Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
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Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
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Abidin, Che Zulzikrami Azner
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  • Publication
    Treatment of O3 with Na2S2O8 by ANOVA Interpretation towards degradation of azo dye
    ( 2018-12)
    Noor Ashikin Mohd Razali
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan
    ;
    Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
    ;
    S. N. Sabri
    ;
    S.H. Kow
    ;
    S.A. Malik
    Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) especially ozonation method is widely studied in the wastewater treatmentfield. In this study, it highlighted about threemainenvironmental issues in the world such as1) proposing a method to overcome uncontrollable effluents from textile industriesby using syntheticdyes; 2)creating an improvementof previous conventional method; 3) reduced process time by using statistical approach.To address with this issue, analysis of variance (ANOVA)from Response Surface Methodology (RSM)to study the performance of O3with the help of persulfate (Na2S2O8) for treating one of azo dyes which is Reactive Green 19.This is due to there isvery limited work done by statistical analysis on this study. Hence, ANOVA data would proposestatistical models tailored to the data in 2D and 3D contour plots by knowing the three influenced parameterswhich is pH(6 to 10),persulfate concentration (30to 70mM) and contact time (4 to 20 min). Through the analysis, the result can be concluded that improvement of ozonation process with persulfate (Na2S2O8) werestatistically significant after allinteractive effectsgave a positive feedback towards responses.The obtained optimum conditions included a persulfate concentration (49mM), initial pH (8.89) and contact time (18 min) with fixed initial concentration 100mg/L. The experimental results were corresponded well with predicted models colour removal rates which is 99%.
  • Publication
    Removal of dyes from industrial effluents using combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and biological treatment
    ( 2014)
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    Nowadays, the removal of dyes from industrial effluents is still far away to a satisfactory solution. Even though the AOPs are known strong technologies for wastewater treatment, it still requires further advancement and extent. Hence, a new promising treatment is their combination with biological treatment, by taking the advantages of the individual potentials. Therefore, this research evaluated four treatment techniques, namely ozonation, ozone/hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2), ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), and a combination of ozonation-biological for synthetic dyes, consist of monoazo Methyl Orange (MO), disazo Reactive Red 120 (RR120) and anthraquinone Reactive Blue 19 (RB19). Finally, the treatments are evaluated with batik wastewater as a real wastewater sample from industries. The finding revealed that ozonation, O3/H2O2, UV/H2O2, and ozonation-biological become an effective treatment for monoazo, disazo, anthraquinone, and real wastewater. The treatments accomplish, under appropriate conditions, a full decolourization and a substantial mineralization. However, O3/H2O2 and ozonation works well with the dyes, in contrast to UV/H₂O₂. It reveals that complete decolourization by ozonation and O3/H2O2, with less than 20 min contact. Two decolourization curves of ozonation and O3/H2O2 almost overlapped suggesting that H2O2 hardly affects decolourization rate. Contrariwise, it takes more than 60 min for complete decolourization with UV/H₂O₂ for RR120, but requires more than 120 min for MO and RB19. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference for COD and TOC removals. It is apparent that O₃/H₂O₂ showed higher removal, suggesting that the presence of H₂O₂ promote the oxidation reaction. The final COD removal of O₃/H₂O₂ reached 100% within less than 10 min for RR120 and RB19, while 15 min for MO. Likewise, the higher TOC removal was observed for O₃/H₂O₂ in comparison to ozonation and UV/H₂O₂. On the whole, the COD removal was similar to TOC removal for each treatment. It is obvious that high decolourization from the start of biological was contributed from ozonation pre-treatment. In addition, the results indicate that 59.6 and 69.4% COD removal from ozonation and ozonationbiological, respectively for MO. While, resulted about 40.7 and 72.9% removal for RR120, and 51.4 and 59.8% for RB19, respectively. Thus, it represents small organic molecules that contribute considerably to the COD that cannot be completely removed by ozonation-biological treatment. Similar to COD, the results indicate that 49.1 and 73.7% TOC removal from ozonation and ozonation-biological, respectively for MO. While it leads to 39.3 and 64.3% removal for RR120 and 37.5 and 70.8% removal for RB19, respectively. It is clear that the biological further degrades the dyes from ozonation. In addition, each dye shows different decolourization pattern and degradation behaviour according to its chemical structure. The change in UV-vis and FT-IR spectra indicated the evidence of dye structure cleavage and intermediates formation. While, the NO₃-, SO₄2- and Cl- anions formed indicate dye mineralization. The decolourization conform first-order kinetics, with R2 values greater than 0.92. The O₃/H₂O₂ performs better with the batik wastewater, as compared to ozonation and UV/H₂O₂. Therefore, the results for synthetic wastewater support its application for real wastewater, even though the batik wastewater was more difficult to be decolourized and degraded because of its complex composition.
