Browsing by Type "Book"
  • Publication
    A disposable biosensor based on antibody-antigen interaction for tungro disease detection
    ( 2018-01-01)
    Uda M.N.A.
    ;
    Hasfalina C.M.
    ;
    Samsuzanaa A.A.
    ;
    Faridah S.
    ;
    Gopinath S.C.B.
    ;
    Parmin N.A.
    ;
    Hashim U.
    ;
    Mat M.
    An electrochemical immunosensor based on the screen-printed carbon working electrode with an onboard carbon counter, and silver-silver chloride pseudo-reference electrode for tungro disease, is described in this chapter. A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay format was first developed and optimized on the surface of a carbon screen-printed working electrode by immobilizing the capture antibody (polyclonal) using an electro-deposition of gold nanoparticles conjugated with polyclonal antitetracycline antibodies. The detection reagent, tetracycline-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, was used as an enzyme label. Electrochemical detection was then carried out using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride/H2O2 as the enzyme mediator/substrate system, and conducted using chronoamperometry at 300 mV versus an onboard screen-printed Ag-AgCl pseudo-reference electrode. It also showed very high sensitivity using the amplification strategy applied with the use of gold nano-particles. This makes the developed sensor a potential tool for rapid, simple, and sensitive detection of Tungro disease in paddy plantations.
  • Publication
    An introduction to biosensors and biomolecules
    ( 2018-01-01)
    Lakshmipriya T.
    ;
    Gopinath S.C.B.
    The development of sensors capable of characterizing and quantifying biomolecules is a significant contribution to the field of biology. In the past few decades, sensors have been routinely used in various sectors, especially in the field of medical diagnosis. In the fields of therapeutics and medicine, sensors have been used to fulfill the potential roles of clinically important biomarkers. Sensors used for diagnosing biomarkers or biomolecules are called “biosensors.” For biosensing applications, two important biomolecules are, the probe and the analyte. The probe used to interact with the target is called the “analyte” in the given test sample. The biosensor has the transducer, and physical elements to display the biomolecular interactions. In this chapter, the fundamentals of biosensors and biomolecules are overviewed.
  • Publication
    Analyses on engineering mechanics of robotic arm for sorting multi-materials
    ( 2019-07-26)
    Razali Z.B.
    ;
    Abdul Kader M.M.M.
    ;
    Daud M.H.
    ;
    Stephen K.W.H.
    The study involves static analysis on the developed robotic arm. Increasing loads are applied to the robotic arm to determine the maximum load that it can hold. Firstly, the robotic arm model is created using CATIA. Then, it is analyzed using the generative structural analysis tool in the same software. Increasing loads are applied to the end of the robotic arm until significant deformation occurs. The same procedure is done for modified designs in the analysis software. The results considered include displacement and stress. Based on the results, the critical stress areas are near to the rotating joints of the robotic arm, the back of the gripper and the sharp edge of the second arm. Proposed modifications include increasing the servo motor shaft radius and edge filleting the affected area, increasing the thickness and reducing the length of the gripper base plate, and implementing a new design for the second arm.
  • Publication
    Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Transforming the Future of Psychological and Medical Sciences
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Singh G.
    ;
    Kataria A.
    ;
    Jangra S.
    ;
    Dutta R.
    ;
    Mantri A.
    ;
    Sandhu J.K.
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    94With the advent of immersive technologies, it is possible to create unique experiences by combining the physical world with digital reality. Augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) are examples of digital technologies and affordances that replicate reality in various ways. Immersive technologies in medical science, psychology, and clinical research can help doctors, surgeons, and patients by providing extended reality views. Immersive technologies such as VR and AR play a significant role in developing a stimulating environment. A stimulating environment can help doctors perform surgeries, children with autism disorder develop their communication skills, and psychologists provide simulated situations to patients suffering from different neurological disorders. AR and VR can take patients into similar situations when they face panic attacks, anxiety, and phobia in a controlled manner, which further helps them overcome the situations in real life. In this paper, the possibilities of AR and VR interventions for providing unique solutions in medical science, clinical research, psychology, and neurological disorders are discussed. The most recent studies were selected based on users’ medical and disability needs, and an overview of past research was presented in terms of current work, benefits, obstacles, and opportunities for future work.
