UniMAP RIS :: Browsing Conference Publications by Title

Publication

3D Numerical modelling on the thermal performance of reinforced concrete encased wide-flanged steel column

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

K A A Latiff

;

A N Rizalman

;

N S H Harith

;

Sk Muiz Sk Abdul Razak

;

M E Mohamad

This paper presents the development and verification of a three-dimensional (3D) numerical modelling to predict the thermal performance of reinforced concrete encased wide-flanged steel (RCEWFS) column. The numerical model was developed using finite element software, ABAQUS. Then, the verified model was used to determine the suitable value for heat transfer conductance, time step and mesh size that provide the most reliable prediction against the experimental results. The parametric studies were also conducted to study the effect of rising time of fire exposure, section size, and flange width of I-section on the thermal performance of the RCEWFS column. From this study, it can be concluded that the predictions by the 3D numerical model are reliable and accurate. The study on the contour of the model shows that the thermal behaviour of concrete is non-linear

Publication

A conceptual paper on application of energy efficiency measures for reducing carbon footprint in Zinc Phosphate coating process of automotive industries

(IOP Pubilishing, 2020)

Abuzaar Mohd Zulkifli

;

Fazdliel Aswad Ibrahim

;

Norrazman Zaiha Zainol

;

Mardhiah Farhana Omar

;

Lim Chun Keat

Automotive manufacturing consumes a huge amount of energy to operate its production lines. Several processes involve including zinc phosphate coating process, which is a process that commonly used in automotive industries to improve the corrosion resistance of the metal. The process required plenty of hot water supplied by the boiler. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used to boil the water to produce thermal energy for the process. Although the LPG is crucial in the production of thermal energy but its release by-products such as carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted during the coating process due to the burning of the fossil fuel. The by-products contribute to global warming issues and produce waste to the environment. This research is present to design the energy efficiency best practices on the reduction of carbon footprint in automotive industries. A status quo to be referred to as baseline is determined, i.e. energy consumption and wastage by assessing the thermal requirement of the said manufacturing process. The data obtained is analysed to identify the best measures of energy efficiency. The thermal assessment method is used for data analysis to determine the potential saving of fossil fuels. Besides, pinch analysis assist in the determination of the process optimisation and system optimisation which lead to the reduction of operational cost and wastes as well as efficiently applying the heat during the coating process. Hence, the decreases in energy consumption reduce dependency on fossil fuels and wastes. Eventually, the application of best practices of energy-efficient measures diminishes the carbon footprint for the coating process in automotive industries.

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Publication

A review of PM₁₀ concentrations modelling in Malaysia

(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020)

Wan Nur Shaziayani

;

Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie

;

Zuraira Libasin

;

Fuziatul Norsyiha Ahmad Shukri

;

Sharifah Sarimah Syed Abdullah

;

Norazian Mohamed Noor

The purpose of predictive modelling is to predict the variable of interest with reasonable precision, and often to assess the contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variable. In this paper, all of the works examined are aimed at predicting concentrations of outdoor PM₁₀ concentrations. The vast majority of the works reported used almost exclusively predictors of the meteorological and source emissions. However, the use of the Hybrid model in predicting PM₁₀ concentrations is still not widely used in Malaysia.

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Publication

A review on enhancement of oil palm solid waste through torrefaction

(Springer, 2023-09)

Nur Rahimah Ibrahim

;

Razi Ahmad

;

Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources and is easily obtained in Malaysia. Due to the substantial amount of biomass waste generated by agricultural activities, Malaysia actually has great potential for biomass power generation. The oil palm industry is the largest contributor to biomass waste in Malaysia, particularly oil palm solid waste. The raw oil palm solid waste produced low-quality products during thermochemical conversion. Thus, the torrefaction process is one of the approaches to improve the characteristics of raw oil palm solid waste. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to review the production and characteristics of solid biofuel from oil palm solid waste via the torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a thermal conversion method of biomass in the low-temperature range of 200–300 °C. Different reaction conditions such as temperature and reaction time lead to several characteristics of biofuel products. The solid fuel of pretreated oil palm solid waste has enhanced overall quality and its characteristics after torrefaction.

