UniMAP RIS :: Browsing Publications 2021 by Issue Date

Publication

A study of lower limb muscles fatigue during running based on EMG signals

( 2019-07-01)

Yousif H.A.

;

Norasmadi Abdul Rahim

;

Ahmad Faizal Salleh

;

Ammar Zakaria

;

Alfarhan K.A.

;

Mahmood M.

Incorrect running may lead to discomfort and injuries, where each day around the world, the numbers of runners are increasing. The goal of this research work is to evaluate and study the lower limb muscles fatigue during running for 400-meters with two types of running strategies based on the Electromyography (EMG) signals. The EMG signals are collected from Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscles during the run on the tartan athletic track with two types of running strategies. The first type: the first 200-meters running with normal speed and the last 200-meters running with full speed. The second type: the first 300-meters running with normal speed and the last 100-meters running with full speed. The EMG signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the features of mean frequency (MNF) and median frequency (MDF). From the results of the two strategies with MDF and MNF features of the selected muscles, the lowest fatigue index was during the 1st strategy for most the selected muscles.

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Publication

An experimental work on effect of bending down conductor with reinforced concrete

( 2020-01-07)

Amizah Md. Ariffen

;

Syahrun Nizam Md Arshad @ Hashim

;

Ab Kadir M.Z.A.

;

Jasni J.

;

Nasrul Helmei Halim

Down conductor is one of the pivotal parts of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) that diverting the lightning current captured by the air termination system to the earth termination system in each protected structure. A straight down conductor, is ideally suited for the best-case scenario regarding reliability and safety protection. One to aesthetical aspects, down conductor is undesirably bent in most current buildings. However, only the primary bare type of a down conductor is undergone such process, and bent at a certain degree which depending on the structure itself. Hence, this study is to investigate the bending degree effect on down conductors, by looking at breakdown voltage around the bent area with the presence of concrete wall and reinforcement bar. This experimental work conducted on a reduced scale of reinforced concrete which tested with high impulse voltage. It was determined that the bending down conductors has a significant effect on the bent (vertex) area with the interaction of concrete wall and reinforcement bar.

Publication

Comparative Study of Parallelism and Pipelining of RGB to HSL Colour Space Conversion Architecture on FPGA

( 2020-03-20)

Ehkan P.

;

Siew S.V.

;

Zakaria F.F.

;

Mohd Warip M.N.

;

Ilyas M.Z.

RGB colour model is a basic colour model and complements together to produce full colour range but it is unable to produce sufficient information for digital image analysis. However, HSL is capable to provide other useful information such as colour in degree, saturation of the colour and brightness of colour. In this work, RGB to HSL mathematical conversion algorithm is implemented on FPGA chip. Parallelism and pipelining capabilities of FPGA helps to speed up conversion performance. The RGB to HSL equation is implemented by using two architectures which are parallel and 7-stages pipeline architectures. The designed parallel and pipeline converters have one clock and seven clock cycle of data latency respectively. The parallel and pipeline architectures for RGB to HSL converter have been achieved rate of accuracy by hardware verification up to 99% and 98% and possessed maximum operating frequency merit of 50 MHz and 120 MHz respectively.

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Publication

A highly sustainable hydrothermal synthesized MnO2 as cathodic catalyst in solar photocatalytic fuel cell

( 2021-01-01)

Ong Y.P.

;

Ho Li Ngee

;

Ong Soon An

;

Banjuraizah Johar

;

Ibrahim A.H.

;

Thor S.H.

;

Yap K.L.

A unidirectional flow solar photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) was successfully developed for the first time to offer alternative for electricity generation and simultaneous wastewater treatment. This study was focused on the synthesis of α-, δ- and β-MnO2 by wet chemical hydrothermal method for application as the cathodic catalyst in PFC. The crystallographic evolution was performed by varying the ratios of KMnO4 to MnSO4. The mechanism of the PFC with the MnO2/C as cathode was also discussed. Results showed that the catalytic activity of MnO2/C cathode was mainly predominated by their crystallographic structures which included Mn–O bond strength and tunnel size, following order of α- > δ- > β-MnO2/C. Interestingly, it was discovered that the specific surface areas (SBET) of different crystal phases did not give an impact on the PFC performance. However, the Pmax could be significantly influenced by the micropore surface area (Smicro) in the comparison among α-MnO2. Furthermore, the morphological transformation carried out by altering the hydrothermal duration demonstrated that the nanowire α-M3(24 h)/C with 1:1 ratio of KMnO4 and MnSO4 yielded excellent PFC performance with a Pmax of 2.8680 μW cm−2 and the lowest Rint of 700 Ω.

