Publications 2021

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/3707

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  • Publication
    A study of lower limb muscles fatigue during running based on EMG signals
    ( 2019-07-01)
    Yousif H.A.
    ;
    Norasmadi Abdul Rahim
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    ;
    Ammar Zakaria
    ;
    Alfarhan K.A.
    ;
    Mahmood M.
    Incorrect running may lead to discomfort and injuries, where each day around the world, the numbers of runners are increasing. The goal of this research work is to evaluate and study the lower limb muscles fatigue during running for 400-meters with two types of running strategies based on the Electromyography (EMG) signals. The EMG signals are collected from Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscles during the run on the tartan athletic track with two types of running strategies. The first type: the first 200-meters running with normal speed and the last 200-meters running with full speed. The second type: the first 300-meters running with normal speed and the last 100-meters running with full speed. The EMG signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the features of mean frequency (MNF) and median frequency (MDF). From the results of the two strategies with MDF and MNF features of the selected muscles, the lowest fatigue index was during the 1st strategy for most the selected muscles.
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  • Publication
    An experimental work on effect of bending down conductor with reinforced concrete
    ( 2020-01-07)
    Amizah Md. Ariffen
    ;
    Syahrun Nizam Md Arshad @ Hashim
    ;
    Ab Kadir M.Z.A.
    ;
    Jasni J.
    ;
    Nasrul Helmei Halim
    Down conductor is one of the pivotal parts of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) that diverting the lightning current captured by the air termination system to the earth termination system in each protected structure. A straight down conductor, is ideally suited for the best-case scenario regarding reliability and safety protection. One to aesthetical aspects, down conductor is undesirably bent in most current buildings. However, only the primary bare type of a down conductor is undergone such process, and bent at a certain degree which depending on the structure itself. Hence, this study is to investigate the bending degree effect on down conductors, by looking at breakdown voltage around the bent area with the presence of concrete wall and reinforcement bar. This experimental work conducted on a reduced scale of reinforced concrete which tested with high impulse voltage. It was determined that the bending down conductors has a significant effect on the bent (vertex) area with the interaction of concrete wall and reinforcement bar.
  • Publication
    Comparative Study of Parallelism and Pipelining of RGB to HSL Colour Space Conversion Architecture on FPGA
    ( 2020-03-20)
    Ehkan P.
    ;
    Siew S.V.
    ;
    Zakaria F.F.
    ;
    Mohd Warip M.N.
    ;
    Ilyas M.Z.
    RGB colour model is a basic colour model and complements together to produce full colour range but it is unable to produce sufficient information for digital image analysis. However, HSL is capable to provide other useful information such as colour in degree, saturation of the colour and brightness of colour. In this work, RGB to HSL mathematical conversion algorithm is implemented on FPGA chip. Parallelism and pipelining capabilities of FPGA helps to speed up conversion performance. The RGB to HSL equation is implemented by using two architectures which are parallel and 7-stages pipeline architectures. The designed parallel and pipeline converters have one clock and seven clock cycle of data latency respectively. The parallel and pipeline architectures for RGB to HSL converter have been achieved rate of accuracy by hardware verification up to 99% and 98% and possessed maximum operating frequency merit of 50 MHz and 120 MHz respectively.
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  • Publication
    Production and characterization of silica nanoparticles from fly ash: conversion of agro-waste into resource
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Halim N.H.
    ;
    Parmin N.A.
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Afnan Uda
    ;
    Anbu P.
    A chemical method to synthesize amorphous silica nanoparticles from the incinerated paddy straw has been introduced. The synthesis was conducted through the hydrolysis by alkaline-acidic treatments. As a result, silica particles produced with the sizes were ranging at 60–90 nm, determined by high-resolution microscopy. The crystallinity was confirmed by surface area electron diffraction. Apart from that, chemical and diffraction analyses for both rice straw ash and synthesized silica nanoparticles were conducted by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The percentage of silica from the incinerated straw was calculated to be 28.3. The prominent surface chemical bonding on the generated silica nanoparticles was with Si–O–Si, stretch of Si–O and symmetric Si–O bonds at peaks of 1090, 471, and 780 cm−1, respectively. To confirm the impurities of the elements in the produced silica, were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The stability of silica nanoparticles was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and zeta potential. The measured size from zeta potential analysis was 411.3–493 nm and the stability of mass reduction was located at 200 °C with final amount of mass reduced ∼88% and an average polydispersity Index was 0.195–0.224.
