UniMAP RIS :: Browsing International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship (IJBT) by Department "Universiti Malaysia Perlis"

Publication

A conceptual kano and quality function deployment (Qfd) framework for healthcare service

( 2011-02)

;

Razli Che Razak

Healthcare organization is struggling to provide customer driven quality service. The key success of healthcare service is the ability to develop a comprehensive healthcare service and deliver the best service direct to customer as required. Coherently, the measure of customer feedback should definitely show good perception of service fulfillment and satisfaction. As part of quality improvement process, an outstanding healthcare organization should practice an effective complaint management system (CMS) as the main voice of customer (VOC) source, which directly mirror the quality of healthcare service. The CMS will act as an essential decision support tool by providing seamless handling of complaints, introduces systematic improvement process, thus enabling hospitals to turn weakness into opportunities. However, Malaysian top public healthcare organizations are implicitly not really put much efforts to have a kind of proper CMS to treat complaints as critical and need immediate resolution. In other words, the VOC might not be heard in right way and account as the customer demand, expect and desire. This scenario may be the evident and reason why the present states of public Malaysian healthcare service providers are still unable to fully incorporate the customer requirement or complaint in to their strategic agendas, which account all the customer needs and expectations. This paper presents the current scenario of local public health care service with special focus to their implementation of CMS or similar system, in conjunction with healthcare constraints and VOC. Based on recent healthcare literature, an inclusive comparison is made and discussed to justify the gap of improvement in healthcare service. From findings, it is identified that complaint management practice is lacking of systematic procedure to prioritize complaints by customers. To be competitive, an alternative customer prioritizing approach mainly incorporates the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Kana's Model is proposed conceptually. The new mechanism concept is hope to effectively address a complaint which not only satisfies the customer but also an opportunity to create positive experience with customers, building a healthier foundation, stronger brand value and avoiding legal penalties. It also provides fair balance information for decision making while facing constraints such as operational, legal, human resource and market pressures.

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Publication

A preliminary study of factors influencing the intention to adopt Islamic financing facilities among halal-certified companies in Malaysia

( 2023-06)

Hazalina Mat Soha

;

Mohd Zukime Mat Junoh

;

Tunku Salha Tunku Ahmad

;

Md. Aminul Islam

Halal business and Islamic finance adhere to the same fundamental principles and core beliefs. However, there is a divergence between these two industries, particularly in Malaysia, where the utilisation and adoption rate of Islamic financial facilities is still relatively low. This disconnect is particularly prevalent in Malaysia. In order for a company to run in a manner that is really halal, not only must it concentrate on halal production, but it must also finance the firm using shariah-compliant financing; this is something that has not yet been entirely accomplished. As a result, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the survey instrument in determining the influence of relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, top management support, owner-manager expertise, competitive pressure, and customer pressure on the desire to adopt Islamic finance facilities. Specifically, the aim of this study is to review the usefulness of the survey instrument in determining these factors. At the Halal Fiesta (Halfest), a survey was carried out with 30 halal-certified companies utilising a straightforward random sampling approach. This survey served as a preliminary assessment. The findings of the study provide evidence that there is a need for additional improvement and suggest that the survey instrument is appropriate for a more in-depth study that involves a bigger and more representative sample within the halal business.

Publication

A study of cultural diversity and ethical climate towards employee selection in higher education institutions

( 2024-10)

Nur Anis Zulaikha Sharif Azam

;

Norshahrizan Nordin

;

Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad

This study investigates the critical role of employee selection processes in organisational success, focusing on the impact of cultural diversity (CD) and ethical climate (EC) within Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Northern Malaysia. Employing a quantitative methodology and a descriptive research design, data were collected from academic staff through a structured questionnaire. The analysis using SPSS software reveals strong positive correlations among employee selection, CD, and EC. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity confirm the data's suitability for factor analysis, while Cronbach’s alpha coefficients indicate robust internal consistency. The findings underscore the importance of aligning employee selection processes with organisational strategies and values to attract competent employees. Additionally, effective management of CD enhances financial performance, competitive advantage, and profitability. An EC significantly promotes ethical behaviour, job satisfaction, and organisational performance. The study highlights practical implications for integrating diversity and ethical considerations into selection strategies, providing valuable insights for human resource management and organisational behaviour. The research emphasises the need for a holistic approach to talent acquisition by demonstrating how selection practices influence organisational outcomes. This approach fosters inclusivity and ethical leadership, ultimately contributing to long-term organisational success. These findings comprehensively understand employee selection, CD, and EC dynamics in enhancing institutional effectiveness and achieving strategic goals in HEI settings.

