UniMAP RIS :: Browsing Publications 2021 by Issue Date

Publication

A study of lower limb muscles fatigue during running based on EMG signals

(IEEE, 2019-07-01)

Hayder A. Yousif

;

Norasmadi Abdul Rahim

;

Khudhur A. Alfarhan

;

Ammar Zakaria

;

Ahmad Faizal Salleh

;

Mustafa Mahmood

Incorrect running may lead to discomfort and injuries, where each day around the world, the numbers of runners are increasing. The goal of this research work is to evaluate and study the lower limb muscles fatigue during running for 400-meters with two types of running strategies based on the Electromyography (EMG) signals. The EMG signals are collected from Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscles during the run on the tartan athletic track with two types of running strategies. The first type: the first 200-meters running with normal speed and the last 200-meters running with full speed. The second type: the first 300-meters running with normal speed and the last 100-meters running with full speed. The EMG signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the features of mean frequency (MNF) and median frequency (MDF). From the results of the two strategies with MDF and MNF features of the selected muscles, the lowest fatigue index was during the 1st strategy for most the selected muscles.

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Publication

An experimental work on effect of bending down conductor with reinforced concrete

( 2020-01-07)

Amizah Md. Ariffen

;

Syahrun Nizam Md Arshad @ Hashim

;

Ab Kadir M.Z.A.

;

Jasni J.

;

Nasrul Helmei Halim

Down conductor is one of the pivotal parts of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) that diverting the lightning current captured by the air termination system to the earth termination system in each protected structure. A straight down conductor, is ideally suited for the best-case scenario regarding reliability and safety protection. One to aesthetical aspects, down conductor is undesirably bent in most current buildings. However, only the primary bare type of a down conductor is undergone such process, and bent at a certain degree which depending on the structure itself. Hence, this study is to investigate the bending degree effect on down conductors, by looking at breakdown voltage around the bent area with the presence of concrete wall and reinforcement bar. This experimental work conducted on a reduced scale of reinforced concrete which tested with high impulse voltage. It was determined that the bending down conductors has a significant effect on the bent (vertex) area with the interaction of concrete wall and reinforcement bar.

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Publication

Comparative Study of Parallelism and Pipelining of RGB to HSL Colour Space Conversion Architecture on FPGA

( 2020-03-20)

Ehkan P.

;

Siew S.V.

;

Zakaria F.F.

;

Mohd Warip M.N.

;

Ilyas M.Z.

RGB colour model is a basic colour model and complements together to produce full colour range but it is unable to produce sufficient information for digital image analysis. However, HSL is capable to provide other useful information such as colour in degree, saturation of the colour and brightness of colour. In this work, RGB to HSL mathematical conversion algorithm is implemented on FPGA chip. Parallelism and pipelining capabilities of FPGA helps to speed up conversion performance. The RGB to HSL equation is implemented by using two architectures which are parallel and 7-stages pipeline architectures. The designed parallel and pipeline converters have one clock and seven clock cycle of data latency respectively. The parallel and pipeline architectures for RGB to HSL converter have been achieved rate of accuracy by hardware verification up to 99% and 98% and possessed maximum operating frequency merit of 50 MHz and 120 MHz respectively.

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Publication

Effect of indium pre-flow on wavelength shift and crystal structure of deep green light emitting diodes

( 2021-01-01)

Shamsul Amir Abdul Rais

;

Hassan Z.

;

Bakar A.S.A.

;

Rahman M.N.A.

;

Yusuf Y.

;

Md Taib M.I.

;

Sulaiman A.F.

;

Hussin H.N.

;

Mohd Fairus Ahmad

;

Mohd Natashah Norizan

;

Nagai K.

;

Akimoto Y.

;

Shoji D.

To produce a deep green (530 nm–570 nm) LED, the suitable indium (In) composition in the InxGa1−xN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) structure is crucial because a lower indium composition will shift the wavelength of emission towards the ultraviolet region. In this paper, we clarify the effects of an indium-rich layer to suppress such blue shifting, especially after the annealing process. According to characterizations by the uses of XRD and TEM, narrowing of the MQW layer was observed by the indium capping, while without the capping, the annealing results in a slight narrowing of MQW on the nearest layer to the p-type layer. By adding an indium capping layer, the blue shift of the photoluminescence was also suppressed and a slight red shift to keep green emission was observed. Such photoluminescence properties were consistent with the tiny change of the MQW as seen in the XRD and TEM characterizations.