  • Publication
    Breaking A Playfair Cipher Using Single and Multipoints Crossover Based on Heuristic Algorithms
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Naji M.A.
    ;
    Atee H.A.
    ;
    Jebur R.S.
    ;
    Hammood D.A.
    ;
    Der C.S.
    ;
    Abosinnee A.S.
    ;
    Yasari A.K.I.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    The process of data protection in our time is one of the most important challenges to maintain data integrity. The massive problem of breaking ciphertext is to find the key. In this work, cryptanalyze Playfair cipher is presented using a heuristic, and optimization methods search such as Memetic algorithm (MA) and Genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize fitness function. Di-gram letters are used as an essential factor in cryptanalyzing cipher. Mathematical methods are used to identify plain text. Furthermore, Single and multi-points crossover are used as parameters in the heuristic algorithm, and two points mutation as well. The results revealed that the multi-points are better than single point, which take a chance for exchanging the key to close the key encryption. In addition to, MA is better than GA, which the number of maximum correct letters in MA was 24 out of 25 letters after 100 generations, while in GA was 20 out of 24 letters after 200 generations. MATLAB application is used for programming and tested successfully.
  • Publication
    Optimization of MEH-PPV Based Single and Double-Layer TOLED Structure by Numerical Simulation
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Kersenan T.
    ;
    Zakaria N.F.
    ;
    Shaari S.
    ;
    Norhayati Sabani
    ;
    Juhari N.
    ;
    Mohd Fairus Ahmad
    ;
    Rahim A.F.A.
    In this work, we simulated and characterized Poly [2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) based single and double-layer TOLED by using Silvaco ATLAS device simulator to achieve prominent values of electrical and optical properties of the device. MEH-PPV were used as the emitting layer (EML) in the single-layer, while addition of Poly [(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate)] (PEDOT-PSS) as the electron transport layer (ETL) were conducted in double-layer TOLED simulation. The EML and ETL thickness in both structures were varied between 10 – 150 nm, respectively, to observe and understand the underlying physics of the relation in the layer thickness to the electrical and optical characteristics. Furthermore, variation of the EML/ETL thickness ratio from 1:1 to 5:1 (with thickness in between 10 to 50 nm) had also been conducted. From this work, it is understood that the thickness of the EML layer plays the most important role in TOLED, and by balancing the carrier injections and recombination rate in appropriate EML/ETL thickness ratio, the electrical and optical properties can be improved. By optimizing the EML/ETL thickness and thickness ratio, an optimal forward current of 1.41 mA and luminescent power of 1.93e-18 W/μm has been achieved with both MEH-PPV and PEDOT-PSS layer thickness of 10 nm (1:1 ratio), respectively. The results from this work will assist the improvement of TOLED device to be implemented widely in low power and transparent electronic appliances.
  • Publication
    Effect of indium pre-flow on wavelength shift and crystal structure of deep green light emitting diodes
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Shamsul Amir Abdul Rais
    ;
    Hassan Z.
    ;
    Bakar A.S.A.
    ;
    Rahman M.N.A.
    ;
    Yusuf Y.
    ;
    Md Taib M.I.
    ;
    Sulaiman A.F.
    ;
    Hussin H.N.
    ;
    Mohd Fairus Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Nagai K.
    ;
    Akimoto Y.
    ;
    Shoji D.
    To produce a deep green (530 nm–570 nm) LED, the suitable indium (In) composition in the InxGa1−xN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) structure is crucial because a lower indium composition will shift the wavelength of emission towards the ultraviolet region. In this paper, we clarify the effects of an indium-rich layer to suppress such blue shifting, especially after the annealing process. According to characterizations by the uses of XRD and TEM, narrowing of the MQW layer was observed by the indium capping, while without the capping, the annealing results in a slight narrowing of MQW on the nearest layer to the p-type layer. By adding an indium capping layer, the blue shift of the photoluminescence was also suppressed and a slight red shift to keep green emission was observed. Such photoluminescence properties were consistent with the tiny change of the MQW as seen in the XRD and TEM characterizations.