Publication

A study on brand loyalty for cosmetic products among female customers in Belagavi City

( 2022-02)

Varun Jewargi

;

Veerendrakumar M Narasalagi

;

Ummi Naiemah Saraih

This paper delivers a fruitful knowledge on the domain of brand loyalty for cosmetic products among female customers in Belagavi City, India. In detail, this paper aims to examine several factors that affecting the purchase of cosmetic products, and their impact on determining brand loyalty. There are six major factors of brand loyalty which have been tested in this study. Those factors are product quality, features & design, brand name, service quality, advertising & promotion, and price. Six hypotheses were postulated, and tested by using the SPSS software. A sample data set of 93 was drawn. The population of the study consisted of female customers in Belagavi City. The five-point Likert scale has been utilised in collecting the data. The results demonstrated that all of the factors have significant influences in determining brand loyalty among the female customers in this study. The researchers calculated standard deviation and statistically analysed the prominence ratings factors which affecting purchase of cosmetic products, where p value in Chi-square was used for testing the hypotheses. The pragmatic study conveyed abundant suggestions to the existing literature by analytically examined the factors that affecting the purchases of cosmetic products towards brand loyalty. It was also observed that around 62% of female customers spend less than र.1000 (approximately USD13.32) on cosmetics annually, and around 81% of customers prefer to buy foreign brands when compared to the local brands.

Publication

Accounting information system usefulness for effective performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

( 2024-06)

Siti Nor Junita Mohd Radzi

;

Shafawaty Mohamad Shabri

;

Nur Hidayah Abu Hassan Asari

;

Mohd Juraij Abd Rani

;

Ahmad Nizam Che Kasim

;

Mohd Shahidan Shaari

The development and implementation of a competent Accounting Information System (AIS) is essential to the successful performance and operational efficacy of organisations, particularly in situations when management requires information that is both consistent and accurate in order to make important decisions. However, the precise criteria that underpin the applicability of information, as supplied by AIS, remain insufficiently defined. This is especially true in the context of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the state of Perlis. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between financial performance, management performance, and organisational performance towards the usefulness of AIS in the context of SMEs. In detail, financial performance, management performance and organisational performance have been tested as the predictors of the usefulness of AIS towards the performance of SMEs this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used as the study sample in this investigation. The questionnaire was filled out by 233 respondents from SMEs in the state of Perlis. Results presented that a high correlation between AIS and financial performance (r=0.733). Also, results presented moderate corrections between AIS and management performance (r=0.631) as well as AIS and organisational performance (r=0.657. In conclusion, this research proposed a number of suggestions, the most significant of which was to draw more attention to the fact that AIS are useful for achieving an effective performance in the SMEs, particularly in Perlis.

Publication

An insight into the influence of HRM practices on employees’ satisfaction in the manufacturing company

( 2021-10)

Z.J. Chow

;

U.N. Saraih

;

Noormaizatul Akmar Ishak

;

M.Y. Bibi Noraini

;

S. Abdullah

;

J. Ansari

The manufacturing industry has been and continues to be the bedrock of the Malaysian economy. A business that integrates a harmonious employer-employee relationship leads to an ideal path, driving a successful and profitable venture. Principal role of a company’s management is to develop and manage the human capital element, taking care of employees’ welfare, considering their resourcefulness in terms of knowledge and skills for effectively contributing to the organisational’s objectives. There are several attributes that link and influence employees with job satisfaction. The objective of this research study is to examine the link and influence of human resource management (HRM) practices, such as training, compensation, safety & health, and performance appraisal, on job satisfaction among employees in a manufacturing company located in Kulim, Kedah. A total of 328 employee-respondents took part in this research study and the questionnaires were distributed through their HRM office. Data collection was received online with the aid of Google forms. The research analyses were performed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Results indicated that performance appraisal created the most significant influence on employees’ satisfaction (β=0.278, t=3.668, p<0.05), followed by compensation (β=0.229, t=3.741, p=0.000), and lastly safety & health (β=0.180, t=2.756, p<0.05). We did not observe any significant influence with regards to the link between training and employee satisfaction (β=0.089, t=1.431, p>0.05). Finally, in the conclusion section, few suggestions to increase the level of employees’ satisfaction based on this study have been highlighted.