  • Publication
    Bio mineral fillers reinforced polymer composites
    ( 2022-01-06)
    Munusamy Y.
    ;
    Sethupathi S.
    ;
    Ismail H.
    ;
    Zulkarnay Zakaria
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  • Publication
    Biomass to biobutanol: Current trends and challenges
    ( 2024-08-23)
    Amin M.A.
    ;
    Hafiza Shukor
    ;
    Shoparwe N.F.
    ;
    Makhtar M.M.Z.
    ;
    Jalil R.
    The term "biofuel" refers to a liquid or gas fuel obtained mostly from biomass for use in transportation. Biobutanol is a potential replacement biofuel for fossil-based liquid fuels as they become depleted. Biobutanol is a transportation fuel that may be simply combined with either gas or petrol at any ratio. Clostridia are the most prevalent fermentative organisms used in biobutanol production. It might well be recognized for its ability to use the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation route to convert various types of renewable biomass to biobutanol. Various aspects of biobutanol fermentation, including butanol toxicity and product titer, have also been addressed. The recent advancement in lignocellulosic biomass treatment technology, which is significantly greener and safer for the environment, has been clearly articulated. This chapter also covers several metabolic engineering and simple engineering laboratory approaches such as Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) for strain improvement to overcome butanol toxicity. These biobutanol difficulties could be solved to improve microorganism resistance to high solvent concentrations and hence increase biobutanol output. The final section of this chapter will discuss the future of biobutanol production as a new sustainable and renewable future transportation fuel. Overall, this chapter will provide a better grasp of current trends and issues in biomass-based biobutanol production.
  • Publication
    Biosensor recognizes the receptor molecules
    ( 2018-01-01)
    Parmin N.A.
    ;
    Hashim U.
    ;
    Gopinath S.C.B.
    ;
    Uda M.N.A.
    Bioreceptors can be defined as the basic requirement for specific and sensitive biosensors. The origins of bioreceptors are rooted in biochemistry. The label-free biosensor was developed in response to the demand for a simple, reliable, low cost, rapid, screening method for the early diagnosis of cancer. A range of molecules with biorecognition powers is available naturally, such as antibodies, enzymes, cell receptors, and nucleic acid. Nucleic acid-based biosensors are the preferred choice, compared with immunosensor and enzyme-based sensors, due to their high selectivity and sensitivity. Due to the low-cost of fabrication and stability, nucleic acid biosensors are evolving as reliable and rapid detection tools in medical diagnosis. In this chapter, different transducer platforms are discussed to detect various diseases in clinical diagnosis.
  • Publication
    Challenges and prospective trends of various industrial and solid wastes incorporated with sustainable green concrete
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Luhar S.
    ;
    Luhar I.
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Kamarudin Hussin
    The present book chapter stands for the appraisal on the topic of applications of the wastes in the manufacturing of concrete with green concept and a preliminary understanding of the advantages of the practice of incorporating various industrial and solid wastes as well as recycled materials in developing them. It is highly desirable need of the hour extremely to convert these wastes into a valuable admixture replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in manufacturing affordable green concrete with low carbon footprints and that is the prime focus of this chapter along with its potential trends and the challenges standing across its pathway. There exists a titanic exigency of affordable building materials for providing enough housings and infrastructure to deal with the populace of the world. The focal point is to make researchers, engineers and infrastructures, as well as construction industries cognizant of consuming the, squander materials by systematic waste management for the promotion of their developments. Public consciousness, apposite standards, cross-disciplinary alliance, adequate training, more display of such projects, developments and advanced research in the field are necessitating for endorsing worldwide adoption of green concrete in gigantic constructions and infrastructure projects. Looking to the above facts, it can be predicted that this green technology seems to have bright future and its adoption in construction industries also seems to be most promising.
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  • Publication
    Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles for medical devices: Current techniques and recent advances
    ( 2020-01-01)
    Anthony L.S.
    ;
    Perumal V.
    ;
    Mohamed N.M.