Publication

Analysing impact of climate change on hydrological trend in Kelantan river basin using HEC-HMS coupled with SDSM

(Springer, 2023)

Muhammad Zahran Syahmi Armain

;

Zulkarnain Hassan

;

Sobri Harun

;

Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol

;

Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman

;

Salwa Mohd Zaini Makhtar

Climate change dramatically alters many hydrologic systems, which affects the availability of water and leads to runoff and river discharge. This study assessed the effects of the future scenario of climate change on the monthly river discharge of the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. Statistical DownScaling model (SDSM) was used to downscale the rainfall from large climate variables of the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) under the Representative Concentration Pathways of 8.5 (RCP 8.5) and project future river discharge using the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). From this study, the monthly rainfall and river discharge over the Kelantan River basin will be significantly reduced in the future by 30 and 50% compared to the current period.

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Publication

Artificial neural network models for wastewater treatment plant

(AIP Publishing, 2023)

Saadi Ahmad Kamaruddin

;

Choong-Yeun Liong

;

Ayu Abdul-Rahman

;

Nor Anis Nadhirah Md Nasir

;

Irnis Azura Zakaria

In water treatment plant decision support systems, the study of the treatment problem(s), information acquisition and representation, and the assessment and evaluation of parameters guiding the selection of optimal treatment systems are all critical. Water treatment plants have been an essential feature of the National Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy (NIWRMP), which is consistent with the 10th Malaysia Plan's National Transformation Programme (NTP). Thus, it is appropriate to focus on the water treatment management. This research aims to develop models for Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) via artificial neural network (ANN). The dataset is secondary data obtained from UCI Machine Learning repository system, which originally aims to characterize the plant's operating condition to forecast faults using the plant's statevariables at each point of the treatment phase. The data were derived from regular sensor readings at a city wastewater treatment facility. Four models were eventually developed using multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network. The models are: (i) globalperformance input biological demand of oxygen, (ii) global performance input chemical demand of oxygen, (iii) global performance input suspended solids, and (iv) global performance input sediments. The models' performances were evaluatedusing Sum of Square Error (SSE). Policymakers may then use the suggested awareness model to enhance water quality evaluation control. It provides insight into the public's understanding of treated water quality care in their neighbourhood and thus, helping decision-makers to appreciate better whether people may or may not be aware of the importance of conducting water quality treatment. This research is in accordance with SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation - of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Publication

Assessing Hydrological Response in the Timah-Tasoh Reservoir Sub-Catchments: Calibration and Validation using the HEC-HMS Model

( 2024)

N A S Nordin

;

Zulkarnain Hassan

;

N M Noor

;

Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman

;

A S A Ahmadni

Abstract Hydrological modelling is a tool that is frequently used for assessing the hydrological response of a basin as a result of precipitation. It is also a vital component as water resources and environmental planning management. The study deals with calibrating and validating the hydrological response in the sub-catchments of the Timah-Tasoh reservoir using the hydrological model named Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS). This study uses the SCS Curve Number, the SCS Unit Hydrograph, the constant monthly baseflow, and lag routing for the model development. The model was simulated for ten (10) years for calibration and nine (9) years for validation. The model calibration and validation efficiency were assessed using the coefficient of correlation (R). The findings show that the HEC-HMS model performs satisfactorily in simulating the observed daily inflow series, with the R-value of 0.4902-0.5139 during calibration and 0.5047-0.5559 during validation process. Thus, the result obtained from this study can be used as a preliminary development of hydrological modelling of the catchment of the Timah-Tasoh reservoir and can be used for extend application such as water inflow forecasting, impact of land use to the reservoir and others.