Publication

Board diversity and ownership structure in ASEAN countries: a bibliometric review

( 2021-10)

Haslina Hassan Basri

;

Wan Sallha Yusoff

;

Mohd Fairuz Md Salleh

;

Suraiya Ibrahim

This study reviews the research on board diversity in ASEAN countries. A total of 326 articles published from 1996 to 2018 were obtained from Scopus citation database. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to map the knowledge base and intellectual structure of board diversity in the ASEAN region. Findings indicate that the publication of papers in this area of studies started to grow from early 2000. The active journals that publish articles within the domain of board diversity in ASEAN countries are mostly from university publishers, which have low citation count per document. The highest cited documents were published under Emerald and Elsevier. Influential authors who focused on board diversity come from Malaysia and Indonesia countries. Studies focusing in other ASEAN countries are limited. The hotspot topic was limited to observable attributes of board diversity, namely gender, age, and ethnicity. The literature that measured non-observable attributes of board diversity were lacking in the literature. Moreover, studies on ownership structure mostly focus on family ownership and foreign ownership. Only a few studies were done on government ownership and politically connected board. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is one of the first bibliometric reviews conducted on board diversity in ASEAN countries. This study outlines the direction for future research with the aim to support the integration of good corporate governance practices in ASEAN.

Publication

Building brand awareness in the modern marketing environment: a conceptual model

( 2014-02)

Wasib B Latif

;

Md. Aminul Islam

;

Idris Mohd Noor

Building brand awareness in competitive markets can play an active role in the modern marketing environment. It is now widely acknowledged by companies that strong brand awareness will create a competitive advantage in the marketplace that will enhance their overall reputation and credibility. Indeed, recent trend in modern marketing has been changed enormously and study of brand awareness is increasingly becoming popular to keep pace with this change. In this conceptual paper, we have summarized the exiting literatures on currently prevailing concepts and approaches on brands, which will allow us to identify the imperative components of brand awareness and therefore will assist companies to enhance their marketing efficiency. Based on earlier works, here we propose a plausible framework for building brand awareness in sequential order namely, positioning the brand, sponsorship, event marketing, sports marketing, advertising of the brand and integrated marketing communications. In this review, we put forward the notion that brand-building attempt need to be associated with organizational processes that will assist in bring the comprehensive knowledge about brands to the consumers through organizational awareness programs. We suggest that these activities could play an essential role in creating awareness about brands among consumers. As a whole, based on existing literatures, we have tried to provide a comprehensive view on the imperative components of brand awareness for building brand awareness in the modern marketing environment.

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Publication

Ciri-ciri umum usahawan berjaya: Analisis daripada perspektif Islam

( 2012-02)

Shuhairimi Abdullah

Keusahawanan memiliki garis panduan yang tersendiri dalam memerihalkan ciri-ciri usahawan berjaya. Ciri-ciri tersebut perlu dijadikan sebagai garis panduan kepada setiap individu yang berkecimpung dalam dunia keusahawanan. Usahawan yang berjaya bukan sahaja dinilai dari sudut pencapaian prestasi dan pemilikan material semata-mata tetapi juga perlu memenuhi tanggungjawab yang dituntut oleh agama. Justeru, artikel ini meneliti ciri-ciri umum usahawan berjaya seperti yang telah digariskan oleh al-Qur’an dan al-Sunnah serta pandangan sarjana yang berkaitan topik yang dibincangkan. Kajian ini mendapati, usahawan yang dinilai sebagai berjaya iaitu individu yang cemerlang dalam bidang yang diceburi dan memenuhi tannggungjawabnya sebagai muslim, mu’min dan muflih.