Publication

Size-Reduction of a Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antennas

( 2021-01-01)

Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin

;

Ali A.

;

Zambak M.F.

;

Radzi M.F.

In this paper, a circularly polarized rectangular DRA has been designed and simulated for WiMAX, satellite, 5G NR band applications. The design uses an F-shaped conducting patch with a parasitic patch to excite the design. The bandwidth enhancement of the design has been achieved thorough the optimization of the patch placement and gap distance for both conducting patch and parasitic patch to cover the desired operating frequency. The S11<10 dB and axial ratio< -3 dB result covers the operating frequency range. The designing and optimization of the design has been carried out using the CST Studio Suite software.

Publication

Bifurcation analysis of an exothermic biocatalytic reaction system

( 2021-01-01)

Desa A.M.

;

Mohd M.H.

;

Uzir M.H.

This paper focuses on the bifurcation analysis of an exothermic biocatalytic reaction system (EBRS). The objectives of the study were to provide a detailed dynamical systems analysis of an exothermic biocatalytic reaction and examine the long-term behaviours of the system using the techniques from phase portraits and bifurcation analysis. We investigated the combined influences of the proportional control constant and dilution rate on the dynamics of the model. Phase portraits relating to distinct outcomes of EBRS were computed to investigate the existence of different attractors in this system and its stability. Under a fixed dilution rate and different values of proportional control constant, there were four distinct outcomes in our model, which were stable steady states, bistability of two stable steady states, bistability between stable steady states and limit cycle and stable limit cycles. A bifurcation analysis (of codimensions one and two) was performed to examine how the overall dynamics change as chemically relevant parameters were varied. We observed that when the values of proportional control constant were high, the system would achieve stable steady states regardless of how fast the dilution rate was. With lower magnitudes of proportional constant control, bistability occurred and the outcomes of this system depended on the initial conditions. Compared to higher dilution rates scenario, reactions that occurred at lower dilution rates provided higher reaction yields for this EBRS operation; it was also observed that both scenarios produced stable steady-state outcomes with different concentrations. In conclusion, the dynamical system analysis of the model improves our understanding of the EBRS under consideration and these insights may be beneficial for optimising operating conditions of this chemical system.

Publication

Evaluation of shot peening machined surface by image processing

( 2021-01-01)

Shimizu T.

;

Haramiishi Y.

;

Rahim Y.A.

;

Alihan S.

;

Kobayashi Y.

;

Matsui A.

;

Kotani S.

;

Watanabe H.

This paper describes an evaluation method of shot peened surface using image processing. Shot peening is a process that applies compressive residual stress to the product surface, and its evaluation is performed visually by an expert. If visual inspection can be replaced with image processing, the inspection of the entire product will be easier. Therefore, first reference samples that experts evaluate are prepared, next these samples are evaluated by image processing. relationship between expert evaluations and image processing evaluations are compared and the estimation function is defined using gausian distribution. Unknown processed surfaces are evaluated as a classification problem. For image processing, after binarization and labeling, the number of labels and the area ratio of binarization are used.

Publication

Effect of tool engagement on cutting force for different step over in milling aisi p20 tool steel

( 2021-01-01)

Roshaliza Hamidon

;

Mohamed N.I.

;

Saravanan R.

;

Azmi H.

;

Zailani Zainal Abidin

;

Mohd Fathullah Ghazli@Ghazali

In mold production, end milling with tool path strategies is required for the process known as pocket operation. Different step overs involve depending on the type of tool path strategy used. Thus, different engagement will occur and leads to fluctuation of cutting force due to different step over during the process. However, most of study before focused on the effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut only in machining AISI P20. Thus, in this study, step over will be considered as one of the factor to improve machining force. The objective of this study are to evaluate the effect of cutting parameters and step over on cutting force and to study the behavior of cutting force for different tool engagement. A series of milling operation was carried out by varying cutting speed and feed rate. However, the depth of cut was set to 0.25 mm for each run. Step over with 100%, 75% and 50% were selected in this study. L27 Taguchi and S/N ratio were used to determine the significant factors that influence the result. Within the range of cutting parameters selected, feed rate were found to be the most significant parameters that influence cutting force. The highest cutting force found for 100% step over compared to 75% and 50% step over. According to the result, cutting force increased as the step over increased. In can be concluded that, step over is one of the important cutting parameter that affected machining output.