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Publication

Assessment of antibiotics from natural water resources and the potential ecological risk associated with their presence in aquatic ecosystems for developing advanced technologies for removal of antibiotic

(AIP Publishing, 2020)

Mihaela Ilie

;

György Deák

;

Florica Marinescu

;

Gina Ghita

;

Carmen Tociu

;

Marius Raischi

;

Gabriel Cornățeanu

;

Mădălina Boboc

;

Norazian Mohamed Noor

Aquatic ecosystems provide many services for society including water for drinking, irrigation, and recreational activities. Emergent contaminants such as antibiotics that are present mainly in urban wastewater have a substantial impact on environment and human health, such as: Potential genotoxic effects, disruption of aquatic ecosystems and development of antibiotic resistance. The main objective of this paper is to develop an advanced analytical method for identifying emergent pollutants within the antibiotic category by using high performance SPE-online-UHPLC-MS/MS techniques from different aqueous matrices, in order to develop technologies to remove them from wastewater. The ecological risk index (RI) associated with the presence of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems was also calculated for potential ecological risk assessment, using the ratio between the measured concentration (MC) of antibiotics detected in surface water and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values.

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Publication

Assessment of indoor air quality of daycare centres in northern area of peninsular Malaysia: a case study in Perlis

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

P Chinathamby

;

Norazian Mohamed Noor

;

Sara Yasina Yusuf

;

S Annas

;

A Abd Kadir

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in day care centers (DCCs) is an emerging research topic nowadays. The paper presents both quantitative and qualitative assessment of IAQ in DCCs in Northern Peninsular Malaysia especially at Perlis. Indoor air pollutants such as total volatile organic compound, carbon monoxide, and ozone have been linked to many health effects in babies, toddlers and kids below 4 years old. The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify the exposure level of indoor air contaminants within the chosen DCCs at Perlis and to analyse the survey on the health effects on Indoor Air Quality of DCCs in the District of Perlis, Malaysia. IAQ monitoring was carried out at two DCCs located in different areas of Perlis which are Kangar and Pauh. The selected parameters measured were total volatile organic compound, carbon monoxide and ozone using the Department of Occupational Health and Safety analytical method. Modified validated questionnaires were distributed to parents to obtain their children’s health symptoms. DCC at Kangar was exposed to high air pollutants compared to DCC at Pauh because it may enter their buildings from various adjacent sources as it is situated beside the busy roadside area. Anyway, the selected indoor air pollutants examined at both DCCs are not exceeding the acceptable level of standard guidelines, thereby the kids’ health are not likely to affected by these selected indoor air pollutants.

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Publication

Assessment of the state of Ichthyofauna from Danube River – Caleia Branch, Romania: a sustainable development context

(IOP Publiishing Ltd, 2020)

Tiberius-Marcel Danalache

;

György Deák

;

Elena Holban

;

Cosmin Parlog

;

Carmen Georgeta Nicolae

;

Stelian Matei

;

Mihai-Alexandru Cristea

;

Norazian Mohamed Noor

Evaluating the state of ichthyofauna at both the Lower Danube level and at the national level contains knowledge gaps regarding species dynamics, with the most complex studies regarding species composition being undertaken more than 50 years ago. Over time, the Danube River - an important navigation route that connects Western Europe with Asia - has suffered a series of anthropogenic interventions that led to river discharge regularization, interruptions of longitudinal/latitudinal connectivity and reductions in floodplain area. These anthropogenic activities may negatively impact suitable fish habitats leading to demographical effects. The Danube is regarded as a river with high species richness that provides a source of income for the local population by the practice of commercial fishing. The area of interest for this study was selected taking into account the fact that, in the last decade, it was subject to hydrotechnical works that aim to redistribute the river discharge to improve navigation conditions. The ichthyofauna population dynamics is analyzed using an 8 year-long dataset that includes baseline data before the project started and a monitoring period after the project ended. The results indicate the presence of 38 fish species (excluding anadromous fish species – sturgeons and shads). The identified fish species are classified in two categories: 1) species of commercial interest and 2) species of Community interest. This study provides evidence that the high mobility capacity of the fish species is the main factor affecting species dynamics as support of the national efforts in action to stop the degradation of aquatic habitats and biodiversity, in response to goal 15 “Life Earth” of the UN 2030 AGENDA for sustainable development.