  • Publication
    Study of O3/S2O82- Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for removal of dye industrial effluents
    ( 2019)
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
    ;
    Sabri Siti Nasuha
    ;
    Razali Nur Aqilah
    This research was carried out to study the efficiency of O3/S2O82- system in removal of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dye sample. Different operating parameter such as pH, initial dye concentration and persulfate dosage were studied to evaluate the performance on removing colour and COD. The removal of colour and COD achieved higher efficiency at pH 7, 100 mg/L of initial dye concentration and persulfate dosage of 5 g S2O82-/1 g RR120. O3/S2O82- with the most effective conditions experienced effective decolourization and degradation of organic pollutants than O3 only. Furthermore, it achieved faster breakdown of azo bond and aromatic groups than O3 after treatment as observed with UV-Vis absorption spectra. The FT-IR analysis obtained new absorption peak that represents alkenes after 20 min of O3 treatment whereas mostly of the absorption bands of O3/S2O82- flattened.
  • Publication
    Preliminary screening oxidative degradation methyl orange using ozone/ persulfate
    ( 2018)
    Nur Aqilah Razali
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan
    ;
    Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
    ;
    Siti Nasuha Sabri
    ;
    Su Huan Kow
    The present study focusing on the performances of advanced oxidation process by using ozonation method towards Methyl Orange based on the efficiency of colour removal and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal. Factorial design with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the interaction between operational conditions, such as pH, initial concentration, contact time and persulfate dosage to obtain the optimum range conditions using a semi-batch reactor. The range of independent variables investigated were pH (3-11), initial concentration (100-500mg/L), contact time (10-50min) and persulfate dosage (20-100mM) while the response variables were colour removal and COD removal of Methyl Orange. The experimental results and statistical analysis showed all the parameters were significant. Thus, from this findings, optimization of operational conditions that had been suggested from the ozone/persulfate RSM analysis were (pH 3, 100 mg/L, 50min, 60mM) that would be produced 99% Colour Removal and 80% COD Removal and help in promoting an efficient ozonation process. The effect list data that showed the most contributed effects to increase the percentages of colour removal were pH and persulfate dosage whereas the contact time and initial concentration had the highest positive effects on the COD removal. Other than that, the interaction between pH, contact time and persulfate dosage were found to be the most influencing interaction. Therefore the least influencing interaction was interaction between persulfate dosage and pH. In this study, the correlation coefficient value R2 for colour removal and COD removal of Methyl Orange were R2= 0.9976 and R2= 0.9924 which suggested a good fit of the first-order regression model with the experimental data.
  • Publication
    Recovery of nano-lignin from anaerobic treated palm oil mill effluent (AT-POME)
    ( 2020-06-10)
    Ismail H.S.