55 18

Publication

Consumers’ religio-spiritual insights in Ramadhan advertisements

( 2022-06)

Junaid Ansari

;

Ummi Naiemah Saraih

;

Adi Anuar Azmin

;

Muhammad Sufyan Ramish

Consumers get irritated and distracted while watching the Ramadan TV commercials due to the non-availability of the consumers’ religio-spiritual insights and this irritation can sometimes create a negative brand image. Marketers have ‘christmasised’ this spiritual month of Ramadan as they are considering Ramadan a seasonal shopping festival like other western festivals. Marketers reserve almost half of their annual budget for advertising during Ramadan but they are not considering the spiritual aura during this spiritual month when the spiritual contemplations of Muslims are higher than any other Islamic month. This study provides a comprehensive framework that will help marketers to incorporate consumers’ religio-spiritual insights in Ramadan TV commercials so that consumers cannot be irritated and distracted. Some of the important constructs explored in this study include spirituality, religiosity, entertainment, information, and credibility of the source. This exploratory research is conducted by following the guidelines of grounded theory. 25 in-depth semi-structured interviews have been conducted from the consumers having religious, non-religious, and sports/yoga orientations to understand the consumers’ spiritual insights and propose a comprehensive framework.

Publication

Corporate performance and service innovation: an empirical investigation in a manufacturing-based organization

( 2021-06)

Ai Tong, Aphassra

;

Ummi Naiemah Saraih

;

Wan Sallha Yusoff

The purpose of this research is to investigate if there are significant influences of corporate performances on service innovation. There are four internal variables under the domain of corporate performance; where the four stated independent variables are depicted based on the past researchers’ studies including of organizational culture, management commitment, training and development, as well as organizational communication. As manufacturing sector played a central role in its endeavour towards the developing countries, service innovation in the manufacturing-based organization is important to transform the traditional operation to become more competitive. Convenience sampling method has been used in this research. The population of this research is the employees who work in one of the manufacturing-based organization located in Penang, Malaysia. The number of completed questionnaires that given back is 201 respondents. Pilot study has been computed to the developed questionnaires validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for Society Sciences (SPSS) Version 25. Research finding has revealed that there were two hypotheses related to organizational culture and organizational communication have significant influence on service innovation. These imply that culture and communication develop sustainable competitive advantage and growth of corporate performance on service innovation. Whereas the other two hypotheses related to management commitment, and training and development have no significant influence on service innovation. This due to the lack of commitment from the management being portrayed to the employees in the organization; or the provided training and development is inadequate to the position of the employees.

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Publication

Determinant of Malaysia cooperative performance: a dynamic estimation

( 2021-10)

Zelhuda Shamsuddin

;

Tengku Maaidah Tengku Abdul Razak

;

Wan Sallha Yusoff

;

Aimi Anuar

This study investigates factors affecting financial performance, using evidence from cooperatives in Malaysia. This study employs a Pooled Regression Model (OLS), Random Effect Model (REM), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for unbalanced data of 100 best cooperative for the period 2010-2014. Our findings indicate that capital structure, cash, and inventory management affect cooperatives’ performance. The results also show the impact of dividend and cooperatives member benefit on cooperative performance. These findings will enable the cooperatives to make solid financial decisions for long-term financial excellence.

Publication

Effect of technology strategy on organizational performance of manufacturing companies: a note on how to conduct a data screening and preliminary analysis

( 2021-06)

Suriani Sukri

;

Rushami Zien Yusoff

The increased awareness of technology strategy in contemporary firms has resulted in the postulation that associated behaviours would enable realistic advantage to be realised as a result of a firm's differentiation from competitors through such actions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to gather data and conduct a preliminary analysis of the influence of technology strategy on the performance of Malaysian manufacturing organizations. A total of 354 respondents were drawn from the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers' (FMM) Directory. Probability sampling was used in this investigation. As a result, an assessment of missing data, identification of outliers, and finally, skewness and kurtosis were assessed. Additionally, Harman's technique was utilised to investigate solutions containing unrotated factors. Similarly, all exercises were developed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 software, and preliminary analysis indicates that the data satisfy the criteria for multivariate analysis. The findings will serve as a springboard for additional investigation, with the goal of providing insight may be diversified in a fast changing environment