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Publication

Assessment of water quality and nutrient uptake of Azolla in different fertilizers

(IOP Publishing, 2023)

Irnis Azura Zakaria

;

Nor Anis Nadhirah Md Nasir

;

Najiha Razali

;

Mahamad Hakimi Ibrahim

;

Madalina Boboc

The improvement of water quality through aquatic plants' nutrient uptake is one of the crucial elements in achieving a sustainable ecosystem. Water quality is affected by a variety of variables, including dissolved oxygen concentrations, nutrient overabundance, bacterial populations, salt content, and the number of suspended particles in the water. This experiment was performed to evaluate the biological and biochemical characteristics of azolla using various fertilizers (compost food waste, cow dung, liquid fertilizer, mushroom block fertilizer). It also examined the ability and effectiveness of aquatic macrophytes, Azolla pinnata to absorb amounts of nutrients including phosphate, potassium, and nitrogen ammonia in a nutrient-rich medium. The water quality during the cultivation period, including its turbidity, pH, and the temperature was monitored. The biological and biochemical characteristics of azolla have been assessed in a variety of fertilizers, including cow dung, liquid fertilizer, mushroom block fertilizer, and compost food waste, at various concentrations of 5g, 10g, and 15g. The study findings indicated that the most suitable fertilizer for azolla growth is cow dung fertilizer and the least suitable fertilizer is liquid fertilizer. The rapid growth of azolla between days 15 to 25 were observed for the cow dung fertilizer at all concentration as compared to control and other fertilizers. Water quality for each parameter increase over time. The ability of azolla to absorb nutrients shows great potential for the phosphorus element when compared to potassium and nitrogen uptake. To reduce the amount of excessive phosphorus and potassium in water, azolla is a great candidate for eco-friendly phytoremediation.

Publication

Awareness of the Seismic Effect on Existing High-rise Building in Georgetown Penang

( 2024)

Shamilah Anudai @ Anuar

;

Nurul Nabila Mohd Salleh

;

Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim

;

Nor Faizah Bawadi

Abstract A seismic event is unpredictable and may occur worldwide depending on the movement of the fault line. The impact of this phenomenon on society, structures, sources and surroundings is significant to be investigated. Thus, this study aims to investigate the seismic awareness level and input information among Malaysians. Several far-field seismic activities in Malaysia have triggered some high-rise buildings, including residential and commercial ones. Due to this situation, the occupants started to worry about their safety living in high-rise buildings designed without seismic considerations. The most important initial step is to investigate the awareness level among the occupants. A survey has been conducted in Georgetown, Pulau Pinang area involving 208 respondents. Findings indicate the respondents have limited experience with seismic events in Malaysia and were never exposed to seismic information. Less than 50% declared to have adequate knowledge about seismic. Only 31.25% of the respondents were exposed to the seismic information. Respondents agree that Malaysia should apply a seismic code of practice for all construction buildings. Most respondents believe that preparation for upcoming seismic activities is still insufficient, and all new buildings should have seismic safety certificates in the future for seismic resistance.

Publication

BIM and CMMS for IBS building maintenance in Malaysia

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Zul-Atfi Ismail

;

Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim

;

Zuhayr Md Ghazaly

IBS construction is gradually increasing in many building projects in Malaysia. The projects have involved modern, contemporary and innovation design for construction. The increase of demands for IBS construction every year indirectly contributes the building and infrastructure development but maintenance management however is poor, possesses low defect diagnosis and limited decision making process to repairing. These problems become more complicated in complex and high-rise building projects like Malaysia to which IBS building construction is practiced. Conventionally, the repairing maintenance method (fragmentation approach) has been criticized for serious unacceptable quality or productivity, budget and concept of the IBS building maintainability (reworks and delay). Therefore, a novel and more sophisticated technique is proposed for improving defect diagnosis and decision making process by employing BIM and CMMS integration in maintenance management on IBS buildings in Malaysia.