  • Publication
    A comprehensive performance evaluation of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in wireless mesh network
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Hoh W.S.
    ;
    Yoon S.K.
    ;
    Ong B.L.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Wireless communication is becoming essential due to the dramatic increase in the usage of mobile devices. The high demand for real-time or instant services requires wireless Internet networks which can support different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and different traffic characteristics. All Internet network mobile device services are supported by mobility management protocols. In this paper, we compare the performance of the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) environment. We identify and analyze the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols' characteristics by using performance indicators. The performance comparison of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols was conducted in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio. Based on the conducted experimental results, we summarize the performances for MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network environment. The results obtained indicate that PMIPv6 generally outperforms MIPv6. In future work, the evaluation of HMPIv6, FMIPv6, and FHMIPv6 is proposed.
  • Publication
    Impacts of albedo and atmospheric conditions on the efficiency of solar energy: a case study in temperate climate of Choman, Iraq
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Aziz A.S.
    ;
    Mohammad Faridun Naim Tajuddin
    ;
    Mohd Rafi Adzman
    ;
    Ramli M.A.M.
    Temperature and solar radiation have large effects on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. PV cell temperature is related to the ambient temperature, while the solar radiation incident on PV surface depends on the slope and azimuth of the PV panels. Furthermore, ground reflectance (albedo) affects the solar radiation incident on the PV surface and hence influences its performance. Nevertheless, the impact of some important factors on the PV performance such as the ground reflectance at different tilt angles and temperature coefficient of power under Middle East (temperate) climatic conditions are scarcely reported. In this research paper, a techno-economic analysis has been done to investigate the impact of temperature, tilt and azimuth angles, and ground reflectance on the performance of solar energy system. HOMER software was used as a tool in this study where Choman, Iraq, was selected as a case study. The results indicate that with a base case (temperature coefficient of − 0.48%/ °C, albedo of 20% and ambient temperature of 11 °C), facing the PV to south with a tilt angle of 40° or 45° results in the most economical system by having net present cost of $70595 and cost of energy of $0.54/kWh. Furthermore, PV modules with high sensitivity to temperature are found to be an attractive option based on Choman ambient temperature. Meanwhile, increasing the ground reflectance from 10 to 90% results in an increase of the annual optimum tilt angle from 38° to 52° and a decrease of the PV required capacity from 20.8 to 19.4 kW (for temperature coefficient of − 0.48%/ °C). The results prove that the studied parameters must be treated well to establish an enabling environment for PV development in Iraq.
  • Publication
    Fault localization and detection in medium voltage distribution network using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis)
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Jamili N.S.B.
    ;
    Mohd Rafi Adzman
    ;
    Salman W.S.A.W.
    ;
    Muhd Hafizi Idris
    ;
    Melaty binti Amirruddin
    This paper provides an overview method of ANFIS to improve the performance of locating and detecting a single line to ground fault in medium voltage (MV) distribution power system network. For this research, the proposed method used faulted current signals from the network as an input in ANFIS to obtain the expected fault location and detection. In order to accurately locate the faults in the network, an ANFIS was trained and tested using various sets of data, which was obtained from the simulation of faults at various fault scenarios such as inception angle, load, fault location, and fault resistance. Based on the result obtain, the fault distance, major and minor branch of the single line to ground fault can be located with minimal error.
  • Publication
    A Comprehensive Review of Midrange Wireless Power Transfer Using Dielectric Resonators
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Azuwa Ali
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Faiz Wan Ali W.F.
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Kamarudin M.R.
    ;
    Adam I.
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Khor Shing Fhan
    ;
    Nurulazlina Ramli
    ;
    Norshamsuri Ali @ Hasim
    Magnetic resonant coupling (MRC) is one of the techniques that are widely used in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. The technique is commonly used for enhancing distance while maintaining power transfer efficiency (PTE). Many studies have investigated new technologies to extend the distance of MRC while maintaining high PTE values. The most promising technique to date in MRC is the addition of a resonator between the transmitter and the receiver coil. The implementation of the resonator varies based on different designs, sizes, and material types, although the outcomes remain unsatisfactory. By introducing dielectric material resonators, PTE can be improved by lowering the ohmic loss which becomes a problem on conventional resonators. This study presents a general overview on the use of dielectric material as a resonator in MRC WPT technology and its technological development. The basic operation of MRC WPT is summarized with up-to-date technical improvements related to dielectric material as a resonator in the field of WPT. An overview of the current limitations and challenges of this technique is also highlighted in this study.
