail
    ;
    Nur Lailina Makhtar
    Soil macrofauna such as earthworms, beetles, ants, and centipedes are an important aspect of soil health as they help in the breakdown of plant residue to provide natural resources such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into the soil. Monocropping practice uses heavy machinery, pesticides, and herbicides to maintain farm productivity, which negatively impacts soil macrofauna abundance. Thus, intercropping is a sustainable practice for farmers to maintain soil health with the minimal use of external input, which can do more harm to the soil ecosystem over a long period of time. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of intercropping mango with pandan and lemongrass on soil macrofauna density compared to mango monocrop. The field experiment consisted of mango, mango-pandan intercrops, and mango-lemongrass intercrops. Soil macrofauna was assessed using the tropical soil biology and fertility (TSBF) monolith method. The result showed that intercropping of mango-lemongrass and mango-pandan had higher soil macrofauna density compared with mango monocrop due to the presence of intercrops providing more natural resources and a better soil environment for soil macrofauna to grow and reproduce. However, further long-term research is needed to reinforce these findings.
      10  12
  • Publication
    Hot air drying of Brazilian spinach leaves
    ( 2024-03)
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Lim Teik Wei
    ;
    Lee Yit Leng
    ;
    Sriyana Abdullah
    Brazilian spinach is one of the best leafy vegetables with tons of nutrients and has a range of health benefits. Its quality also determines the acceptance of customers to buy and consume it. The common method to extend the shelf life of the spinach is through drying treatment and preserving the color and texture quality of the leaves. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the drying characteristics of Brazilian spinach and investigate the effect of drying temperature on the color and texture quality of Brazilian spinach. Brazilian spinach leaves were dried using a hot air dryer under different temperatures (30, 50, 70 and 90C). Results showed that the drying rate increased when temperature increased. It was found that the Midili model gave the best fitting to the experimental moisture ratio for a specific drying treatment. Drying the Brazilian spinach leaves at 50C was the best condition for preserving their color and texture properties.
      12  32
  • Publication
    The effect of torrefaction reaction temperature on the Elaeis Guineensis Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) pellet durability and calorific value
    ( 2020-12-18)
    Ras Izzati Ismail
    ;
    Leng L.Y.
    ;
    Nur Lailina Makhtar
    ;
    Rahman A.A.A.
    ;
    Dali J.A.A.
    ;
    Abd Razak Shaari
    ;
    Yee K.C.
    ;
    Alina Rahayu Mohamed
    ;
    Mohd Riduan Jamalludin
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Wan Nur A'tiqah Wan Draman
    Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) are not being fully utilized for energy production due to its high moisture content, low density, having bulky characteristics and low calorific value. In order to improve characteristic of Elaeis Guineensis empty fruit bunch as fuel, pre-treatment process is necessary to overcome these shortcomings. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the effect of torrefaction reaction temperature on the Elaeis Guineensis pellet energy characteristics. The observed pellet qualities include the pellet durability and calorific value of the pellet. The torrefaction of empty fruit bunch was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor at 200 C, 220 C, 240 C and 260 C. The torrefied sample was pelletized, analysed and tested to examine the characteristics of empty fruit bunch biomass as fuel. The pelletization process was carried out by using the cold single press pelletizer and using cassava starch as binder. At higher torrefaction temperature, the decomposition of cellulose and lignin become more prominent. At the torrefaction temperature 260 C, the gross calorific value is the highest due to the removal of moisture, release of volatile matter and the decomposition of biomass components such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin which resulted in energy densification. By comparing the torrefied empty fruit bunch at 260 C with the untorrefied empty fruit bunch, it was found that the torrefaction increased the energy densification and pellet qualities of empty fruit bunch that can be utilized as biomass energy sources in renewable energy.
  • Publication
    Changes in the physical and chemical properties of C. nutans herbal leaves dried under different drying methods
    ( 2021-05-24)
    Sriyana Abdullah
    ;
    Rafidah Nordin
    ;
    Rzemin M.A.A.
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    Drying is a well-known preservation method that uses to extent the shelf life of food materials during storage. In herbal industry, the drying is conducted by using several methods. It is believed that drying methods could affect the herbs physical and chemical properties. In this project, the effects of different drying methods on colour changes, rehydration ratio and bioactive constituent of C. nutans herb were investigated. The herb was dried under sunlight, shade, vacuum oven, and microwave. Results showed that the dried leaves have better retention of TPC and higher antioxidant activity as compared to the fresh leaves. Vacuum oven dried samples showed the highest antioxidant activity and significantly high in TPC. Besides, vacuum and under shade dried herbal leaves had no significant effect on the colour changes. Moreover, leaves dried under vacuum oven was also observed to exert the highest rehydration ratio due to less cell breakdown during drying. Therefore, vacuum drying has greater performance in term of retaining colour, less microstructure changes and greater TPC and antioxidant activity. It could be suggested that by adding vacuum to other drying methods may able to enhance the herbal quality.
  • Publication
    Mechanical and physical properties of khaya senegalensis solid fuel pellet with different binder percentages
    ( 2021-10-25)
    Ras Izzati Ismail
    ;
    Shaari A.R.
    ;
    Khor Chu Yee
    ;
    Alina Rahayu Mohamed
    ;
    Rahim M.S.b.A.
    ;
    Lee Yit Leng
    ;
    Wan Nur A'tiqah Wan Draman
    ;
    Nur Lailina Makhtar
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Mohd Riduan Jamalludin
    The characteristics of the solid fuel pellets, such as its strength, durability and density can be used to assess its quality. During the transport and storage, pellets with low strength and durability produces dusts and ultimately resulting in equipment blockage, high pollution emissions, and an increased risk of fire and explosion. Therefore, pellet manufacturing process should be given priority to improve pellet quality. The use of binder in the production of pellets will aid in improving pellet quality. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of different binder percentages on the mechanical properties of K. senegelensis fuel pellets. Durability, unit density, bulk density and diametral compressive strength testing were carried out in compliance with international standards. It was discovered that pellets containing 4% cassava starch binder produces better results, particularly in terms of durability and compressive ldiametral strength.
  • Publication
    Mathematical modelling of moisture sorption isotherms by using BET and GAB models
    ( 2020-12-18)
    Sriyana Abdullah
    ;
    Keoh S.C.
    ;
    Hafizah Mohd Johar
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Abd Razak Shaari
    ;
    Rukunudin I.H.
    Fish cracker is a popular local fish based snack in Malaysia. Besides the raw form which can be consumed directly, it is always eaten in the dried form. Thus study of moisture sorption isotherm of fish cracker is essential as to predict appropriate drying and storage conditions consecutively to enhance its nutrients, taste and aroma. In this study, the moisture sorption isotherms of fish crackers from two manufacturers M1 and M2 were developed by using a static gravimetric method at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50°C and water activity (aw) range of 0.04 to 0.80. It is a relationship between equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and aw at a specified temperature. The isotherms exhibited a sigmoid shaped which classified as type II in Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) classification. The increase of temperature decreased the EMC of fish crackers while increase of aw increased the EMC. There was no significant difference of EMC between manufacturers M1 and M2. The moisture sorption isotherms of fish cracker were fitted into predicted isotherms by Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) and BET models. GAB model was found to be the best fit model of fish crackers' moisture sorption isotherms as compared to BET model.