Publication

Progressive tool wear in machining of aluminum alloy: The influence of solid lubricant nanoparticles

( 2021-01-01)

Zailani Zainal Abidin

;

Jaaffar N.S.

;

Roshaliza Hamidon

;

Harun A.

;

Jaafar H.

The abstract should summarize the contents of the paper in short terms, i.e. 150–250 words. Aluminum alloy 7075 are used in a variety of applications particularly in automotive and aerospace industry owing to their features of lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistant properties. However, build up edge (BUE) and material adhesion either on cutting tool or workpiece render these materials difficult to machine. Their machining is associated with rapid tool wear and poor workpiece quality. Cutting fluids are currently the common solution to these problems although there are concerns on their use in terms of health footprint and environmental effects. Thus, new innovations are crucial to enhance the machinability as well as diminishing hazards through encouraging greener machining techniques. In this research, the use of solid lubricants; graphene and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles to augment minimum quantity lubricant were researched in macro drilling. Effects of four different machining conditions namely dry, minimum quantity lubricant, minimum quantity lubricant dispersed with graphene and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles were investigated on their progressive tool wear behavior. A notable finding is that the nanoparticles of solid lubricants had a significant factor in improving machinability of aluminum alloy 7075 compared to dry and minimum quantity lubricant alone. It was observed that the use of minimum quantity lubricant dispersed with hexagonal boron nitride demonstrated desirable tool life enhancement, tool wear reduction and number of holes drilled increment.

Publication

Modulation index and phase imbalance of dual-sideband optical carrier suppression (DSB-OCS) in optical Millimeter-wave system

( 2021-01-01)

Yaakob S.

;

Mahmood R.M.

;

Zan Z.

;

Mohd Rashidi Che Beson

;

Mahmud A.

;

Anas S.B.A.

This paper presents a Dual-sideband Optical Carrier Suppression (DSB-OCS) technique which is used to generate an optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal in radio over fiber (RoF) systems. The proposed system employs a Dual-Electrode Mach-Zehnder Modulator (DE-MZM) and a carrier of 40 GHz mm-wave for data transmission through the RoF systems. Characteristics determining the performance of the system, among which are the modulation index, phase imbalance and dispersion parameters, are included. The performance evaluations of the system show that the mm-wave signal output power follows MZM’s transfer function when the modulation index is raised. Moreover, the generated optical mm-wave signal power is affected by phase imbalance and optical splitting ratio. It is observed that the optical fiber dispersion influences the DSB-OCS system by decreasing the amplitude of the mm-wave and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Publication

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

( 2021-01-01)

Albreem M.A.

;

Sheikh A.M.

;

Alsharif M.H.

;

Muzammil Jusoh

;

Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin

Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.

Publication

Hurst exponent based brain behavior analysis of stroke patients using eeg signals

( 2021-01-01)

Choong W.Y.

;

Wan Khairunizam Wan Ahmad

;

Murugappan M.

;

Omar M.I.

;

Bong S.Z.

;

Ahmad Kadri Junoh

;

Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan

;

Shahriman Abu Bakar

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

The stroke patients perceive emotions differently with normal people due to emotional disturbances, the emotional impairment of the stroke patients can be effectively analyzed using the EEG signal. The EEG signal has been known as non-linear and the neuronal oscillation under different mental states can be observed by non-linear method. The non-linear analysis of different emotional states in the EEG signal was performed by using hurst exponent (HURST). In this study, the long-range temporal correlation (LRTC) was examined in the emotional EEG signal of stroke patients and normal control subjects. The estimation of the HURST was more statistically significant in normal group than the stroke groups. In this study, the statistical test on the HURST has shown a more significant different among the emotional states of normal subject compared to the stroke patients. Particularly, it was also found that the gamma frequency band in the emotional EEG has shown more statistically significant among the different emotional states.

Publication

Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Blended PVOH/Kenaf Reinforced Starch Composite for Future Packaging Application

( 2021-01-01)

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Faridah W.

;

Tan W.H.

;

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Othman N.S.

