UniMAP RIS :: Browsing Publications 2021 by Issue Date

Publication

A study of lower limb muscles fatigue during running based on EMG signals

( 2019-07-01)

Yousif H.A.

;

Norasmadi Abdul Rahim

;

Ahmad Faizal Salleh

;

Ammar Zakaria

;

Alfarhan K.A.

;

Mahmood M.

Incorrect running may lead to discomfort and injuries, where each day around the world, the numbers of runners are increasing. The goal of this research work is to evaluate and study the lower limb muscles fatigue during running for 400-meters with two types of running strategies based on the Electromyography (EMG) signals. The EMG signals are collected from Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscles during the run on the tartan athletic track with two types of running strategies. The first type: the first 200-meters running with normal speed and the last 200-meters running with full speed. The second type: the first 300-meters running with normal speed and the last 100-meters running with full speed. The EMG signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the features of mean frequency (MNF) and median frequency (MDF). From the results of the two strategies with MDF and MNF features of the selected muscles, the lowest fatigue index was during the 1st strategy for most the selected muscles.

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Publication

An experimental work on effect of bending down conductor with reinforced concrete

( 2020-01-07)

Amizah Md. Ariffen

;

Syahrun Nizam Md Arshad @ Hashim

;

Ab Kadir M.Z.A.

;

Jasni J.

;

Nasrul Helmei Halim

Down conductor is one of the pivotal parts of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) that diverting the lightning current captured by the air termination system to the earth termination system in each protected structure. A straight down conductor, is ideally suited for the best-case scenario regarding reliability and safety protection. One to aesthetical aspects, down conductor is undesirably bent in most current buildings. However, only the primary bare type of a down conductor is undergone such process, and bent at a certain degree which depending on the structure itself. Hence, this study is to investigate the bending degree effect on down conductors, by looking at breakdown voltage around the bent area with the presence of concrete wall and reinforcement bar. This experimental work conducted on a reduced scale of reinforced concrete which tested with high impulse voltage. It was determined that the bending down conductors has a significant effect on the bent (vertex) area with the interaction of concrete wall and reinforcement bar.

Publication

Comparative Study of Parallelism and Pipelining of RGB to HSL Colour Space Conversion Architecture on FPGA

( 2020-03-20)

Ehkan P.

;

Siew S.V.

;

Zakaria F.F.

;

Mohd Warip M.N.

;

Ilyas M.Z.

RGB colour model is a basic colour model and complements together to produce full colour range but it is unable to produce sufficient information for digital image analysis. However, HSL is capable to provide other useful information such as colour in degree, saturation of the colour and brightness of colour. In this work, RGB to HSL mathematical conversion algorithm is implemented on FPGA chip. Parallelism and pipelining capabilities of FPGA helps to speed up conversion performance. The RGB to HSL equation is implemented by using two architectures which are parallel and 7-stages pipeline architectures. The designed parallel and pipeline converters have one clock and seven clock cycle of data latency respectively. The parallel and pipeline architectures for RGB to HSL converter have been achieved rate of accuracy by hardware verification up to 99% and 98% and possessed maximum operating frequency merit of 50 MHz and 120 MHz respectively.

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Publication

Palmprint ROI Cropping Based on Enhanced Correlation Coefficient Maximisation Algorithm

( 2021-01-01)

Khalid N.A.A.

;

Ahmad M.I.

;

Mandeel T.H.

;

Isa M.N.M.

;

Ahmad R.A.R.

;

Al-Dabagh M.Z.N.

This paper proposes new technique to extract the Region of Interest (ROI) of palmprint biometric image while removing the distortion between images such as translation or rotation during ROI extraction. A similarity measure known as Enhanced Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is used in the proposed approach for better ROI extraction and image alignment, which helps to evaluate and determine the distortion. The objective of image alignment approaches are to find the deformation or transformation that minimizes the incongruities between images. After applying ECC algorithm the Region of Interest (ROI) is extracted from the palmprint by using moore neighbors algorithm, on the other hand, to verify and validate the efficacy of the recommended method the PolyU palmprint dataset II was used. The results show the high accuracy is 99.8% in deriving the ROI and developing a robust ROI cropping system successfully.

Publication

A highly sustainable hydrothermal synthesized MnO2 as cathodic catalyst in solar photocatalytic fuel cell

( 2021-01-01)

Ong Y.P.

;

Ho Li Ngee

;

Ong Soon An

;

Banjuraizah Johar

;

Ibrahim A.H.

;

Thor S.H.

;

Yap K.L.

