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Publication

Preliminary screening oxidative degradation methyl orange using ozone/ persulfate

( 2018)

Nur Aqilah Razali

;

Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin

;

Ong Soon An

;

Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan

;

Abdul Haqi Ibrahim

;

Siti Nasuha Sabri

;

Su Huan Kow

The present study focusing on the performances of advanced oxidation process by using ozonation method towards Methyl Orange based on the efficiency of colour removal and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal. Factorial design with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the interaction between operational conditions, such as pH, initial concentration, contact time and persulfate dosage to obtain the optimum range conditions using a semi-batch reactor. The range of independent variables investigated were pH (3-11), initial concentration (100-500mg/L), contact time (10-50min) and persulfate dosage (20-100mM) while the response variables were colour removal and COD removal of Methyl Orange. The experimental results and statistical analysis showed all the parameters were significant. Thus, from this findings, optimization of operational conditions that had been suggested from the ozone/persulfate RSM analysis were (pH 3, 100 mg/L, 50min, 60mM) that would be produced 99% Colour Removal and 80% COD Removal and help in promoting an efficient ozonation process. The effect list data that showed the most contributed effects to increase the percentages of colour removal were pH and persulfate dosage whereas the contact time and initial concentration had the highest positive effects on the COD removal. Other than that, the interaction between pH, contact time and persulfate dosage were found to be the most influencing interaction. Therefore the least influencing interaction was interaction between persulfate dosage and pH. In this study, the correlation coefficient value R2 for colour removal and COD removal of Methyl Orange were R2= 0.9976 and R2= 0.9924 which suggested a good fit of the first-order regression model with the experimental data.

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Publication

Study of O3/S2O82- Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for removal of dye industrial effluents

( 2019)

Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin

;

Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan

;

Ong Soon An

;

Abdul Haqi Ibrahim

;

Sabri Siti Nasuha

;

Razali Nur Aqilah

This research was carried out to study the efficiency of O3/S2O82- system in removal of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dye sample. Different operating parameter such as pH, initial dye concentration and persulfate dosage were studied to evaluate the performance on removing colour and COD. The removal of colour and COD achieved higher efficiency at pH 7, 100 mg/L of initial dye concentration and persulfate dosage of 5 g S2O82-/1 g RR120. O3/S2O82- with the most effective conditions experienced effective decolourization and degradation of organic pollutants than O3 only. Furthermore, it achieved faster breakdown of azo bond and aromatic groups than O3 after treatment as observed with UV-Vis absorption spectra. The FT-IR analysis obtained new absorption peak that represents alkenes after 20 min of O3 treatment whereas mostly of the absorption bands of O3/S2O82- flattened.

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Publication

The effect of epoxy resin compatibilizer on Polypropylene (PP) / Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr) / Banana Skin Powder (BSP) composites

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Gomesh Nair

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Zawawi Daud

;

Mustaffa Zainal

Epoxy resin (EP) was use as a compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene(PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/banana skin powder (BSP) composites to determine the characterization of composites with and without compatibilization. The objective of this research was to study the mechanical properties and thermal properties of PP/NBRr/BSP composites with and without epoxy resin compatibilizer. The composites were melt using heated two roll mill at 1800C and speed of 15 rpm with 5 different composition (100/0/10, 80/20/10, 70/30/10, 60/40/10 and 40/60/10 weight %). The effects of epoxy resin on mechanical properties and morphological properties were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of epoxy resin (EP) has improved the tensile properties of PP/NBRr/BSP-EP composite compared with uncompatibilized composite. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study of tensile fracture surfaces of the composite indicates improved adhesion of banana skin (BSP) filler with PP/NBRr/BSP matrices in the presence of epoxy resin.

Publication

Chemical and fibre properties by Lemon Grass in chemical pulping for pulp industry

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Zawawi Daud

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Halizah Awang

;

Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta

;

Mohd Arif Rosli

;

Amir Detho

Malaysia has a high rate of depleting forest activities than any other tropical countries in the world. This lead to an increasing of pollution and loss of forest trees include animal to our nature. Lemon grasses as a substitute material from non-wood material had been choose for pulp and papermaking industry. This study was going through the chemical composition analysis and fibre properties for lemon grass pulp. These conclude that lemon grass had a high percentage of cellulose; with a low lignin content; good fibre length by TAPPI method. Thus, lemon grass has a potential to be alternative material for becoming waste-wealth product especially for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry.