The mechanical and morphological properties of PVOH/kenaf fibre thin film was studied. The additive used on this research was tapioca starch. Thin films were fabricated using method of solution casting. The thin films composites with different kenaf fibre loadings (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 wt%) were mixed at a temperature of 80 °C with water bath for 1 h and casted on petri dish and let them oven dried at 50 °C for 24 h. The purpose of the current research was to determine the mechanical and morphological properties of PVOH/KF thin film composites with and without addition of starch. The results of this investigation show that the thin film with addition of 5 wt% of tapioca starch has better tensile strength, which is 35.15 MPa, compare to without tapioca starch, which is 29 MPa. The second major finding was that the morphological observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals improvement of adhesion between kenaf fibre with PVOH matric as addition of tapioca starch.

Publication

Dct image compression implemented on raspberry pi to compress image captured by cmos image sensor

( 2021-01-01)

Mohsin I.S.

;

Muhammad Imran Ahmad

;

Salman S.M.

;

Al-Dabagh M.Z.N.

;

Isa M.N.M.

;

Raja Abdullah Raja Ahmad

The purpose of compression is to reduce the amount of data at the same time maintain the quality of image and signal for the other purpose. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a family of image compression where the raw image is transformed to the other domain to produce smaller size of data. DCT transform has low computational complexity and fast processing algorithm. In this project, DCT transform will be implemented using PI camera and Raspberry Pi SBC development board running on an ARM based processor. The raspberry Pi board has an advantage of image processing implementation due to the existing software development tool offered a rich feature for image processing such as OPENCV. The result of applying DCT compression algorithm on images with six compression rate level which are 10, 20, 50, 100, 170 and 200. The best performance can be achieved with compression rate level 200. However, on reducing the quality level of compression rate, the error measurements start becoming worse until a point is reached, where the perceptual difference from the original image can be easily noted.

Publication

Palmprint ROI Cropping Based on Enhanced Correlation Coefficient Maximisation Algorithm

( 2021-01-01)

Khalid N.A.A.

;

Ahmad M.I.

;

Mandeel T.H.

;

Isa M.N.M.

;

Ahmad R.A.R.

;

Al-Dabagh M.Z.N.

This paper proposes new technique to extract the Region of Interest (ROI) of palmprint biometric image while removing the distortion between images such as translation or rotation during ROI extraction. A similarity measure known as Enhanced Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is used in the proposed approach for better ROI extraction and image alignment, which helps to evaluate and determine the distortion. The objective of image alignment approaches are to find the deformation or transformation that minimizes the incongruities between images. After applying ECC algorithm the Region of Interest (ROI) is extracted from the palmprint by using moore neighbors algorithm, on the other hand, to verify and validate the efficacy of the recommended method the PolyU palmprint dataset II was used. The results show the high accuracy is 99.8% in deriving the ROI and developing a robust ROI cropping system successfully.

Publication

Refraction method of metamaterial for antenna

( 2021-01-01)

Marzuki M.K.

;

Mohd Aminudin Jamlos

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani

This paper reviews several refraction methods of metamaterial. Metamaterial is an engineered structure to produce electromagnetic properties that is not naturally occurred in ordinary material, such as negative permittivity, negative permeability and negative refractive index. This reviewed paper focuses on negative refractive index application where complies with microwave and optical frequency ranges. Each method provides different frequency range. Split ring resonator used in microwave radiation enhances the gain while fishnet-chiral planar structure is used in photonic frequency. The photonic metamaterial acts similar to lens, which leads to enhancing the gain of the microwave.

Publication

Serrated slat cusp for high-lift device noise reduction

( 2021-01-01)

Kamliya Jawahar H.

;

Showkat Ali S.A.

;

Azarpeyvand M.

Noise reduction capabilities of slat cusp serration were experimentally assessed and demonstrated for a 30P30N three-element high-lift airfoil fitted with two different types of serrated slat cusps. Aerodynamic characteristics were evaluated with the aid of surface pressure distribution, and insignificant differences were found among all the tested configurations. The unsteady flow characteristics of the slat serrations were examined using near- A nd far-field measurements to gain a deeper understanding of the noise generation mechanism. Although increased surface pressure fluctuations were demonstrated by the slat serrations, a substantial reduction in the far-field noise was observed. The increase in the near-field energy levels was attributed to the non-propagating hydrodynamic energy field within the slat cove and the main element, whereas the far-field noise reduction was attributed to the elimination of vortex shedding by the slat serration. Further reaffirmation of the observations and hypothesis was provided with higher-order spectral analysis and wavelet analysis.