    ;
    Abdul Haqi Ibrahim
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan
    Lignin is the main polymers in woody biomass aside cellulose and hemicelluloses Recently, nano-lignin is gaining importance due to the increasing demand for bio-based and bio-active nanomaterial fillers for many applications such as in composite and textile industries. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the main wastewater produce by palm oil mills. Anaerobically treated (AT-POME) contains high soluble lignin due to the anaerobic digestion of cellulosic material in POME. Nano-lignin was precipitated by adjusting the initial pH of AT-POME during the sonication process. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were used to adjust the initial pH of AT-POME. Result shows that sulfuric acid was the most suitable acid to be used as it could recovered 96% of the soluble lignin in AT-POME. The presence of ultrasonic during the precipitation process had reduced the size to 383.4 nm. The optimum operating parameter for lignin recovery is at pH 4 using sulfuric acid and sonicated at 80 watts for 15 minutes. This study shows that sonication could reduce the size of precipitated lignin from AT-POME. In addition, removal of lignin from AT-POME also reduced the COD content of AT-POME.
  • Publication
    Adopting co-metabolism strategy for optimized biotreatment of ortho-hydroxytoluene and bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell: Transformation products and pathways
    ( 2022-10-01)
    Tan S.M.
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Wong Y.S.
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Teoh T.P.
    ;
    Yap K.L.
    This study investigated the effects of carbon source availability and concentrations, external loads (Rload), and cathode conditions on the overall removal rate of ortho-hydroxytoluene and bioelectricity generation characteristics in anti-gravity flow microbial fuel cell (AGF-MFC) through co-metabolism approach. Sodium acetate outperformed sucrose, glucose and carbamide, and the optimum influent acetate concentration (1000 mg L−1) significantly enhanced the o-hydroxytoluene degradation by 13.41 % (98.71 %), output voltage by 15.14 % (609.25 mV) and power generation by 30.96 % (159.44 mW m−2). The results demonstrated that there were prominent differences in MFC performances under different Rload (p < 0.05). Different external load conditions resulted in varying electron transfer reactions, and thus affecting the removal efficiency and power responses of MFC system. A complete removal of o-hydroxytoluene and highest power density of 173.10 mW m−2, with a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of 93.56 % were obtained with the Rload of 230 Ω, where the Rload approaches the cell design point. Hysteresis phenomenon was detected in the dynamic polarization during Rload variations. Moreover, it was observed that the removal efficiency of o-hydroxytoluene was significantly enhanced with aeration rate of 50 mL min−1, and dissolved oxygen concentration of 5.4 mg L−1. Conversely, higher aeration rate (400 mL min−1) had caused a decline of 26 % in power generation, ascribed to the limited active surface area for oxygen reduction reaction. Additionally, the degradation pathway of o-hydroxytoluene was proposed based on the identified intermediates.
  • Publication
    Biotreatment of sulfonated dyestuffs with energy recovery in microbial fuel cell: Influencing parameters, kinetics, degradation pathways, mechanisms, and phytotoxicity assessment
    ( 2021-08-01)
    Tan S.M.
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Wong Y.S.
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Thung W.E.
    ;
    Teoh T.P.
    Removal of recalcitrant sulfonated dyestuff intermediates from wastewater has been an urgent challenge for environmental technologies. In this regard, the biodegradations of monoazo Methyl Orange (MO) and diazo dyes Reactive Black 5 (RB5) towards wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell were investigated and compared through the studies on azo dye concentration, aeration, sampling points arrays, and electrode spacings. The degradation of diazo RB5 yielded higher chemical oxygen demand removal, decolourization efficiencies, and power generation over monoazo MO. The decolourization efficiency of RB5 (97.62%) increased with an increase of RB5 concentration (50 mg/L), suggesting that the system has the capability of removing higher RB5 concentration. However, contrary results were obtained with MO due to its toxicity. This study also demonstrated that the decolourization rate of diazo RB5 (0.1533 h-1) was ≈ 53% higher than monoazo MO (0.0727 h-1). The findings revealed that the degradation kinetic was remarkably influenced by the chemical structure of dye, where dye with more electron-withdrawing groups at para position are more susceptible to be reduced. Higher output voltage (568.59 mV) and power generation (108.87 mW/m2) were attained with RB5 due to electron donor availability and electron-shuttling characteristics of RB5 decolourized intermediates. Furthermore, detailed degradation pathways of MO and RB5 were presented based on the UV-vis and GC-MS results. The phytotoxicity assessment via Sorghum bicolor seeds had further verified the reduction in toxicity after the treatment of azo dyes.