    ;
    Balakrishnan S.R.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    Nanomaterial research has gained importance over the past two decades due to its prospective applications in human life, especially for high performance analytical and medical devices. Nanoparticles made from various organic and inorganic sources continue to play a significant role in the development and usage of these medical devices. The size, shape, surface chemistry as well as surface area to volume ratio help determine the performance of the device they are incorporated into. Therefore, proper knowledge of their physiochemical properties are required to understand their compatibility with other materials or composites. Without characterization techniques, all the necessary information related to the properties of the nanoparticles cannot be obtained. There have been multiple characterization techniques used within the past two decades, with a certain few remaining popular throughout. This chapter will provide a comprehensive account of several popular characterization techniques as well as recent advances utilized for high performance analytical and medical devices. Also discussed in detail are the basic principles and common operational procedures of those techniques.
  • Publication
    Diagnosing metabolic diseases by nanoparticle immobilization
    ( 2020-01-01)
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Nadzirah S.
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Uda
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda
    ;
    Voon Chun Hong
    ;
    Isa A.M.
    ;
    Ahmad Radi Wan Yaakub
    Metabolic disease is a group of conditions that expand the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. High blood sugar, blood pressure, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels are included in this kind of metabolic disease that seems dangerous to human beings. The development of metabolic disease happened when the organs, such as the liver and pancreas did not function properly and triggered metabolic disease. Metabolic diseases happen at the point when irregular compound responses in the human body can modify the typical metabolic procedures. Metabolic diseases can be defined as an inherited single gene, mostly autosomal recessive. The principal classes of metabolic diseases include metabolic brain diseases, calcium metabolism disorder, acid-base imbalance, and glucose metabolism disorders. Diagnosing metabolic diseases was tedious and depending on which type of disease was involved, and currently, by using DNA tests, we can identify the disease but it takes several hours and only a professional person in charge can analyze the result. Advances in diagnosing metabolic diseases by nanoparticle immobilization establish a promising exploration area with favorable impacts on the treatment of diseases. Nanotechnology based on nanoparticle implementation was useful for the metabolic disorder diagnosis to prevent the disease from going viral to develop. Biosensor based on nanoparticles has been applied in several detections including metabolic illnesses to improve accessible analytical methods. Point-of-care (POC) sensor devices have been developed for metabolic disease and offer outcomes, quicker, simpler and at a lower cost than conventional methods. It also can be used in remote regions for metabolic diagnosis. In this chapter, different nanoparticle immobilization has been discussed to diagnose metabolic diseases by using it in clinical approach.
  • Publication
    Differential diagnosis tool in healthcare application using respiratory sounds and convolutional neural network
    ( 2023-08-03)
    Palaniappan R.
    ;
    Sundaraj K.
    ;
    Nabi F.G.
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    This chapter focuses on the classification of respiratory pathology using breathsound signals. The development of a computerised breath-sound analysis system could improve the standard of living of people affected by respiratory-related disease and further also be used as a differential diagnosis tool in affective computing. Accordingly, in this chapter, respiratory sounds recorded according to the Computerised Respiratory Sound Acquisition standard were obtained from subjects with respiratory sounds belonging to five different respiratory pathologies, namely, normal, wheezes, rhonchi, fine crackles, and coarse crackles.
  • Publication
    Durability of inorganic fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composites
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
    ;
    Yusrina Mat Daud
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    Durability and sustainability are essential serviceability concerns for alkali-activated composites used in construction. Incorporating inorganic fibers both metal and nonmetal one in alkali-activated materials is beneficial, considering their availability, are more resistant, more rigid, have an higher melting point, and are more heat resistant than traditional fibers. The durability of natural fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composites is influenced by several factors, including type and content of fiber, dispersion and size of fiber, fiber modification, fiber moisture content, fiber alkaline degradation, and fiber mineralization. Besides, this chapter indicates the durability of inorganic fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composites in terms of crack resistance and toughness, high-temperature resistance, wet/dry cycles, freeze-thaw cycles, chemical resistance, and carbonation resistance.
      1
  • Publication
    Durability of natural fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composites
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Heah Cheng Yong
    ;
    Liew Yun Ming
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Shee-Ween O.