Publication

Electrical performance based on the thickness of electrode using anatase TiO₂ dye sensitized solar cell

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Nair Gomesh

;

Zawawi Daud

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Syafinar Ramli

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

Solar cell research is an ongoing process to obtain a trade-off between the efficiency to price ratio. In the process to obtain high efficiency at lower cost, the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) emerge as the potential candidate. There have been many calls for an alternative method to a solar cell production compared to the current Si-solar cell production. This paper briefly discusses the comparison of using Anatase based titanium dioxide (A-TiO₂) at different thickness to the electrical performance of the DSSC. The Dr. Blade method was employed to the fabrication of the DSSC with a reference dyes and platinum deposition technique which acts as a counter electrode. Overall result shows that the 10µm thickness displays improved performance in the solar cell efficiency as compared to other electrode thickness fabricated and tested. The factors that improves the electrical performance based on the electrode thickness have been discussed in the paper.

Publication

Utilization of Zeolite-Feldspar as an potential adsorbent for the adsorption of COD and Ammonical Nitrogen in stabilized landfill leachate

(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020)

Zawawi Daud

;

Amir Detho

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Halizah Awang

;

Mohd Arif Rosli

;

Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan

The robust combination of landfill waste recognized as a potential source of hazards. Landfills is one relatively distinctive issue associated with leachate. Generally, zeolite is considered a known adsorbent however relatively very high in cost. Meanwhile, Feldspar is the world’s most common mineral groups which making up as much as about 60 percent of the crust of the earth. Its quality and availability makes the feldspar become relatively low price material. The mixture of feldspar-zeolite are believe to produces effective and inexpensive composite for the treatment of leachate wastewater. The batch experiment was conducted in an Erlenmeyer flask, 250 mL volume with varying the volume of composite mixture ratio and then shaking for 5 hrs with 200 rpm at pH7. The optimum mixing ratio of feldspar-zeolite is chosen 1:1. The optimum removal of COD and ammonical nitrogen is 55% and 50% respectively. The availability of low-cost materials such as feldspar in the composite has helped to minimize the cost of treatment and has helped to increase the potential capacity for adsorption.

Publication

Experimental approach for chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen removal from natural rubber wastewater via adsorption by kaolin

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Zawawi Daud

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Halizah Awang

;

Nazlizan Nasir

;

Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan

;

Amir Detho

Natural rubber is an important material because of its high strength compared to synthetic rubber. However, the production process of natural rubber discharges a large amount of wastewater containing high concentrations of organic compounds and nitrogen. Therefore, discharging natural rubber processing wastewater without an appropriate treatment can lead to environmental problems such as deterioration of water quality and eutrophication. In this study, the batch adsorption experiment was carried out for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen from natural rubber wastewater using kaolin as adsorbent. The efficiency of the kaolin was studied by varying the parameters adsorbent dose, pH, shaking speed and contact time. The experimental equilibrium data for this system has been analyzed using the linearized forms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. COD and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies were 71.6% and 75.8%, respectively. While, Langmuir isotherm was found to provide the best theoretical correlation of the experimental data.

Publication

Detection of emerging pollutants Oxytetracycline and Paracetamol and the potential aquatic ecological risk associated with their presence in surface waters of the Arges-Vedea, Buzau-Ialomita, Dobrogea-Litoral River Basins in Romania

(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020)

Mihaela Ilie

;

György Deák

;

Florica Marinescu

;

Gina Ghita

;

Carmen Tociu

;

Monica Matei

;

Cristina Ileana Covaliu

;

Marius Raischi

;

Sara Yasina Yusof

Pharmaceuticals are a major group of emerging pollutants frequently identified in surface waters. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals as environmental pollutants is a problem involving multiple aspects and continue to cause new and serious challenges to ecosystems and human health. For example, antibiotics exert a selective pressure on bacterial communities in aquatic environments, leading to the selection and increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which is a major problem in the effective treatment of bacterial infections, while for analgesics, a number of adverse effects such as accumulation in tissues and behavioral changes were observed in aquatic organisms. In this paper, the detection by UHPLC-MS/MS of two widely used pharmaceuticals was performed, oxytetracycline (antibiotic) and paracetamol (analgesic) respectively, in surface water matrix from the Arges-Vedea, Buzau-Ialomita and Dobrogea-Litoral river basins in Romania. The potential aquatic ecological risk (RQ) was also estimated by the ratio between Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC) and Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC).