Publication

Investigation of a real-time driver eye-closeness for the application of drowsiness detection

( 2021-01-01)

Kamazlan M.Z.B.

;

Khairunizam W.

;

Halin A.H.

;

Nor M.R.M.

;

Azian Azamimi Abdullah

;

Mokhtar N.

The increase in accident and death rates due to drowsiness while driving raises concerns to the community. An efficient solution is vital to ensure the safety of all drivers on the road. Most previous studies have analyzed drowsiness using head tilt, yawning, and eye condition. Face detection applied in drowsiness detection from previous research not included distances between subject and camera. The features used for eye detection required large storage and long-term process which are not applicable in a real-time system. This study uses Haar algorithm and analysis is performed based on the size of the region of interest for face detection. Eye monitoring uses facial landmark features and the evaluation is dependent on the width of the eye. The percentage of eye closure is used to describe the eyes as closed. This study only takes into account the normal rate of blinking eyes while driving because of the long-time constraints required for a person to be in a drowsy state. In this research, the Raspberry Pi 3B+ and Pi cameras are used as processing and vision devices. The highest accuracy of face detection achieved based on the ROI area at a distance of 80 cm is 98.33%. The lowest difference between eye width and the intercanthal distance is 0.36%. The overall normal eye blink rate while driving is in the range of the normal eye blink rate which does not exceed 20 blinks/min as reported by the previous researcher.

Publication

Determinants of career success: A case study of male teachers in secondary schools

( 2021-01-01)

SALAHUDIN S.N.

;

RAMLI H.S.

;

RAZAK M.H.A.

;

ABDULLAH M.S.

;

MASUM A.

Malaysian secondary schools are facing a shortage of male teachers. Almost 70% of the teaching profession is dominated by female teachers. There is an obvious gap in the reason why teaching is not preferred by the male gender. This study intends to find the determinants of career success among male teachers with the hope of revealing the career success factors that are associated with male teachers. A survey was done among 140 male teachers in secondary schools in the state of Malacca, Malaysia. Results showed that 4out of 5 of the determinants factors are significantly explaining career success among the teachers (Emotional Intelligence, Person-Job-Fit, Career Adaptability & Work-Life Balance) while one is unable to explain the career success of the teachers (Career Commitment). The findings enable policymakers to prioritize and draft better career development plans for the teachers that focus on issues about the recruitment of more emotional intelligence teachers, optimize person-job-fit and designing jobs that emphasize work-life balance.

Publication

Prototype Design for Rubik’s Cube Solver

( 2021-01-01)

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Faridah Wahab

;

Tan Wei Hong

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Lee F.S.

Rubik’s cube is a modern day plastic material puzzle, where the one need to twist and turn to solve the multicolour squares. At the end, the puzzle need to be solved to make all the same colour cubes on the same surfaces. High intelligence is needed to solve it at a shorter time. Therefore, this research is to create a robot solver to solve the Rubik’s cube in short time smartly. Initially, the algorithm will scan the six surfaces of unsolved cube through a webcam and register the colours in the memory. Once it is completed, the solving algorithm will analyse and instruct the servo motors to twist and turn based on the computed solution. It is then pass it to the solving algorithm to identify the solving process and send the moving instruction to the motors by Raspberry Pi. The robot body was constructed using laser cutter. It is to make sure that the measurements are accurate and correct. To solve the cube, four servo motors with high efficiency were used to twist the cube in certain legit with the rules of the game. Another four servo motors are connected to the rack and pinion gears by clamping to hold the Rubik’s cube from falling when it is twisted. An improvised “Kociemba Algorithm”, also called as “The Two-Phase-Algorithm” is used. It reduced the required moves to solve the cube into a maximum of 25 moves and a minimum of 19. Conclusively, the final prototype discussed in this paper is tested with the solving algorithm. The results are presented.

Publication

Thermoelectric effect in graphene-based three-terminal junction

( 2021-01-01)

Prakash K.

;

Bansal S.

;

Garg S.

;

Thakur P.

;

Sharma K.

;

Jain P.

;

Gupta N.

;

Kasjoo S.R.

;

Kumar S.

;

Singh A.K.