1 3

Publication

Employee engagement among assistant registrars in public institutions of Higher Education in Malaysia: A descriptive study

( 2016-10)

Ruswahida Ibnu Ruslan

;

Md. Aminul Islam

;

Idris Mohd Noor

;

Norsiah Mat

The study attempted to find out the level of employee engagement among assistant registrars of Public Institution of Higher Learning in Malaysia. A survey with a close-ended questionnaire was distributed among assistant registrars of twenty public universities and 400 sets of questionnaire were collected. Results show that assistant registrars of Public Universities are highly engaged in their jobs. Further analysis was conducted on two categories of factors that contribute to employee engagement namely psychological conditions and job resources. Psychological meaningfulness was found to be the most contributing factor of employee engagement. Based on the findings it can be concluded that psychological conditions are more important than job resources with regards to employee engagement.

2 21

Publication

Energy consumption in various sectors, output and carbon dioxide emission in Malaysia

( 2017-06)

Mohd Shahidan Shaari

;

Nor Azam Abdul Razak

;

Bakti Hasan Basri

The issue on the linkage among energy consumption, output and environmental degradation has come to the fore and merited attention from policy makers. The importance of energy consumption in generating economic activities remains indisputable. However, the use of energy is claimed to be detrimental to the environment. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the linkage among energy consumption in several sectors, sectorial output and carbon dioxide emission in Malaysia. Data from 1990 to 2014 were analysed using the panel data analysis. Results show that a rise in output can reduce environmental degradation in Malaysia. However, the use of energy can degrade environmental quality. The inevitable and substantial use of energy types in the industrial and transportation sectors can trigger environmental woes. Therefore, these findings are vital to shed light on the issue and help policy makers formulate policies.

3 15

Publication

Examining the impacts of social media to non-financial performance of SMEs in Malaysia

( 2024-06)

Aidil Hanafi Amirrudin

;

Raziff Jamaluddin

;

Nur Syuhadah Kamaruddin

;

Nurshahirah Salehuddin

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) were first observed in Malaysia during the 1990s, coinciding with the establishment of a government-led organisation aimed at providing assistance to small businesses in addressing both financial and non-financial challenges. Currently, a considerable number of entrepreneurs are endeavouring to broaden the scope of their enterprises within this particular market. SMEs also play a significant role in driving market innovation, thereby potentially fostering the creativity of marketers. Therefore, it can be argued that the economic growth and development of nations may be contingent upon the contributions made by SMEs. As a consequence of this factor, the nation's employment rate is augmented due to the multitude of employment opportunities offered by SMEs. However, in order to expand the scope of a SMEs, it is imperative for each enterprise to adopt and integrate new technological advancements, such as the utilisation of social media platforms. In contemporary times, social

Publication

Exploring digital parenting awareness during Covid-19 pandemic through online teaching and learning from home

( 2021-10)

Noormaizatul Akmar Ishak

;

Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus

;

Ummi Naiemah Saraih

;

Mohd Fisol Osman

;

Wibowo Heru Prasetiyo

;

Obby Taufik Hidayat

;

Firas Tayseer Mohammad Ayasrah

There is concerned that the students’ knowledge and skills are not par as those who experience normal education before COVID-19 pandemic. Digital parents ought to participate in their children’s new normal learning method because the students cannot have proper face-to-face education with their teachers and lecturers except online Teaching and Learning from Home (PdPR). For data collection, a questionnaire was developed using Google Form, and have been distributed to the children who are in schools, colleges and universities through WhatsApp application of the students or their parents for the children in the primary schools. The questionnaire consists the open-ended semi structured questions with some survey information along to each question. The emerging themes from the data are explained in Descriptive Analysis based from the 89 participants perspectives. The findings show that most of the children are ICT and digital literate due to the PdPR, and the things that they cannot control makes the PdPR become hard such as slow internet signals. The students agree that the parents could be qualified and skilled as digital parents if they got the financial and ICT skills supports from the Government of proper PdPR contents, and pedagogy of teachers and lecturers.