Publication

Torrefaction of palm kernel shell using conventional and microwave irradiation pretreatment

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Razi Ahmad

;

M A M Ishak

;

N N Kasim

;

K Ismail

This study describes the properties of torrefied palm kernel shell (PKS) by conventional and microwave irradiation (MI) pretreatment. In conventional pretreatment, the untreated PKS was torrefied using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 210, 230, 250, 270 and 290 °C for 60 min of holding time. In MI pretreatment, the untreated PKS was irradiated with microwave power of 200, 300, 450 and 600 W for 8 min of holding time. The torrefied samples were analysed for mass and energy yield, energy density, calorific value and proximate and ultimate analysis. The results showed that, the properties of torrefied samples were improved with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The mass and energy yield, moisture, volatile matter and oxygen content of torrefied PKS decreased, whereas, the calorific value, energy density and carbon content increased with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The torrefaction temperature of 270 °C and microwave power of 450 W were appropriate to upgrade the PKS properties. Therefore, the change in properties of torrefied PKS revealed the potential of applying pretreatment prior to further thermal conversion such as pyrolysis and gasification.

Publication

The effect of coal bottom ash as a replacement on subgrade strength

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Muhammad Munsif Ahmad

;

N Z Zainol

Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) which is one of coal combustion product (CCPs) obtained from thermal power plant will negatively affect the ecological system which human health ultimately depends on. The increase in demands for landfill requirements and the limitations natural aggregates is quite disturbing unless the new alternative to cut the usage of natural aggregates is found. Therefore, this paper present the laboratory investigation work to improve the strength of subgrade by the replacement of CBA with different percentage varies (0%, 15%, 30% & 40%) by weight. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is carried out to obtain the optimum percentage replacement CBA and then some physical which are particle size distribution, Atterberg limit test, specific gravity test and compaction test also carried out to observe the mechanical properties of optimum sample. The optimum percentage of CBA replacement obtained is 40.65% at 30% CBA replacement compared to 17.99% of subgrade soil alone. The moisture dry-density of unmodified soil sample is higher (1.99Mg/m3, 15.34%) than optimum sample (1.95Mg/m3, 10.2%). Moreover, 30% CBA replacement resulted in intermediate plasticity than the subgrade soil which is highly plastic. In conclusion, strength of subgrade soil is highest at 20-30% of CBA replacement.

Publication

3D Numerical modelling on the thermal performance of reinforced concrete encased wide-flanged steel column

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

K A A Latiff

;

A N Rizalman

;

N S H Harith

;

Sk Muiz Sk Abdul Razak

;

M E Mohamad

This paper presents the development and verification of a three-dimensional (3D) numerical modelling to predict the thermal performance of reinforced concrete encased wide-flanged steel (RCEWFS) column. The numerical model was developed using finite element software, ABAQUS. Then, the verified model was used to determine the suitable value for heat transfer conductance, time step and mesh size that provide the most reliable prediction against the experimental results. The parametric studies were also conducted to study the effect of rising time of fire exposure, section size, and flange width of I-section on the thermal performance of the RCEWFS column. From this study, it can be concluded that the predictions by the 3D numerical model are reliable and accurate. The study on the contour of the model shows that the thermal behaviour of concrete is non-linear

Publication

Estimation of particulate emission generation in palm oil mill boiler

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

N R Jamian

;

M Rashid

;

S M M Muzi

;

N Hussein

;

D Munisamy

;

K M Pa’ad

;

A H M Ali

;

Sara Yasina Yusuf

The palm oil industries in Malaysia has been positively growth throughout the year, for it sustainable approach in terms of production and environmental protection. However, this industry also producing considerable amount of particulate emission from the process of burning its biomass waste of palm fibre and shell in the boiler. This study present a method to estimate the particulate emission that are being generated from the boiler. The method were done by analyzing the proximate analysis value of the ash content of palm fibre and shell found in this study. The particulate emission were physically collected from five palm oil mill boilers with boiler capacity ranging from 18-45 tonne/hour. The particulate stack fly ash was collected from the stack gas downstream of a multi-cyclones particulate arrestor according to the USEPA Method 17-Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources. Meanwhile the sample of palm fibre and shell were collected to determine the proximate value. The estimation were then being further analyzed according to the particulate emission that were obtained by the real-stack sampling. In summary, the average moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon for palm shell found in this study are 19.3 ± 5.7%, 2.79 ± 2.2%, 74.3 ± 3.0, and 11.3 ± 4.3, respectively.). The average particulate concentration for these five mills is 2.2±0.9g/Nm3 and the air pollution control requirement are between 64 and 96% with reference to Clean Air Regulations 2014 of 0.15g/Nm3 which is very high to be achieve. It also can be estimated that 26% of the ash generated from the combustion of palm fibre and shell in palm oil mill boiler are being released at the stack.