  • Publication
    Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Albreem M.A.
    ;
    Sheikh A.M.
    ;
    Alsharif M.H.
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.
  • Publication
    A Hybrid Mutual Coupling Reduction Technique in a Dual-Band MIMO Textile Antenna for WBAN and 5G Applications
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Mashagba H.A.
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Ismahayati Adam
    ;
    Jamaluddin M.H.
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Abdulmalek M.
    ;
    Al-Hadi A.A.
    ;
    Ismail A.M.
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    This paper presents a hybrid mutual coupling reduction technique applied onto a dual-band textile MIMO antenna for wireless body area network and 5G applications. The MIMO antenna consists of two hexagonal patch antennas, each integrated with a split-ring (SR) and a bar slot to operate in dual-band mode at 2.45 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Each patch is dimensioned at 47.2 × 31 mm2. This hybrid technique results in a simple structure, while enabling significant reduction of mutual coupling (MC) between the closely spaced patches (up to 0.1 λ). This technique combines a line patch and a patch rotation technique, explained as follows. First, a line patch is introduced at an optimized distance to enable operation with a broad impedance bandwidth at both target frequencies. One of the patches is then rotated by 90° at an optimized distance, resulting in a significant MC suppression while maintaining the dual and broad impedance bandwidth. The proposed MIMO antenna is further evaluated under several bending configurations to assess its robustness. A satisfactory agreement between simulated and measured results is observed in both planar and bending conditions. Results show that the MIMO antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 4.3 % and 6.79 % in the 2.45 GHz and 3.5 GHz band, respectively. Moreover, very low MC (S21 <-30 dB) is achieved, with a low (< 0.002) envelop correlation coefficient, and about 10 dB of diversity gain at both desired frequencies using this technique. Even when bent at an angle of 50° at the x-and y-axes, the antenna bent maintained a realized gain of 1.878 dBi and 4.027 dBi in the lower and upper band, respectively. A robust performance is offered by the antenna against the lossy effects of the human body with good agreements between simulated and measured results.
  • Publication
    5G Millimeter Wave Wearable Antenna: State-Of-the-Art and Current Challenges
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Mashagba H.A.
    ;
    Yahaya N.Z.
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Jamaluddin M.H.
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Ismahayati Adam
    ;
    Mohamedfareq Abdulmalek
    Fifth Generation (5G) is the next evolution of mobile communication that will provide seamless and massive high speed connectivity to the society. Paralleled with the rise of 5G, it is foreseen that wearable devices particularly wearable antenna will be the significant end node for wearable devices in Millimeter Wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Thus, this paper discusses the new development of the 5G sub-6 GHz and mmWave wearable antenna, introduces the research results of the 5G mmWave wearable antenna in recent years, and addresses the key challenges in the development trend of the development trend of the 5G mmWave wearable antenna.
  • Publication
    Analysis of Aperture Coupled Circular Patch Antenna for Mid-Band 5G
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Isa S.R.
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Kamarudin M.R.
    ;
    Mohamed Nasrun Osman
    ;
    Bakar H.A.
    ;
    Tariqul Islam M.
    ;
    Alaydrus M.
    This paper presents the design analysis of a compact circular patch antenna. The proposed antennas are excited through an aperture coupled feeding technique. The design of the antenna has been implemented using CST software. The analysis is done based on the antenna simulation output parameter. The reflection coefficient, gain, and radiation pattern is discussed in this work. At resonance frequency of 3.5 GHz, the circular patch aperture coupled fed antenna is managed to get the high gain, good bandwidth, and minimum reflection coefficient (S11). The proposed antenna has high gain of 8.01 dBi and a sufficient bandwidth requirement for mid-band 5G applications.
  • Publication
    Beam Steering Investigation on Multiple Antenna System using Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Array
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Bharath J.
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Kamarudin M.R.