This paper presents the thermoelectric properties of graphene-based three-terminal junction on SiO2/Si substrate. The device demonstrates rectified output voltage while applying electrical (AC/DC) signal or temperature gradient at the input terminals. The voltage detection sensitivity of 736.38 mV/mW and noise equivalent power of 26 pW/Hz1/2 is achieved at 15 V. At the temperature gradient of 150 K, the proposed device exhibits a thermal voltage of 0.83 mV at the output terminal. Accordinlgy, Seebeck coefficient of 82 and 123 μVK-1 is obtained at 300 and 450 K, respectively considering back-gate voltage of 0 V. The results are further validated by the analytical model and are well in agreement with the simulation results obtained utilizing Silvaco TCAD software. The results suggest that the proposed G-TTJ can be realised for future energy harvesting applications in addition to microwave/THz detection.

Publication

Comparison of Dental Caries Level Images Classification Performance using KNN and SVM Methods

( 2021-01-01)

Jusman Y.

;

Anam M.K.

;

Puspita S.

;

Saleh E.

;

Kanafiah S.N.A.M.

;

Tamarena R.I.

This study aims to build a dental caries level classification system based on image processing (i.e. to extract texture features) and machine learning methods. The first step was to analyze and discover the extraction results from Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix algorithm. After successfully extracting the features, the classification was carried out using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Both machine learnings are analyzed and used to obtain the better alternatives of the classification results. This study employed radiographic images of four dental caries classes consisting of Class 1, 2, 3, and 4. Total of images used after pre-processing are 396 images. Training data is 90% of total images then the rest is the testing data. The classification obtained accuracy value of the SVM and KNN. The SVM classification method revealed the highest accuracy value generated by the Fine Gaussian SVM model was 95.7%. Conversely, the lowest accuracy value generated was 83.3%, derived from the Quadratic SVM model. Meanwhile, the highest accuracy by using KNN is 94.9% of accuracy using Fine and lowest accuracy value generated was 91.4%, derived from Weighted KNN models. The KNN classification results are better than the SVM results.

Publication

Mathematical Modelling Development of Sound Transmission Loss for Laminated Glass Using Response Surface Methodology

( 2021-01-01)

Tan Wei Hong

;

Faridah Wahab

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Lim E.A.

The purpose of this study is to identify parameters that affect the rate of sound transmission loss. Mathematical model of sound transmission loss (STL) is developed for laminated glass and maximize the STL of laminated glass by using response surface methodology (RSM). The main objective of this study is to determine the type of material and number of interlayers for laminated glass on the STL performance. The two-load transfer function method (TFM) coupled with LMS Test Lab Acoustic software to determine the STL. The analysis was made by observing the performance of STL with respect to different materials used, such as glass and Perspex. Besides that, number of interlayers for laminated glass also had been studied for the performance of STL. Next, the RSM will be applied to develop mathematical modelling of STL for laminated glass. Optimization on the variable of laminated glass also has been conducted to obtain optimum variable of laminated glass in order to deliver optimum STL performance.

Publication

Fault localization and detection in medium voltage distribution network using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis)

( 2021-01-01)

Jamili N.S.B.

;

Mohd Rafi Adzman

;

Salman W.S.A.W.

;

Muhd Hafizi Idris

;

Melaty binti Amirruddin

This paper provides an overview method of ANFIS to improve the performance of locating and detecting a single line to ground fault in medium voltage (MV) distribution power system network. For this research, the proposed method used faulted current signals from the network as an input in ANFIS to obtain the expected fault location and detection. In order to accurately locate the faults in the network, an ANFIS was trained and tested using various sets of data, which was obtained from the simulation of faults at various fault scenarios such as inception angle, load, fault location, and fault resistance. Based on the result obtain, the fault distance, major and minor branch of the single line to ground fault can be located with minimal error.

Publication

Effect of Coconut Fibre on Coconut Shell Concrete

( 2021-01-01)

Misnon N.A.

;

Shahidan S.

;

Khairuddin F.H.

;

Rahim N.L.

;

Che Osmi S.K.

;

Husen H.