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Publication

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Perennial wetland vegetation components from a sector of the Arges River

(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020)

Ecaterina Marcu

;

Irina-Elena Ciobotaru

;

Maria Cristina Garcia D.

;

Alexandru Anton Ivanov

;

Iasmina-Florina Burlacu

;

Naimah Ibrahim

The potential bioaccumulation of hazardous transitional heavy metals in components of the aquatic environment (such as water column, sedimentary matter, plants) constitutes one of the concerns in environmental protection engineering. This experimental investigative study used systematic measurements of the presence of selected heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc) in components of the aquatic environment to give an indication of their availability and their potential bioaccumulation in the perennial wetland plants. Through environmental quality data processing, this study allowed both the assessment of interphase partitioning constants of these metals throughout the analyzed aquatic environment and the estimation of their cumulative toxicity coëfficiënt. The data analysis highlighted the different potential degrees of dangers caused by metals as pollutants and the synergistic way in which they act on the aquatic environment.

9 2

Publication

Chemical and fibre properties by Lemon Grass in chemical pulping for pulp industry

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Zawawi Daud

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Halizah Awang

;

Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta

;

Mohd Arif Rosli

;

Amir Detho

Malaysia has a high rate of depleting forest activities than any other tropical countries in the world. This lead to an increasing of pollution and loss of forest trees include animal to our nature. Lemon grasses as a substitute material from non-wood material had been choose for pulp and papermaking industry. This study was going through the chemical composition analysis and fibre properties for lemon grass pulp. These conclude that lemon grass had a high percentage of cellulose; with a low lignin content; good fibre length by TAPPI method. Thus, lemon grass has a potential to be alternative material for becoming waste-wealth product especially for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry.

Publication

Coagulation and flocculation treatment of biodiesel wastewater using Ferric Chloride

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Zawawi Daud

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Halizah Awang

;

Nazlizan Nasir

;

Amir Detho

;

Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan

Attempts were made this study to examine of coagulation and flocculation process using ferric chloride and polyelectrolyte (cationic) for the treatment biodiesel wastewater. Removal of SS (suspended solid), color, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and Oil and Grease (O&G) using ferric chloride and organic polyelectrolyte during coagulation/flocculation process were investigated. Also the optimum condition for coagulation/flocculation process, such as pH, coagulant dosage and polyelectrolyte dosage of solution were investigated using jar test experiment. The effect of different dosage of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The result revealed that in the range of pH tested, the optimal pH is 6. Percentage removal of 95%, 93%, 63%, 97% for SS, color, COD and O&G respectively, were achieved at optimum dosage value; 350 mg/L. While, 86.3%, 86.7%, 57.2, 81% removal of SS, color, COD, O&G respectively, were achieved with the addition 10 mg/L cationic to 125 mg/L ferric chloride. It can be conclude from this study that coagulation/flocculation may be a useful as a pre-treatment process for biodiesel wastewater.

3 16

Publication

Comparative analysis of machine learning techniques for SO₂ prediction modelling

(IOP Publishing, 2023)

Wan Nur Shaziayani

;

Norazian Mohamed Noor

;

Muhamad Azan Yaakob

;

Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is produced both naturally and by human activity. The primary natural resource is derived from volcanoes. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic source (especially coal and diesel). Therefore, a reliable and accurate predicting method is essential for an early warning system for SO₂ atmospheric concentration. There are still limited studies in Malaysia that use machine learning methods to predict SO₂ concentrations. With the aid of machine learning, this study seeks to develop and predict future SO₂ concentrations for the next day using the maximum daily data from Klang, Selangor. RapidMiner Studio is the data mining tool used for this research work. Based on the results, it showed that the SVM model was the best guide to be used compared with the other five models (GLM, DL, DT, GBT, and RF). The performance indicators showed that the SVM model was adequate for the next day's prediction (R2 = 0.77, SE = 8.26, REL = 18.69%, AE = 1.46, and RMSE = 2.82). The developed model in this research can be used by Malaysian authorities as a public health protection measure to give Malaysians an early warning about the problem of air pollution. The goal of predictive modelling is to make a reasonable prediction of the variable of interest, and frequently, to determine how much the independent variable contributed to the dependent variable. The results also showed that the previous SO₂ concentrations were one of the most influential parameters used to predict the future SO₂ concentrations.