A unidirectional flow solar photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) was successfully developed for the first time to offer alternative for electricity generation and simultaneous wastewater treatment. This study was focused on the synthesis of α-, δ- and β-MnO2 by wet chemical hydrothermal method for application as the cathodic catalyst in PFC. The crystallographic evolution was performed by varying the ratios of KMnO4 to MnSO4. The mechanism of the PFC with the MnO2/C as cathode was also discussed. Results showed that the catalytic activity of MnO2/C cathode was mainly predominated by their crystallographic structures which included Mn–O bond strength and tunnel size, following order of α- > δ- > β-MnO2/C. Interestingly, it was discovered that the specific surface areas (SBET) of different crystal phases did not give an impact on the PFC performance. However, the Pmax could be significantly influenced by the micropore surface area (Smicro) in the comparison among α-MnO2. Furthermore, the morphological transformation carried out by altering the hydrothermal duration demonstrated that the nanowire α-M3(24 h)/C with 1:1 ratio of KMnO4 and MnSO4 yielded excellent PFC performance with a Pmax of 2.8680 μW cm−2 and the lowest Rint of 700 Ω.

Publication

Progressive tool wear in machining of aluminum alloy: The influence of solid lubricant nanoparticles

( 2021-01-01)

Zailani Zainal Abidin

;

Jaaffar N.S.

;

Roshaliza Hamidon

;

Harun A.

;

Jaafar H.

The abstract should summarize the contents of the paper in short terms, i.e. 150–250 words. Aluminum alloy 7075 are used in a variety of applications particularly in automotive and aerospace industry owing to their features of lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistant properties. However, build up edge (BUE) and material adhesion either on cutting tool or workpiece render these materials difficult to machine. Their machining is associated with rapid tool wear and poor workpiece quality. Cutting fluids are currently the common solution to these problems although there are concerns on their use in terms of health footprint and environmental effects. Thus, new innovations are crucial to enhance the machinability as well as diminishing hazards through encouraging greener machining techniques. In this research, the use of solid lubricants; graphene and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles to augment minimum quantity lubricant were researched in macro drilling. Effects of four different machining conditions namely dry, minimum quantity lubricant, minimum quantity lubricant dispersed with graphene and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles were investigated on their progressive tool wear behavior. A notable finding is that the nanoparticles of solid lubricants had a significant factor in improving machinability of aluminum alloy 7075 compared to dry and minimum quantity lubricant alone. It was observed that the use of minimum quantity lubricant dispersed with hexagonal boron nitride demonstrated desirable tool life enhancement, tool wear reduction and number of holes drilled increment.

Publication

The Effect of Infrared Drying on Orthosiphon Stamineus Leaves Quality

( 2021-01-01)

Palanisamy V.V.

;

Mohd Saifizi Saidon

;

Norawanis Abdul Razak

;

Ismail K.A.

;

Siti Kartini Enche Ab Rahim

;

Sulong M.M.S.

;

Alkhayyat A.

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Salah O.R.

The dryer system is an important part of the drying of food and herbs, among other things. As a result, a special dryer is needed to keep the food or herbs fresh for as long as possible without killing the good nutrients. In this project, Orthosiphon stamineus herb will be used to dry using an Infrared dryer. Infrared drying involves transferring heat by radiation from a hot source to a lower-temperature substance that has to be heated or dried. The temperature of the heated element determines the peak wavelength of the radiation. The purpose of this project is to design an infrared dryer system and analyze the quality of the dried herb. The Orthosiphon Stamineus have been dried using a 200W Infrared dryer system at 60°C for 2hours. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay and evaluated using a UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, respectively. A moisture analyzer was used to look at the changes in moisture content, and a colorimeter was used to look at the colour changes. The result showed that drying O.stamineus under 60°C has significantly affected the herbal leaves quality in terms of moisture content, colour properties, Antioxidant capacity, and Total phenolic content.

Publication

Evaluation of shot peening machined surface by image processing

( 2021-01-01)

Shimizu T.

;

Haramiishi Y.

;

Rahim Y.A.

;

Alihan S.

;

Kobayashi Y.

;

Matsui A.

;

Kotani S.

;

Watanabe H.

This paper describes an evaluation method of shot peened surface using image processing. Shot peening is a process that applies compressive residual stress to the product surface, and its evaluation is performed visually by an expert. If visual inspection can be replaced with image processing, the inspection of the entire product will be easier. Therefore, first reference samples that experts evaluate are prepared, next these samples are evaluated by image processing. relationship between expert evaluations and image processing evaluations are compared and the estimation function is defined using gausian distribution. Unknown processed surfaces are evaluated as a classification problem. For image processing, after binarization and labeling, the number of labels and the area ratio of binarization are used.