Publication

Export-Led Growth theory: Malaysian timber industry

( 2013-06)

Noor Aini Zakaria

;

Hazmira Merous

;

Hafizah Abdul Rahim

;

Adibah Hussin

Malaysia is one of the world’s largest exporters of tropical timber and timber products with export destinations to 160 countries. In 2008, the timber industry was the fifth largest contributor with contribution of 3.3 percent to total export earnings of Malaysia. Among commodities, timber industry shared about 20.3 percent of the export earnings. The major exports of primary products are saw logs, sawn timber, fibre board and plywood. Secondary processed wood products are furniture, builders’ joinery and carpentry together with mouldings. Given the contribution of Malaysian timber sector to Malaysian economy, this study sets to assess the experience of timber industry in Malaysia to provide support for export led growth (ELG) hypothesis. This study employs yearly data of real GDP and real export of timber products for the period 1979-2008 using Granger Causality approach. Cointegration test using Johansen approach evidenced the existence of long-run relationship between export and GDP of timber products. Furthermore, Granger causality proves that export led growth for Malaysian timber industry.

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Publication

Factors affecting gender equality among societies in Karachi, Pakistan: a mediation and moderation analyses

( 2022-06)

Amena Sibghatullah

;

Ummi Naiemah Saraih

;

Hanim Hamdan

The goal of this study is to build to investigate the elements that influence gender equality in Karachi Societies. Karachi is one of Pakistan's largest cities, a developing country in South East Asia. When it comes to gender, the country, like many other developing countries, has a substantial inequality in resources and rights. Women in developing countries are influenced by a variety of socio-cultural practices and racial factors, including a diverse range of spiritual traditions, a complicated legal system, and complex economic and political quandaries. In this study, the non-probabilistic convenience sampling strategy was used for the reason of addressing incomplete population of the target audience during the COVID-19 lockout. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was carried out in this study with the help of smart PLS software to establish a causal link between the predictor, mediating, moderating, and criterion variables. Keeping a watch on the data, it becomes clear that the independent variables separately have a weak to moderating impact towards the variable there pertaining to be at the mediator factor are the dependent variable. The mediating variables have a relatively stronger contribution to gender equality. The beta value of each of use is 0.36, indicating a weak to moderate contribution, whereas the beta value of distinction is 0.59, indicating a moderate to higher contribution to gender equality. The average contribution value of all independent variables is greater than 0.20, with some values reaching up to 0.30, indicating a moderate to weak contribution to gender equality. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the concerns and causes related to women's challenges; however, lack of causal (explanatory) research has been conducted on the subject. Thus, this research provides fruitful knowledge to the existing literature on the mediation and moderation analyses towards gender equality among societies in Pakistan.

Publication

Factors affecting the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards for small and medium-sized enterprises

( 2023-10)

Yeap Jia Yu

;

Shafawaty Mohamad Shabri

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as a plethora of new accounting rules that are commonly used by public companies to provide efficient and accurate financial information in an organisation. However, the study revealed that Malaysian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) face persistent challenges and apparent shortcomings in the adoption of IFRS. To solve the problems of the study, the goals were created to find out how external environmental factors impact SMEs in Perlis, Malaysia, when adopting IFRS. The research is conducted based on real-time data and the currently published papers, which are related to factors affecting the implementation of IFRS for SMEs in different countries. The research was evaluated using a quantitative method that could be easily collected and analysed from the population size data in Perlis, Malaysia. The research revealed that institutional pressure, economic development, and project governance all had a favourable relationship with the IFRS initiative, but cultural considerations had no discernible influence on SMEs' adoption of IFRS. This research provides an opportunity for the important contributors in SMEs to quickly address both internal and external factors and the future success of adopting IFRS. It is important to emphasise that the results of the study can help SMEs overcome obstacles and take advantage of the benefits associated with the adoption of IFRS by providing valuable insights and actionable recommendations. As a result, SMEs can improve their financial reporting processes, transparency, and compliance, which in turn can improve their competitiveness and credibility in the international marketplace.

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