Publication

Biomolecular assembly on interdigitated electrode nanosensor for selective detection of insulin-like growth factor-1

( 2021-01-01)

Gu Y.

;

Liu L.

;

Guo J.

;

Xiao S.

;

Fang F.

;

Yu X.

;

Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath

;

Wu J.

;

Liu X.

This research is focussed to quantify IGF1 by electroanalytical analysis on InterDigitated electrode surface and characterized by the microscopic observations. For the detection, antibody and aptamer were used to analyze the level of IGF1. The sandwich pattern (aptamer-IGF1-antibody) was designed on the chemically modified IDE surface and reached the limit of detection to 10 fM with 100 folds enhancement in the sensitivity. Different control experiments (absence of IGF1, binding with IGF2 and with non-complementary aptamer) were failed to show the current changes, discriminated the specific detection. A good detection strategy is to complement the currently following imaging systems for AAA.

Publication

Effect of stretching rate on tensile response and crystallization behavior of crosslinked natural rubber

( 2021-01-01)

Masa A.

;

Hayeemasae N.

;

Soontaranon S.

;

Mohd Hanif Mohd Pisal

;

Rasidi M.S.M.

The performance of natural rubber (NR) relies heavily on the microstructural changes during deformation. This has brought to significant change in the stress response of NR. Besides, the stretching rate may also affect the stress response of NR. In this study, effects of stretching rate on tensile deformation and strain-induced crystallization of crosslinked NR were investigated. Results indicated that increasing the strain rate has increased the stress at given strain where the onset of strain-induced crystallization was shifted to a lower strain. The crystallinity of the crosslinked NR was shown to be higher at a high stretching rate and it corresponded well with the tensile response. The results clearly confirm that chain orientation and crystallization became stronger with increasing deformation rate. The study also suggests that the deformation could improve distribution of crosslinked network structures.

Publication

Evaluate the Performance of Regular and Irregular Shape of Building Based on Dynamic Analysis

( 2021-01-01)

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Tan Wei Hong

;

Faridah Wahab

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Amirah A.S.N.

In this paper, the main objective is to develop incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) curve of the regular and irregular shape of the building based on concrete material and ground motions. The regular shape was rectangle shape whereas irregular shape is L-shape. 7 sets of ground motions were used in this research for regular and irregular shape of the building. The structural components of the building were designed based on Eurocode 2 with the aid Eurocode 8 for earthquake loading. Wind load was applied to the building in x-direction and y-direction based on MS 1553. The SAP2000 was used as the main tool to carry out the analysis. The nonlinear dynamic analysis also called incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was carried out with 7 sets of ground motion records that fulfil the criteria such as the distance of earthquake event to the station is less than 15 km, the earthquake magnitude is equal to or greater than 5.5 M and the PGA is equal to or greater than 0.15 g. 7 sets of ground motion were converted to response spectrum and scaled according to soil type A to develop the elastic response spectrum. The drift limit of the building was determined. The inter-storey drift of regular and irregular building were determined to predict the damage of the building. Form the IDA results, it was proven that regular building performs better as compared to an irregular building.

Publication

Characterization of PP/NBRr/Kenaf Composites with and Without NaOH Treatment

( 2021-01-01)

Faridah Wahab

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Tan Wei Hong

;

Hidayah A.W.N.

The use of natural fibers as filler or reinforcement in composite has increased recently due to low cost and the demand to environmentally friendly materials. However, lack of good interfacial adhesion between natural fiber filler and polymer matrix encourage many researches to explore ways to overcome this limitation. In this research, kenaf is used as natural fiber reinforcement with polymeric composites to produce new ideal of green composites. The surface modification using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was carried out to modify the fiber properties. In this study, kenaf were treated by using NaOH of 6% concentration immersed for 24 h. The composites were prepared by using heated two roll mill at temperature 180 °C with speed of 15 rpm for 11 min. The ratio of kenaf filler loading in the composite was varied from 0 up to 25 phr while PP/NBRr matrix was remain constant at 70/30 respectively. Then the mixture compound was molded by using hot press at temperature 180 °C to form 1 mm sheet samples before cut into dumbbell shape. The mechanical properties and morphology of untreated and treated PP/NBRr/kenaf composites at various filler loading were obtained by using tensile testing and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) respectively. The results showed that as the filler loading increased up to 25 phr, the tensile strength and elongation at break were decreased while the Young’s modulus was increased. The composites with NaOH treatment of kenaf showed a better performance in tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s Modulus as compared to composite with untreated kenaf with increment by 32–88%, 0.5–2.8% and 8–32% respectively. It was proved by morphological properties that the composite with NaOH treatment kenaf have a good attachment with the PP/NBR matrices.