    ;
    Yong-Jie H.
    ;
    Hui-Teng N.
    ;
    Yong-Sing N.
    ;
    Wan-En O.
    ;
    Jia-Ni L.
    ;
    Hoe-Woon T.
    Durability and sustainability is essential serviceability concern for alkali-activated composites used in construction. The incorporation of natural fibers in alkali-activated materials is beneficial considering its availability, low density, and acceptable mechanical performances. There are two types of natural fibers which are plant and animal fibers. The plant fiber composes of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and waxy substances. The durability of natural fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composites influences by several factors including type and content of fiber, dispersion and size of fiber, fiber modification, fiber moisture content, fiber alkaline degradation, and fiber mineralization. Besides, this chapter indicates the durability of natural fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composites in terms of crack resistance and toughness, high-temperature resistance, wet/dry cycles, freeze-thaw cycles, chemical resistance, and carbonation resistance.
      1
  • Publication
    Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Hybrid Montmorillonite/Geopolymer Filler for Piping Application
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Daud Y.M.
    ;
    Osman A.F.
    ;
    Abu Hashi M.F.
    In recent years, layered silicates inorganic material has been widely used as a nanofiller in the thermoset material to improve the mechanical, physical, thermal and barrier properties of the polymer. Montmorillonite (MMT) is one of the layered silicates that is commonly used as reinforcement nanofillers in polymeric matrices, including the epoxy owing to its excellent physico-chemical characteristics. This chapter reviews and summarizes the findings collected from several published research on the epoxy composites and nanocomposites with single and hybrid fillers, with emphasis on the use of layered silicate as a co-filler in the hybrid nanocomposite system. Furthermore, the published works on the epoxy nanocomposite with hybrid MMT/geopolymer fillers for piping application are compiled and summarized at the end of this chapter. These findings indicate that the use of hybrid MMT/geopolymer fillers can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the epoxy, revealing the great potential of this hybrid filler system in reinforcing the epoxy for piping application.
      2
  • Publication
    Failure of intermetallic solder ball due to stress shielding and amplification effects
    ( 2019-01-01)
    Ooi E.P.
    ;
    Daud R.
    ;
    Amin N.A.M.
    ;
    Majid M.S.A.
    ;
    Afendi M.
    ;
    Mohamad A.
    ;
    Ariffin A.K.
    The shielding and amplification effects between microcracks have been the unsolved problem in intermetallic solder ball failure. This study investigated the interaction between multiple edge cracks in solder ball to quantify the effects of shielding and amplification on the crack driving force based on stress singularity approach. The finite element model of two parallel edge cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading was developed. The effect of crack length between the two parallel edge cracks on stress intensity factor was evaluated. Macrocrack was found to provide shielding to the smaller crack or microcrack. In parallel edge cracks, the shielding effect reduces as the distance between the two parallel edge cracks increases. When two colinear cracks are closer together, the stress increases and shows amplification effect. It is found that when we compare both shielding and amplification, the distance between the two crack tips must be shorter to give a better effect.
  • Publication
    Future prospectives
    ( 2021-11-08)
    Gopinath S.
    ;
    Patil S.J.
    ;
    Patil K.
    ;
    Patil N.B.
    The current century is fighting against increasing globalization and industrialization. At the outset, agrowing number of technologies in the environmental management of contaminated resources areathrust area of research. Nanobioremediation isavery prominent technique for the remediation of contaminated resources. Nanobioremediation providesasuccessful and ecofriendly approach for the remediation of heavy metal toxicity, wastewater assessment, industrial effluents, pesticides, and hydrocarbons from the environment. Nanobioremediation is performed by nanoparticles/nanomaterials synthesis from the use of various sources like algae, bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates. In this context, this chapter highlights the major challenges, mechanisms involved, and future projections of nanobioremediation for environmental issues.
  • Publication
    Influence of Financial Innovation on Business Performance: Evidence from the SME Food Industry in Malaysia
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Buhary S.A.M.
    ;
    Nasir H.