Publication

Mechanical and rheological properties of concrete with ceramic tile waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate

( 2020)

Norhaizura Yahya

;

Sk Muiz Sk Abdul Razak

;

M K Othman

;

S N A M Noor

;

Khairunnisa Muhamad

;

M K M Jaih

The rapidly increasing in population has led to the higher of construction, repairing and renovation activity that lead to produce large amount of construction material waste. The disposal of broken ceramic tiles during construction is one of the factors which contribute to this matter and can lead to land pollution. On the other hand, the natural resource in construction such as fine aggregate also facing depletion in order to cater the current and future demand. Therefore, this paper explores the properties of concrete with ceramic tile waste used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. About 45 cube samples, 30 prism samples and 15 control samples were casted. Various percentage of ceramic tile waste has been introduced as partial replacement for fine aggregate with proportion of 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%. Tests for mechanical and rheological properties which have been done to identify the concrete performance are compressive strength, flexural, water absorption and slump test. From the results obtained, the sample of concrete contain of 15% ceramic tile waste as fine aggregate replacement has reached the optimum strength in both compressive strength and flexural strength. However, by using 20% of ceramic tile waste as fine aggregate replacement does show higher workability and water absorption.

Publication

Improving Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and comfortability of lecture rooms: case study – UniCITI Alam Campus, Padang Besar, Malaysia

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Nurul Akmam Naamandadin

;

Siti Nur Aishah Mohd Noor

;

Norrazman Zaiha Zainol

;

Arita Hanim Awang

;

Syakir Amir Abdul Rahman

;

Khairunnisa Mohamad

;

Muhammad Naim Ahmad

UniCITI Alam is a mixed development of commercial buildings and medium rise apartments. The whole development was designed based on the integration of student residential community with the combined commercial centre and temporary campus. The lecture rooms are located at the second floor of the triple-storey shop house. To improve the indoor environmental quality and comfortability of the teaching and learning activities, physical measurements of the indoor environment parameters (air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration) and light intensity are the main methods applied in the presented case study. Data collected will be compared with Malaysian Standard MS 1525: 2007 (Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable for Non Residential Building) and DOSH. The finding will be used for improving the environmental quality of the lecture rooms and enhancing the ecology circle.

Publication

Comparative evaluation of compost quality, process and organic materials and adoptability potential to complement by Compost Quality Index (CQI)

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Irnis Azura Zakaria

;

Nurain Syafiqah Suhaimi

;

Anuar Kamaruddin

Compost is natural fertilizer, which is organic matter that been decomposed in a process called composting. The end of result composting is an accumulation of partially decayed organic matter called humus. In this study, type of compost that have been chosen are Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) compost, Goat Dung (GD) compost, Food Waste (FW) compost, compost using bio-decomposer (FWB), and vermicompost (VC). This study aim to identify the stability and maturity of compost that been collected and to identify the quality of compost by using Compost Quality Index (CQI). Study revealed that comparable values obtained in terms of physical properties, chemical properties, stability, maturity and phytotoxicity status. Based on this study, it reveal that EFB and FWB and stable compost while FW and VC are in matured compost. However, FWB showed better results in terms of microbial population, the highest of the values obtained for the other types of compost studied and the germination index value of this compost was higher than the other types of compost. Therefore, it can conclude that using the bio-decomposer can give more quality for compost.

Publication

The influence of Sodium Hydroxide concentration on physical properties and strength development of high calcium fly ash based geopolymer as pavement base materials

(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020)

Liyana Ahmad Sofri

;

Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

;

Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan

;

Yue Yuan H.

This paper deals with the development of high calcium fly ash based geopolymers. Geopolymer paste was prepared from fly ash alkaline activator solutions using various mix design including molarity of sodium hydroxide used (6-14M) with solid-to-liquid ratio (1.0-3.0) and the sample were curing at ambient temperature. In this paper, flow value, setting time and unconfined compressive strength of high calcium fly ash based geopolymer paste was carried out using flow table equipment, Vicat’s apparatus and compression testing machine to measure the properties caused by high calcium fly ash. It was found that solid to liquid ratio of 2.0 and NaOH molarity of 12M was the best mix design to be applied due to its maximum unconfined compressive strength achieved (up to 19MPa at 28 days) as well as its flow ability of the fresh paste which shown better result compared to other mix designs. High calcium was also found to result in higher strength.

