Razi Ahmad
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Preferred name
Razi Ahmad
Official Name
Razi, Ahmad
Alternative Name
Ahmad, Razi
Ahmad, R. B.
Ahmad, R.
Ahmad, R. Badlishah
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
54419444500
Researcher ID
B-9254-2012

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  • Publication
    Adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds
    ( 2021-05-24)
    Lim H.K.
    ;
    Umi Fazara Md Ali
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Aroua M.K.
    Currently, three are several agricultural bio-based materials have been successfully utilized as gas adsorbents. In this study, waste coffee grounds (WCGs) have been selected as a potential precursor of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) adsorbents. The preparation parameters for activated carbon derived from WCGs were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized preparation parameters were found to be 1:3.67 impregnation ratio of acid, 533oC of carbonization temperature and 1.13 hours of activation time, which resulted in 23.6 wt% of yield. The physical and chemical characteristics of WCGAC in terms of surface morphology, carbon content, ash content and yield were also investigated. The CO2 breakthrough time using WCGAC were carried out at the temperatures of 30, 40, and 60°C. It was found that WCGAC shows a longer CO2 breakthrough times (5 mins) and a higher adsorption capacity (4.33 mg CO2/g adsorbent) at 30oC.
  • Publication
    Bio-Char And Bio-Oil Production From Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell And Polyethylene
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Ibrahim N.R.
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Syakirah Afiza Mohammed
    ;
    Khalid A.F.
    ;
    Ani A.Y.
    In recent years, palm kernel shell (PKS) has become a viable feedstock for making biofuels and value-added commodities using a variety of thermal conversion routes. Therefore, significant conservation is required for PKS as a resource for fuel production in biofuel facilities. Thus, this research was intended to elucidate the effects on PKS as a solid fuel through torrefaction and the production of bio-char and bio-oil by single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and polyethylene (PE). The PKS was treated through torrefaction at different temperatures and holding times. The optimum parameters for torrefaction were a temperature of 250 oC and a holding time of 60 min. Then the PKS and PE were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures and ratios. The product yield was analysed for single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE for pyrolysis. The properties of the product composition for single and co-pyrolysis of the PKS and PE were determined by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum parameter obtained for biochar and bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE was at temperature of 500 oC at a ratio of 1:2 (PKS: PE). The ester and phenol compounds were increased around 19.02 to 23.18% and 32.51 to 34.80 %, respectively, while amide and amine decreased around 4.94 to 18.87% and 0.63 to 32.39 %, respectively, compared to the single pyrolysis of PKS. Therefore, the PKS and PE co-pyrolysis significantly increased the amount of phenol and ester compounds while slightly reducing the amount of amide and amine compounds in the bio-oil product. As a conclusion, biomass conservation enables the manufacturing of value-added chemicals.
  • Publication
    Oil palm waste-derived reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for dynamic adsorption of dye in a fixed-bed system
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Mohd Ali Jinnah S.N.H.
    ;
    Umi Fazara Md Ali
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Naimah Ibrahim
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Mohamed Zuki F.
    This study focuses on investigating the dynamic adsorption of Rhodamine B (RhB) from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) derived from oil palm waste. The synthesis of rGO from palm kernel shell (PKS) was achieved through double oxidation and carbonization method, resulting in a yield of 73.5 wt%. The reduction of oxygen-containing functionalities process using PKS was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, microscopic evaluation, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Laboratory-scale fixed-bed experiments were conducted with various process parameters. Both PKS and rGO were used as adsorbents, and a comparison was made based on breakthrough curve analysis, adsorption capacity and percentage removal of dye. The adsorption kinetics of RhB on PKS and rGO were best described by the non-linear Yoon-Nelson model, with a high adsorption capacity of 88.32 mg/g and 195.24 mg/g respectively. Using both PKS and rGO, the maximum adsorption capacity was observed when using 10 cm bed depth column, inlet dye concentration of 5 mg/L, flow rate of 12 mL/min and pH of 7. PKS exhibited good dye removal with an efficiency of 66.54%. Meanwhile, the exothermic behavior highlighted the potential of utilizing rGO for maximum dye removal, achieving an efficiency of 90.35%. This study justifies rGO as a cost-effective superior dye removal adsorbent, providing new prospect for large-scale dye removal.