Publication

Effect of tool engagement on cutting force for different step over in milling aisi p20 tool steel

( 2021-01-01)

Roshaliza Hamidon

;

Mohamed N.I.

;

Saravanan R.

;

Azmi H.

;

Zailani Zainal Abidin

;

Mohd Fathullah Ghazli@Ghazali

In mold production, end milling with tool path strategies is required for the process known as pocket operation. Different step overs involve depending on the type of tool path strategy used. Thus, different engagement will occur and leads to fluctuation of cutting force due to different step over during the process. However, most of study before focused on the effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut only in machining AISI P20. Thus, in this study, step over will be considered as one of the factor to improve machining force. The objective of this study are to evaluate the effect of cutting parameters and step over on cutting force and to study the behavior of cutting force for different tool engagement. A series of milling operation was carried out by varying cutting speed and feed rate. However, the depth of cut was set to 0.25 mm for each run. Step over with 100%, 75% and 50% were selected in this study. L27 Taguchi and S/N ratio were used to determine the significant factors that influence the result. Within the range of cutting parameters selected, feed rate were found to be the most significant parameters that influence cutting force. The highest cutting force found for 100% step over compared to 75% and 50% step over. According to the result, cutting force increased as the step over increased. In can be concluded that, step over is one of the important cutting parameter that affected machining output.

Publication

Electrical Tree Investigation on Solid Insulation for High Voltage Applications

( 2021-01-01)

Abdulah C.S.K.

;

Mohamad Nur Khairul Hafizi Rohani

;

Baharuddin Ismail

;

Isa M.A.M.

;

Afifah Shuhada Rosmi

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Kamarol M.

Electrical treeing is a major cause of a breakdown in solid insulation cable. This phenomenon reduced aging by degrading the insulation, leading to failure in the high voltage materials. The most common experimental set-up in studying the electrical tree is using a needle electrode to initiate the treeing image. Different types of needle and insulation material had been studied from the previous experiment. This paper review the method used to investigate tree growth and its technique to capture the treeing image. Based on this review, several causes delay the treeing process in the needle embedded experiments. In contrast, 2D image processing is the most frequent image developed in the electrical tree on solid insulation.

Publication

Fabrication of Parallel Ankle Rehabilitation Robot

( 2021-01-01)

Ismail M.K.A.B.

;

Muhammad Nazrin Shah Shahrol Aman

;

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

In this modernization era, we have been showered with multiple of technologies which have leaded a much more comforting lifestyle especially to humankind. This report presents a survey of development of parallel based ankle rehabilitation robot. As a result, robot therapy systems have been developed worldwide for training lower extremities. This work reviews all current robotic systems to date for ankle injury, with the aim of showing a clear starting point in the field. It also discusses numerous challenges faced by engineers in designing this robot, including framework stability, universal evaluation criteria to assess end-user comfort, safety and training performance and the scientific basis on the optimal rehabilitation strategies to improve ankle condition. Nowadays, there is so many treatment machine and it can be use at hospital or physiotherapy unit, clinic, and health centre with expensive cost This development is to reduce a cost for the treatment and also make the model easy to carry anywhere Based on the previously defined constraints, the goal of robotic robot development for ankle recovery is to create a treatment for ankle recovery by integrating software and hardware process, also analyses performance of ankle rehabilitation robot model. This project will consist of two main parts, which are the design and development parts. For the software design, Solidworks are selected to make the dimension and design. For the development part, the material for the framework is an aluminum will be select and use. The result will be including a degree of freedom for the rotation of the platform using load and no load. This project mainly aids the users who is affected by stroke, illness or injuries due to accident and encouraging them to exercise regularly in house without consulting the physiotherapist in the hospital.

Publication

Hybrid Dy-NFIS & RLS equalization for ZCC code in optical-CDMA over multi-mode optical fiber

( 2021-01-01)

Ghazi A.

;

Syed Alwee Aljunid Syed Junid

;

Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus

;

Fareed A.

;

Al-dawoodi A.

;

Mohd Rashidi Che Beson

;

Rosdisham Endut

;

Ali N.

;

Mohsin A.H.

;

Abdullah S.S.