    The impact of financial innovation (FI) on the economic performance of small-and medium-sized food companies is the focus of this study. This study focuses on the effect of FI on business performance in the small-and medium-sized enterprise (SME) food industry. This chapter aims to provide new information about business performance in the food industry. SMEs often use innovative financial practices to boost the performance of their businesses and increase the value of their organizations. This study uses quantitative and multiple regression techniques to analyze the collected information. The results of this study lend credence to the conclusions of prior studies by demonstrating a substantial connection between FI and the commercial performance of SMEs in the food industry. The significance of this research lies in the fact that it demonstrates FI’s capacity to predict a company’s future growth potential. According to the findings of this study, financial institutions offer vital information and strategies that may assist business owners in improving their company’s performance and remaining competitive compared to other businesses in their industry.
  • Publication
    Introduction to nanoparticles and analytical devices
    ( 2020-01-01)
    Lakshmipriya T.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    This chapter delineates the introduction on nanoparticle and its potential in the generation of analytical devices. Currently, a range of nanoparticles and the nanoparticle-integrated biosensing systems are readily available for downstream medical applications. These analytical devices are well demonstrated with a high-performance, having a sensitivity to the lower detection range. In addition, good selectivity and reproducibility have been shown with a wide range of disease biomarkers from the small- to macro-sizes. The current study gleaned the available information with the above potentials for the clinical diagnosis. A comprehensive compilation towards the future direction in connecting the laboratory is set-up to the point-of-care analysis.
  • Publication
    Investigation of the Brain Activation Pattern of Stroke Patients and Healthy Individuals During Happiness and Sadness
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Choong W.Y.
    ;
    Wan Khairunizam Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Murugappan M.
    ;
    Wan Azani Wan Mustafa
    ;
    Abdul Hamid Adom
    ;
    Bong S.Z.
    ;
    Ahmad Kadri Junoh
    ;
    Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan
    ;
    Shahriman Abu Bakar
    This study aimed to assess the emotional experiences of stroke patients and normal people using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in happiness and sadness. The brain behaviors under both emotional states in the EEG signal were analyzed through signal processing methods. In this study, the EEG signals of normal control (NC) and stroke patients with left brain damage (LBD) and right brain damage (RBD) were analyzed through Hjorth parameters. The extracted Hjorth parameters showed significant differences between happiness and sadness in alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands, which implied the two emotions exhibiting different brain behavior in different EEG bands. The topographic mapping of the Hjorth parameters presented different activation patterns in the subject groups, and the higher frontal activation can be observed from the NC group for both emotions. Also, the Hjorth Mobility and Complexity parameters were lower in LBD and RBD in the frontal regions of the alpha band. The significant difference channels between the emotions were analyzed by statistical analysis using ANOVA. Moreover, the features of each subject group were used for emotion classification by the application of machine learning-based algorithm. The KNN classification results achieved an average accuracy of 92.35% for NC, 90.84% for LBD, and 95.59% for RBD in classifying happiness and sadness. The emotion classification showed that the emotional dominance frequency bands were the beta and gamma bands. However, the alpha band activity showed left frontal lateralization in the NC group, while right frontal lateralization in the LBD and RBD groups suggested different brain activation of the stroke groups and the controls during happiness and sadness, which reflected the emotional impairment in stroke groups.
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  • Publication
    Islam, opinion leaders, and social media influencer
    ( 2021-05-07)
    Rossanty Y.
    ;
    Sari P.B.
    ;
    Amlus M.H.
    ;
    Nasution T.A.M.
    Social media plays an important role in disseminating information and news to the audience. Through its influencer, the information could be shared faster in a wider spectrum. Meanwhile, the opinion leaders greatly influence other people's decision making, attitudes, behaviors, and are perceived to be models for others. However, in Islam, the use of social media is regulated and has to comply with the principles and values stated in the hadith of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as the verses in the Al-Qur'an. Every Muslim has the responsibility to share valid and credible information to everyone regardless of their religion. The social media platforms can be used by Muslims to interact and understand the content more easily. Islam emphasizes the ethics and moral aspects in any interaction or communications. In fact, Islam has a da'wah system where the communication and understanding of the content or messages must be clearly identified and discussed before spreading to others.