  • Publication
    Compatibilizers Effect on Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber with Polypropylene and Sugarcane Bagasse Composite for Mechanical Properties
    ( 2023-10-16)
    Zainal M.
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Mohammed S.A.
    ;
    Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    Compatibilizers effect on recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) with polypropylene (PP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) composite for mechanical properties is evaluated. Trans-Polyoctylene Rubber (TOR) and Bisphenol a Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) are used as compatibilizers in this study. Three (3) different composites (80/20/15, 60/40/15, and 40/60/15), with fixed filler (15 phr) and compatibilizers (10 phr) content, were carried out. These composites were arranged via melt mixing technique utilizing a heated two-roll mill at a temperature of 180 C for 9 minutes employing a 15-rpm rotor speed. Tensile and morphological properties were evaluated. The result shown average tensile strength dropped by 48.50% as the recycle NBR content rises 20 phr. Nevertheless, subsequent compatibilization reveals that the compositesâ tensile properties were all greater than control composites. The morphology discovered validates the tensile properties, indicating a stronger interaction between the PP/SCB and recycle NBR composites with the addition of compatibilizer DGEBA.
  • Publication
    Influence of pretreated coconut shell on gasification product yield
    ( 2023-10-16)
    Muda S.Z.
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Syakirah Afiza Mohammed
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Ibrahim N.R.
    ;
    Ani A.Y.
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    Gasification of untreated and pretreated coconut shell (CS) was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor to assess the effect of temperature (600, 650, 700, 750, and 800 C) and holding time (30 and 40 min) on gases composition. The untreated CS was first torrefied in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures (200 â 300 C) and holding times (30 min, 60 min and 90 min). Pretreated CS at the optimal torrefaction temperature (275 C and 60 min) was used for gasification. Under optimal conditions of 750 C and 30 min holding time, gasification contributed the most gas production. At this optimum condition, the gas composition of pretreated CS was 35.03 % of CH4, 24.43 % of CO2, and 40.54 % of H2 + CO. Untreated CS contains 37.63 % of CH4, 24.03 % of CO2, and 38.34 % of H2 + CO gases. The production of CH4 gas was higher when untreated CS was used for gasification rather than pretreated CS. Moreover, when untreated CS was used for gasification, the amount of CO2, H2, and CO produced was minimal. Therefore, for high H2 production, pretreatment prior to gasification is appropriate.
  • Publication
    Potential of pretreated palm kernel shell on pyrolysis
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
    ;
    Syakirah Afiza Mohammed
    ;
    Wan Ahmad W.A.M.
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Ibrahim N.R.
    The impact of pretreatment on palm kernel shell (PKS) with torrefaction for the possibility of pyrolysis is discussed in this study. PKS samples were torrefied at different holding times of 30 and 60 minutes at temperatures of 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C. In a fixed-bed reactor with a constant nitrogen flow rate of 500 ml/min, torrefaction pretreatment was carried out. The elemental composition, mass, and energy yield, as well as proximate analysis, were all performed on the pretreated PKS. The optimised pretreated PKS was pyrolyzed next at a temperature of 400 to 550 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. The outcomes demonstrated that the pretreated PKS had a significant mass and energy yield at a temperature of 250 °C and a holding time of 30 min. PKS's calorific value and carbon content both rose after pretreatment. However, the oxygen and moisture content decreased for pretreated PKS. The maximum bio-oil production of 58% was achieved during the pyrolysis of pretreated PKS at a temperature of 500 °C. At higher temperature of 550 ℃, the bio-oil decreased due to secondary cracking reaction. Consequently, the pretreated PKS has greater potential as effective feedstock for successive proses particularly pyrolysis for bio-oil production.