For long haul coherent optical fiber communication systems, it is significant to precisely monitor the quality of transmission links and optical signals. The channel capacity beyond Shannon limit of Single-mode optical fiber (SMOF) is achieved with the help of Multi-mode optical fiber (MMOF), where the signal is multiplexed in different spatial modes. To increase single-mode transmission capacity and to avoid a foreseen “capacity crunch”, researchers have been motivated to employ MMOF as an alternative. Furthermore, different multiplexing techniques could be applied in MMOF to improve the communication system. One of these techniques is the Optical Code Division Multiple Access (Optical-CDMA), which simplifies and decentralizes network controls to improve spectral efficiency and information security increasing flexibility in bandwidth granularity. This technique also allows synchronous and simultaneous transmission medium to be shared by many users. However, during the propagation of the data over the MMOF based on Optical-CDMA, an inevitable encountered issue is pulse dispersion, nonlinearity and MAI due to mode coupling. Moreover, pulse dispersion, nonlinearity and MAI are significant aspects for the evaluation of the performance of high-speed MMOF communication systems based on Optical-CDMA. This work suggests a hybrid algorithm based on nonlinear algorithm (Dynamic evolving neural fuzzy inference (Dy-NFIS)) and linear algorithm (Recursive least squares (RLS)) equalization for ZCC code in Optical-CDMA over MMOF. Root mean squared error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE) and Structural Similarity index (SSIM) are used to measure performance results.

Publication

Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Blended PVOH/Kenaf Reinforced Starch Composite for Future Packaging Application

( 2021-01-01)

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Faridah W.

;

Tan W.H.

;

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Othman N.S.

The mechanical and morphological properties of PVOH/kenaf fibre thin film was studied. The additive used on this research was tapioca starch. Thin films were fabricated using method of solution casting. The thin films composites with different kenaf fibre loadings (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 wt%) were mixed at a temperature of 80 °C with water bath for 1 h and casted on petri dish and let them oven dried at 50 °C for 24 h. The purpose of the current research was to determine the mechanical and morphological properties of PVOH/KF thin film composites with and without addition of starch. The results of this investigation show that the thin film with addition of 5 wt% of tapioca starch has better tensile strength, which is 35.15 MPa, compare to without tapioca starch, which is 29 MPa. The second major finding was that the morphological observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals improvement of adhesion between kenaf fibre with PVOH matric as addition of tapioca starch.

Publication

Dct image compression implemented on raspberry pi to compress image captured by cmos image sensor

( 2021-01-01)

Mohsin I.S.

;

Muhammad Imran Ahmad

;

Salman S.M.

;

Al-Dabagh M.Z.N.

;

Isa M.N.M.

;

Raja Abdullah Raja Ahmad

The purpose of compression is to reduce the amount of data at the same time maintain the quality of image and signal for the other purpose. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a family of image compression where the raw image is transformed to the other domain to produce smaller size of data. DCT transform has low computational complexity and fast processing algorithm. In this project, DCT transform will be implemented using PI camera and Raspberry Pi SBC development board running on an ARM based processor. The raspberry Pi board has an advantage of image processing implementation due to the existing software development tool offered a rich feature for image processing such as OPENCV. The result of applying DCT compression algorithm on images with six compression rate level which are 10, 20, 50, 100, 170 and 200. The best performance can be achieved with compression rate level 200. However, on reducing the quality level of compression rate, the error measurements start becoming worse until a point is reached, where the perceptual difference from the original image can be easily noted.

Publication

Conceptual Design Selection of Motorcycle Handle Brake Lever Component by TRIZ and Simulation

( 2021-01-01)

Rosli M.U.

;

Siti Nor Azreen Ahmad Termizi

;

Khor Chu Yee

;

Mohd Al-Hafiz Mohd Nawi

;

Chong C.S.

;

Ishak M.I.

The fuel consumption of vehicles can be affected by the weight of the vehicle. Trending on replacing the metal part or product with lighter composite material has emerged. By using polymer composite instead of metal material in producing an automotive component, the total weight of the vehicle will be reduced. This research aims to develop the conceptual designs of new lighter weight motorcycle handle brake lever by integrating Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and FEA simulation. This research generates the best concept design based on user needs and product design specifications. TRIZ contradiction matrix and 40 inventive principles solution were applied in the early solution generation stage. The principle solution parameters for the specific design features were later refined using Morphological Chart to systematically develop numbers of concept design. After numbers of significant FEA simulation, decision-making processes are performed in selecting the most appropriate concept design. A design was selected as the best conceptual design as it has scored the highest in the concept rating. This research proves the significant contribution of integrating TRIZ and FEA simulation that will benefit the industry in conceptual design phase of producing a new product.

Publication

Automated cell nuclei segmentation on cervical smear images using structure analysis

( 2021-01-01)

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa

;

Wei L.Z.

;

Ab Rahman K.S.