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Publication

Coagulation and flocculation treatment of biodiesel wastewater using Ferric Chloride

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Zawawi Daud

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Halizah Awang

;

Nazlizan Nasir

;

Amir Detho

;

Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan

Attempts were made this study to examine of coagulation and flocculation process using ferric chloride and polyelectrolyte (cationic) for the treatment biodiesel wastewater. Removal of SS (suspended solid), color, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and Oil and Grease (O&G) using ferric chloride and organic polyelectrolyte during coagulation/flocculation process were investigated. Also the optimum condition for coagulation/flocculation process, such as pH, coagulant dosage and polyelectrolyte dosage of solution were investigated using jar test experiment. The effect of different dosage of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The result revealed that in the range of pH tested, the optimal pH is 6. Percentage removal of 95%, 93%, 63%, 97% for SS, color, COD and O&G respectively, were achieved at optimum dosage value; 350 mg/L. While, 86.3%, 86.7%, 57.2, 81% removal of SS, color, COD, O&G respectively, were achieved with the addition 10 mg/L cationic to 125 mg/L ferric chloride. It can be conclude from this study that coagulation/flocculation may be a useful as a pre-treatment process for biodiesel wastewater.

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Publication

Cost control mechanism as procurement selection decision matrix for Malaysian infrastructure projects

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Norsyakilah Romeli

;

F Muhamad Halil

;

F Ismail

;

M S Hasim

Malaysia was enumerated as the realm that retains a high quality of infrastructure facilities among the other ASEAN countries, and the number of infrastructure projects is progressively developed to offers a virtuous cordiality to the citizen. Inevitably, the infrastructure projects are barely devoted to the complex project selection decision phase where the procurement represents the suave configuration of the projects. However due to the difficulty in analyzing an assorted variety of procurement system afford by inexperienced decision maker the procurement route often unkempt the cost related dynamic. Regularly, the decision based on narrow consideration of cost and project quality overestimated in within a short period of construction. Even worst, there is partially public discourse on the cost control elements towards the disputable project procurement selection, which reflects the lesson learnt on the previous infrastructure project has mismanaged to provide a municipal cost precaution. Prior to that, the research objective is to identify the relationship in between the cost control mechanism and project procurement selection decision in infrastructure projects. The adoption of quantitative method and analysis applies in this research among the infrastructure expert settings. The output from the methods disclose that the cost control acquires a strong correlation in the project procurement selection decision equation with project risk, capital resources, alliance requirement based, changes of policy, fluctuation of inflation rates, labor cost, material cost, robust feasibility studies as a driver to an efficacious project procurement assortment verdict.

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Publication

Effect of additives on the ash element from combustion of palm fiber and shell

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

J Nor Ruwaida

;

M Dewika

;

S Shahidana

;

M Rashid

;

Abd Halim Md Ali

;

M P Khairunnisa

;

M R Ammar

;

Zahiruddin S.

;

Sara Yasina Yusuf

Palm fibre and shell (F&S) are commonly used in the combustion process to produce steam and electricity in palm oil mills in Malaysia. Unfortunately, the combustion process releases various types of elements that tends to react with each other contributing to operational and environmental issues. Thus, this motivated, a study to evaluate the concentration of the elements such as C, O, Si, K, and Al in the ash with the presence of two combustion additive which are Kaolin and PreKotTM. The study was performed by simulating the industrial combustion in a laboratory-scale fluidised-bed reactor with addition of the additives at 8% ratio from the 40 g total weight of each sample at 800°C with the supply of 50% excess air at 1.24 L/min air flow. The ash residue were investigated for elemental composition on the ash surface. Interestingly, the study showed that the concentration of the element on the ash surface increased with the addition of additives especially at a 50% ratio of Kaolin and PreKotTM. The higher concentration of the element on the ash surface indicates the reduction of fine particulate. Hence, the study revealed that addition of Kaolin & PrekotTM in combustion process has a promising future not only within palm oil industry but also other industry.

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Publication

Identification of Paracoccus Solventivorans sp. as sulphate oxidizing bacteria isolated from palm oil sludge

(IOP Publishing, 2020)

Husnul Azan Tajarudin

;

Ragunathan Al Santiagoo

;

Nair Gomesh

;

Zawawi Daud

;

Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman

;

Nuraiffa Syazwi Adzami

;

Fatin Farhana Kamarzaman

The emission of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) from industrial processes causesodour nuisance to the surrounding community. Thus, the ability of sulphur oxidizing bacteria could eliminate H₂S by changing it into non-odorous elemental sulphur or sulphate. In this study, the isolate bacteria of Paracoccus solventivorans ATCC 700252 demonstrated pH reduction from pH 8 to about pH 5.27 with sulphate content production of454.0 g/ml. The growth of Paracoccus sp. was increased using sulphur as elemental carbon and oxygen as electron acceptor. The optimum temperature and pH of Paracoccus sp. were in the range of 30°C to 40°C and pH 7.00 to pH 8.00, respectively. The utilization of Paracoccus sp. will create a potential application for H₂S removal and preserve the environment from further odour pollution.

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