Publication

Comparative evaluation of compost quality, process and organic materials and adoptability potential to complement by Compost Quality Index (CQI)

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Irnis Azura Zakaria

;

Nurain Syafiqah Suhaimi

;

Anuar Kamaruddin

Compost is natural fertilizer, which is organic matter that been decomposed in a process called composting. The end of result composting is an accumulation of partially decayed organic matter called humus. In this study, type of compost that have been chosen are Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) compost, Goat Dung (GD) compost, Food Waste (FW) compost, compost using bio-decomposer (FWB), and vermicompost (VC). This study aim to identify the stability and maturity of compost that been collected and to identify the quality of compost by using Compost Quality Index (CQI). Study revealed that comparable values obtained in terms of physical properties, chemical properties, stability, maturity and phytotoxicity status. Based on this study, it reveal that EFB and FWB and stable compost while FW and VC are in matured compost. However, FWB showed better results in terms of microbial population, the highest of the values obtained for the other types of compost studied and the germination index value of this compost was higher than the other types of compost. Therefore, it can conclude that using the bio-decomposer can give more quality for compost.

Publication

Comparative Study of Sulfur Dioxide Removal Using Mesoporous Silica KCC-1 and SBA-15

( 2022-01-01)

Muhammad Adli Hanif

;

Naimah Ibrahim

;

Khairuddin Md Isa

;

Masitah Hasan

;

Tuan Abdullah T.A.

;

Jalil A.A.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted into the atmosphere by fossil fuel burning in the industries posed significant negative effects on humans and the environment. SO2 removal performance of two mesoporous silica: KCC-1 and SBA-15, are compared through breakthrough experiments on a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The mesoporous silicas were characterized via nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherm and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). KCC-1 demonstrates characteristics of capillary condensation and non-uniform slit-shaped pores while SBA-15 displays characteristic of a narrow range of mesopores with minimal network effects. Surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of KCC-1 are significantly greater than SBA-15 due to the presence of dendrimeric fibrous morphology. Under tested conditions, SO2 adsorption capacities of KCC-1 and SBA-15 are 614.01 mg/g and 274.64 mg/g, respectively. Superior performance by KCC-1 can be attributed to better accessibility of SO2 towards the active sites due to higher surface area provided by the dendrimer fibers.

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Publication

Comparing the Physical Properties of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) Waste and Natural Aggregate

( 2022-01-01)

Syakirah Afiza Mohammed

;

Mohamed Reyad Alhadi Ahmad

;

Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim

;

Nur Liza Rahim

;

Roshazita Che Amat

;

Samsudin S.

Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a co-combustion product material, which may cause hazards to human health and the environment. Rapid growth in technology causes the increase of CBA waste and this situation led to a waste disposal crisis. Reuse waste material as an alternative material instead of natural materials can led to sustainable and environmentally friendly construction. The main objective of this study is to determine the physical properties of CBA and its suitability to be used as replacement material in civil construction. The physical properties test conducted in this research were aggregate impact value test, aggregate crushed value test, flakiness and elongation test. The results show that the ability of CBA to resist sudden shock and repeated load was lesser than natural aggregate (NA). The differences of aggregate impact value (AIV) and aggregate crushing value (ACV), between NA and CBA were 50.4% and 48.9%, respectively. In addition, CBA has higher amount of flaky and elongated particles compared to NA. The flakiness index value for NA and CBA were 7.12% and 26.10%, respectively while the difference value of elongation index between NA and CBA was 37%. However, even though the properties of CBA were not as good as NA, the results for ACV and the flakiness index of CBA meet the minimum requirement of Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Standard Specification which indicates that CBA has potential to be used in civil construction.

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