Publication

New white blood cell detection technique by using singular value decomposition concept: White blood cell detection technique

( 2021-01-01)

Abdurrazzaq A.

;

Ahmad Kadri Junoh

;

Zainab Yahya

;

Mohd I.

Segmentation technique is a commonly used method to detect white blood cells. The segmentation technique aims to separate the blood image into several parts based on the similarity of features in the image. Therefore, the detection results do not completely contain white blood cells but also contain other parts with similar features to white blood cells. This study proposes a new detection technique that directly considers the features of white blood cells using singular value decomposition approach. The experimental results show that the proposed method works better in detecting white blood cell nuclei than the existing methods. The existing methods only work well for white blood cells with dense color intensities such as basophil and monocyte. Meanwhile, the proposed method works well overall as it directly compares the level of similarity in white blood cells.

Publication

Multiband Frequency of 4^thOrder Hilbert Fractal UHF Sensor Modelling for Partial Discharge Detection in Power Transformer

( 2021-01-01)

Roslizan N.D.

;

Rohani M.N.K.H.

;

Rosmi A.S.

;

Ismail B.

;

Jamlos M.A.

;

Aihsan M.Z.

The partial discharge (PD) method of evaluating insulation problems and finding possible faults in a power transformer is quite successful. Ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) sensors in the frequency spectrum higher than 300 MHz can detect electromagnetic waves emitted by PD. However, for practical placement inside a transformer, the size and frequency bandwidth of a UHF sensor for PD detection are a worry. To detect the PD signal early, sensors with high sensitivity and multiband frequency are required. Sensors with high sensitivity and multiband frequency are required to detect the PD signal early on. This paper presents a variety of side dimension sizes and thicknesses of a 4th order Hilbert fractal UHF sensor for PD detection inside a power transformer. This UHF sensor was designed to capture PD signals at frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. The sensor is designed by using CST software where the setting the dimension of 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm for length and width with different thickness which is by fixed and by formula with an FR4 epoxy substrate of thickness 1.6 mm. Based on the simulation results, the suggested sensor can measure PD signals with a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and a VSWR of less than 5. This sensor's benefits include a wide bandwidth, excellent sensitivity, and an appropriate size for straightforward installation. As a result, this sensor has been approved for use in the power transformer as a UHF PD detection sensor.

Publication

Government expenditure, manufacturing growth and co2 emission: A causality analysis in malaysia

( 2021-01-01)

Samah I.H.A.

;

Rashid I.M.A.

;

Husain W.A.F.W.

;

Lskandar S.

;

Abdullah M.F.S.

;

Amlus M.H.

The main objective of the study is to explore government expenditure, CO2 emission and manufacturing output in one model. These comprehensive literature reviews related to this topic of interest prove evidence upon variations towards the causality relationship that exists between government expenditure, CO2 emission and manufacturing output. Most of past literatures had studied on the relationship of these variables, however separately. This study is done in order to test the relationship between government expenditure. CO2 emission and manufacturing output on pollution in Malaysia. The data is secondarily obtained from The World Bank, The Eurostat, The European Environment Agency (EEA) and the international Monetary Fund (IMF) on the basis of a 39 of data collection from 2005 to 2019. The amounts of government expenditure, CO2 emission and manufactu1ing output are then valued from the data usable. The study aims to analyses to whether or not do the variables hold causal to each other. This study discusses on the impacts of economic sectors on pollution the government expenditure, CO2 emission and manufacturing consumption as its variables. Upon examining the study, an annual time series data covering the period of 2005-2019 in Malaysia were used. Models such as augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen and Juselius (1990) co-integration test, vector error correction model test and Granger causality test were employed, each its own purposes. The conclusion on the findings limitation of the studies and suggestion for future references will later on be discussed in this chapter.

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