Previous studies on coconut fibre reinforced concrete, and coconut shell concrete showed the potential of these wastes to be used as alternative materials in building construction. Presence of coconut fibre and coconut shell gives beneficial to concrete in increasing concrete toughness and produced lightweight concrete. In this experimental study, a combination of these coconut components (fibre and shell) was used as concrete composite to investigate its physical properties and compressive strength. Three types of concrete were cast, i.e. normal concrete, coconut shell concrete and coconut fibre reinforced coconut shell concrete. The amount of coconut fibre added in coconut shell concrete was 0.5% of mass volume. The results showed that replacing aggregate with coconut shell reduced the concrete density and compressive strength. Additional coconut fibre aided in holding the coconut shell concrete material and improve the slump value.

Publication

Metamaterial antenna for biomedical application

( 2021-01-01)

Mohd Aminudin Jamlos

;

Othman N.A.

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Marzuki M.K.

In this paper, metamaterial element is applied towards antenna for biomedical application. The metamaterial unit cell is constructed using circular split ring resonator (CSRR) technique to be attached at the ground of the antenna. The metamaterial antenna is design to be operated at frequency between 0.5–3.0 GHz which is suitable for biomedical application such as wireless patient movement monitoring, telemetry and telemedicine including micro-medical imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The design and simulation has been carried out using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) while the fabricated antenna is measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) to analyse the overall performance.

Publication

Investigation of the Computational Burden Effects of Self-Tuning Fuzzy Logic Speed Controller of Induction Motor Drives with Different Rules Sizes

( 2021-01-01)

Farah N.

;

Nizam Talib M.H.

;

Ibrahim Z.

;

Abdullah Q.

;

Aydogdu O.

;

Azri M.

;

Mat Lazi J.B.

;

Isa Z.M.

Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) as speed controller is preferred in many AC machine drives, due to its ability to handle model non-linearity, speed variations and parameters change. Additionally, Self-Tuning FLC (ST-FLC) is a modified FLC controller to overcome the issues associated with a fixed parameter FLC and to avoid performance degradation of the machine drive. It can update the FLC parameters in accordance to any variation, changes or disturbances that may occur to the drive system. However, FLC system requires huge computation capacity which increases the computational burden of the overall machine drive system and may result in poor performance. This research proposed a simple ST-FLC mechanism to tune the main FLC speed controller. Three different rule-size of FLC (9, 25, and 49) rules are implemented with ST-FLC mechanism based Induction Motor (IM) drive. Performance comparison of the three different rule-size based ST-FLC is conducted based on simulation and experimental analysis. In addition, a computational effort is technically analyzed and compared for the three different rule-size. In the experiment, ST-FLC with less number of rules (9-rules) shows superior performance, lower sampling and lower computational efforts compared to ST-FLC with higher rule-size (25, 49) rules.

Publication

Machine Control via Real Time Eye Detector

( 2021-01-01)

Wong P.Y.

;

Hussin R.

;

Md Isa M.N.

As the population ages, the number of people dependent on others who are paralyzed or losing their self-movement is increasing. This paper is focusing on the development of a smart robot based on wireless vision control which is designed for physically challenged individuals. The research employs a human pupil movement hands-free control machine for the moderate or severe physically disabled individuals by applying Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) method to pre-train the model. The dataset contains the annotation information. By using the coordinates of the eye to identify the Iris' location. This feature is to ensure the alignment of the eyes to identify the dominant eyes for Strabismus users. The result of this paper works as per expected with a preferable accuracy which fulfilled the objectives of doing this project. The delay time of the transmission data is negligible. Therefore, the synchronizing between the prototype and the eyeball movement of the user's intention is nearly perfect in which the eyeball moves upward, the robot will go forward, and so on. In short, this project is to have a contribution to society in a small way by presenting an idea for a system that can truly improve the lives of physically disabled people around the world.

Publication

A comprehensive performance evaluation of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in wireless mesh network

( 2021-01-01)

Hoh W.S.

;

Yoon S.K.

;

Ong B.L.

;

R Badlishah Ahmad

Wireless communication is becoming essential due to the dramatic increase in the usage of mobile devices. The high demand for real-time or instant services requires wireless Internet networks which can support different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and different traffic characteristics. All Internet network mobile device services are supported by mobility management protocols. In this paper, we compare the performance of the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) environment. We identify and analyze the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols' characteristics by using performance indicators. The performance comparison of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols was conducted in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio. Based on the conducted experimental results, we summarize the performances for MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network environment. The results obtained indicate that PMIPv6 generally outperforms MIPv6. In future work, the evaluation of HMPIv6, FMIPv6, and FHMIPv6 is proposed.

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