Cervical cancer is a common cancer that affects women around the world, and it is also the most common cancer in the developing countries. The cancer burden has increased due to several factors, such as population growth and ageing. In the early century, the systematization of cervical cancer cells takes some time to process manually, and the result that comes out is also inaccurate. This article presents a new nucleus segmentation on pap smear cell images based on structured analysis or morphological approach. Morphology is a broad set of image processing operations that process images based on shape, size and structure. This operation applies a structural element of the image to create an output image of the same size. The most basic of these operations are dilation and erosion. The results of the numerical analysis indicate that the proposed method achieved about 94.38% (sensitivity), 82.56% (specificity) and 93% (accuracy). Also, the resulting performance was compared to a few existing techniques such as Bradley Method, Nick Method and Sauvola Method. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the detection method of the pap smear cell image to resolve the time-consuming issue and support better system performance to prevent low precision result of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) stages. The main impact of this paper is will help the doctor to identify the patient disease based on Pap smear analysis such as cervical cancer and increase the percentages of accuracy compared to the conventional method. Successful implementation of the nucleus detection techniques on Pap smear image can become a standard technique for the diagnosis of various microbiological infections such as Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Publication

Characterization and Properties of PP/NBRv/Kenaf Fibre Composites with Silane Treatment

( 2021-01-01)

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Nik Zainab Nik Azizan

;

Allan Melvin Andrew

;

Faridah W.

;

Amirah A.S.N.

;

Tan W.H.

;

Othman N.S.

The effect of kenaf fibre content and the silane treatment of PP/NBRv/kenaf composites were studied and fabricated via melt mixing at 180 ˚C for 9 min using 15 rpm motor speed. By using silane as a coupling agent for PP/NBRv/kenaf fibre composite, the mechanical and morphological properties have been improved compared to PP/NBRv/kenaf fibre composite without silane treatment. The composites were examined by using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for tensile testing and Scanning Electron Microspcope (SEM) for morphological study. The tensile strentgh of PP/NBRv/kenaf with and without silane treatment decreased with increasing amount of kenaf filler content but increased in the Young’s Modulus. However, composites with silane treatment indicated better strength values than the composites without silane treatment. The morphology observations of composites have supported the tensile properties which indicated better interaction between the filler and matrix for treated composites.

Publication

Analysis on Weighted Average Between Features in Dictionary Learning and Sparse Representation Algorithms for Low-Resolution Images

( 2021-01-01)

Ng S.M.

;

Yazid H.

Recently, the problem of Low-Resolution (LR) is happened to be the key challenge in the field of image processing. To tackle this problem, Super-Resolution (SR) techniques have been developed. Generally, SR is used to acquire more information about an image by recovering an HR image from the LR image without losing high frequency details [1]. This paper is focused on analysing the effectiveness of using combined features in dictionary learning and sparse representation algorithms for producing images with better resolution. The method used to combine the properties of features: energy (F1) and entropy (F2) extracted in this paper is known as the weighted average techniques. In this case, different combination of weightage which was written as [W1, W2] will be assigned to F1 and F2 respectively. As a result, the weightage combination of [2, 8] achieved the highest improvement in PSNR values of 6.0863 dB and the second highest improvement in SSIM values of 0.2559. In conclusion, the SR system constructed based on the dictionary learning and sparse representation algorithms with the use of weighted average between features is able to solve the image LR problems. This work can be improved by testing on more input images obtained from databases.

Publication

Simulation Based Optimization of Shrinkage in Injection Molding Process for Lamp Holder via Taguchi Method

( 2021-01-01)

Khor Chu Yee

;

Mohd Al-Hafiz Mohd Nawi

;

Ishak M.I.

;

Low B.A.

;

Rosli M.U.

;

Siti Nor Azreen Ahmad Termizi

Defect minimization is important in any injection molding process in order to ensure the quality of the injected part or product. The aims of the present study are to determine the optimum processing parameters and to identify the most significant factor during the injection molding process for the lamp holder via Taguchi method. The numerical simulation analysis of injection molding process was carried out by software. The set of numerical simulation for different parameters was designed by L18 Orthogonal array. Six process parameters were considered, which are melting temperature, injection time, cooling time, filling time, injection pressure and filling pressure. The main response of the study is volumetric shrinkage. Main effect and ANOVA analysis were also highlighted in this study. Filling pressure and melting temperature are the most significant factor in the injection molding process of the lamp holder. The present study revealed the setting of process parameters (i.e., 334 °C melting temperature, 0.16 s of injection time, cooling time with 50, 20 s of filling time, 18.65 MPa of injection pressure and 90 MPa of filling pressure) yield the optimum quality of the lamp holder.

Publication

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

( 2021-01-01)

Albreem M.A.

;

Sheikh A.M.

;

Alsharif M.H.

;

Muzammil Jusoh

;

Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin

Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.

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