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    In this research, a radiation pattern reconfigurable (RPR) based multiple antenna was designed using a compact combination of a driven element and parasitic elements that operates at 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna has the ability to change the radiation behavior to serve the user with better performance. The radiation characteristic of the antenna, especially the tilt angle could be reconfigured with the use of RF switches. The multiple antenna was designed on 94.4 mm x 110 mm Rogers substrate. First, an RPR antenna that uses parasitic patch array antenna was designed as a single element. Then this RPR was deployed as 2 x 1 RPR MIMO antenna using two types of configurations. Finally, the analysis showed that the multiple antenna arrangement using configuration II provides better results in terms of steering angle and gain.
  • Publication
    Miniatured Ring Slotted Circular Patch GNSS Antenna
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Sheikh R.A.
    ;
    Al-Hadi A.A.
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Chun F.M.
    ;
    Mirza H.
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    A compact circularly polarized antenna for the Global Navigation Satellite System L1 band at 1575 MHz is presented. A circular patch antenna is first designed to operate before being integrated with four ring slots to achieve the circular polarization. The antenna features a bandwidth of 1.15 % in L1, with an axial ratio bandwidth of 0.58 %. The antenna radiates towards 0° with a realized gain of 4.4 dB and an angular beamwidth of 101.3°.
  • Publication
    Biomolecular assembly on interdigitated electrode nanosensor for selective detection of insulin-like growth factor-1
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Gu Y.
    ;
    Liu L.
    ;
    Guo J.
    ;
    Xiao S.
    ;
    Fang F.
    ;
    Yu X.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Wu J.
    ;
    Liu X.
    This research is focussed to quantify IGF1 by electroanalytical analysis on InterDigitated electrode surface and characterized by the microscopic observations. For the detection, antibody and aptamer were used to analyze the level of IGF1. The sandwich pattern (aptamer-IGF1-antibody) was designed on the chemically modified IDE surface and reached the limit of detection to 10 fM with 100 folds enhancement in the sensitivity. Different control experiments (absence of IGF1, binding with IGF2 and with non-complementary aptamer) were failed to show the current changes, discriminated the specific detection. A good detection strategy is to complement the currently following imaging systems for AAA.
  • Publication
    Nanodiagnostic attainments and clinical perspectives on c-reactive protein: Cardiovascular disease risks assessment
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Letchumanan I.
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mor-tality in both men and women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ischemic heart disease is the major issue due to the narrowing of the coronary artery by plaque formation on the artery wall, which causes an inadequate flow of oxygen and blood to the heart and is called ‘coronary artery disease’. The CVD death rate increased by up to 15% in 2016 (~17.6 million) compared to the past decade. This tremendous increment urges the development of a suitable biomarker for rapid and early diagnosis. Currently, C-reactive protein (CRP) is considered an outstanding biomarker for quick and accurate outcomes in clinical analyses. Various techniques have also been used to diagnose CVD, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluoro-immunoassays, chemiluminescent assays, and electrical measurements. This review discusses such diagnostic strategies and how current, cutting-edge technologies have enabled the development of high-performance detection methodologies. Concluding remarks have been made con-cerning the clinical significance and the use of nanomaterial in medical diagnostics towards nanother-anostics.
  • Publication
    A Case Study of Coffee Sachets Production Defect Analysis Using Pareto Analysis, P-Control Chart and Ishikawa Diagram
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Idris N.I.
    ;
    Sin T.C.
    ;
    Safwati Ibrahim
    ;
    FadzliRamli M.
    ;
    Rosmaini Ahmad
    Nowadays, food and beverages companies in Malaysia are struggle to survive with their rival, hence improving quality and increase productivity are vital. This paper propose the method of analysis a coffee sachet production defectives by using statistical process control (SPC) tools and also to identify each types of defects with their root cause. This paper are using methodology of physical observation through examination of automated production flow line, then Ishikawa cause-and-effect diagram are created. The company valid information are obtained from the professional such as production managers, quality control executives and line supervisors, also staffs and operators that direct or indirectly involves the production line activities through interview and distributed feedback form. After that, a Pareto diagram analysis is done hence creating a control chart (p-chart) to illustrate the result analysis. The result shows there are high number of product defectives according to each type and waste production occur. The problem found was underweight, leaking, overweight, empty, unsealed and height out of the standard. The major causes of defectives coffee sachet and root causes of each defect types are specified which are human, machine, work methods, and materials. While the main root cause of underweight and leaking defect are caused by unskilled worker and improper adjustment at the machine each time before running the production.