  • Publication
    Effect on product Yield and Tar composition through co-gasification of pretreated palm kernel shell and Mukah Balingian coal
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak
    ;
    Nur Nasulhah Kasim
    ;
    Khudzir Ismail
    In this study, co-gasification of palm kernel shell (PKS) and Mukah Balingian (MB) coal was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The effect of sample pretreatment of both samples were explored via co-gasification towards product yields and tar composition. Results indicated that, pretreated blending samples produced higher gas yield with lower tar and char yield than the untreated blending samples. This was due to low moisture and oxygenated components of the pretreated samples prior to co-gasification. The tar composition of the pretreated blending samples showed increasing in the aromatic and aliphatic alkane, whereas, noticeable decreasing of phenol and carbonyl. Thus, pretreated of PKS and MB coal have prominence influence on the distribution of product yields and tar composition through co-gasification.
  • Publication
    Torrefaction of palm kernel shell using conventional and microwave irradiation pretreatment
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    M A M Ishak
    ;
    N N Kasim
    ;
    K Ismail
    This study describes the properties of torrefied palm kernel shell (PKS) by conventional and microwave irradiation (MI) pretreatment. In conventional pretreatment, the untreated PKS was torrefied using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 210, 230, 250, 270 and 290 °C for 60 min of holding time. In MI pretreatment, the untreated PKS was irradiated with microwave power of 200, 300, 450 and 600 W for 8 min of holding time. The torrefied samples were analysed for mass and energy yield, energy density, calorific value and proximate and ultimate analysis. The results showed that, the properties of torrefied samples were improved with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The mass and energy yield, moisture, volatile matter and oxygen content of torrefied PKS decreased, whereas, the calorific value, energy density and carbon content increased with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The torrefaction temperature of 270 °C and microwave power of 450 W were appropriate to upgrade the PKS properties. Therefore, the change in properties of torrefied PKS revealed the potential of applying pretreatment prior to further thermal conversion such as pyrolysis and gasification.
  • Publication
    Influence of carbonisation temperature on the surface pore characteristics of acid-treated oil palm empty fruit bunch activated carbon
    ( 2020-07-01)
    Ahmad N.
    ;
    Naimah Ibrahim
    ;
    Fu P.Y.
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    Carbonisation process affects the surface physical and chemical properties of an activated carbon. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the influence of carbonisation temperature from 400 to 550° C during activation with 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) on the surface pore characteristics of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) for nitric oxide (NO) removal from gas streams. Pore and morphological characterisation showed that EFB carbonised at 400° C (EFBC-400) is microporous and has a uniform pore structure with 98% micropore volume. Increasing carbonisation temperature resulted in pore enlargement from 2.8 to 4.7 nm and increment in pore heterogeneity and BET surface area from 215 to 759 m2/g. However, the NO breakthrough experiment indicated that EFBC-400 is more favourable for low-temperature NO removal, due to the importance of microporosity in adsorption of NO. Further study will look at the kinetics of NO removal and the adsorbent regeneration.
      2  17
  • Publication
    Kinetic and isotherm studies of empty fruit bunch biochar on ammonium adsorption
    ( 2021-02-23)
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Khairunissa Syairah Ahmad Sohaimi
    ;
    Mohamed A.R.
    ;
    Siti Nazrah Zailani
    ;
    Salleh N.H.M.
    ;
    Azizan N.H.
    The presence of excessive ammonium in wastewater due to agriculture and other industrial activities affects the aquatic plants, animals and human health. Common wastewater practice offers high cost and maintenance as well as low performance. The adsorption technique offers an efficient, economically favourable and reliable physicochemical treatment method. Despite the efficiency, the studies on Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biochar as an adsorbent for ammonium removal is under discovered. The conducted study described the characterization of EFB biochar together with its kinetic and isotherm studies for ammonium removal. EFB underwent conventional pretreatment using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 350, 450,550 and 650 °C for 60 min of holding time prior for characterization and kinetic studies. For characterization studies, moisture, ash and pH anlysis were performed before proceed with adsorption and kinetic studies. It was found that the increment of temperature resulted in high content of ash and low content of moisture while optimum pH was in the range of pH 7. The optimum condition for ammonium adsorption was 2.5 ppm of EFB, 0.05g of ammonia dosage and time exposure of 200 minutes. The ammonium adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model which suggests that the ammonium adsorption process is controlled by the chemical adsorption mechanism. The finding suggests the utilization of EFB biochar as a good alternative for ammonium removal through adsorption process while increasing the biomass value.
      1  27