  • Publication
    Comparative efficiency study of photoanodes in the photocatalytic fuel cell integrated electro-Fenton hybrid system
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Thor S.H.
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Heah Cheng Yong
    Photoanode in photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) plays an important role in the dual chamber PFC integrating electro-Fenton (EF) hybrid system (PFC-EF system) since the photo-excitation process on the photoanode will contribute to the electrons for electricity generation and electro-generation of hydrogen peroxide in EF process. Fabrication of different types of photoanodes were carried out by using anodizing and immobilization method, respectively. The fabrication methods significantly affected the efficiencies of photoanodes in the Amaranth treatment. The characterization of the fabricated photoanodes was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The immobilized ZnO/Zn photoanode achieved the highest degradation efficiencies in both PFC (80.36%) and EF (86.88%). The immobilized ZnO/Zn photoanode also contributed to the highest power density (4.545 μW cm-2).
  • Publication
    Advanced oxidation treatment of amaranth dye synchronized with electricity generation using carbon-based cathodes in a sustainable photocatalytic fuel cell integrated electro-fenton system
    ( 2021-12-01)
    Thor S.H.
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Heah Cheng Yong
    ;
    Nordin N.
    ;
    Ong Y.P.
    ;
    Yap K.L.
    Cathodes are key components in the photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) integrated electro-Fenton (EF) system (PFC-EF system) as they play significant role in connecting PFC and EF for the external transfer of electrons. In this study, three ubiquitous carbon-based materials (carbon felt (CF), carbon plate (CP) and carbon cloth (CC) were used as cathodes in the PFC-EF system to explore the efficiency of these materials in Amaranth degradation and electricity generation synchronously. Interestingly, the dye decolourisation efficiency in both PFC and EF decreased in the sequence of CF > CP > CC. The highest concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.289 mM) was electro-generated on CF in the EF process of the integrated system. CF achieved the highest voltage output of 202.6 mV and maximum power density (Pmax) of 3.560 μW cm-2, which was 2.5-fold and 12.1-fold higher than that of CP and CC, respectively. The photolysis reaction of UV contributed to the higher oxidizing power of PFC integrated photo-electro-Fenton (PEF) system in dye degradation compared with that of the existing PFC-EF system. Enhanced decolourisation efficiencies of 98.97% and 96.46% were respectively achieved in PFC and PEF with Pmax of 4.017 μW cm-2.
  • Publication
    Polypropylene biofilm carrier and fabricated stainless steel mesh supporting activated carbon: Integrated configuration for performances enhancement of microbial fuel cell
    ( 2021-08-01)
    Tan S.M.
    ;
    Ong Soon An
    ;
    Ho Li Ngee
    ;
    Wong Y.S.
    ;
    Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
    ;
    Thung W.E.
    ;
    Teoh T.P.
    The mass transfer resistance at the anode and the reduction of oxygen at the cathode are currently perceived as two major bottlenecks of microbial fuel cells. To overcome these issues, an integrated configuration was developed for performances enhancement on simultaneous bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment in single chamber up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell (UFML-MFC). Polypropylene biofilm carriers were used as anodic packing materials and fabricated stainless steel mesh holder supporting activated carbon flakes (CF/SM) was employed as biocathode configuration in this study. The employments of polypropylene carriers and CF/SM enhanced not only the active surface area and microbial adhesion, but also the mass transfer of MFC system. The maximum output voltage, power and current generation achieved in this system were 615 mV, 162.59 mW/m2 and 468.74 mA/m2, respectively. In terms of wastewater treatment performance, UFML-MFC achieved 85.6% and 95.7% of COD and NH4+ removal, respectively. The COD reduction in closed circuit was 9.87% better than open circuit due to stimulation of electrochemical-active bacteria for electron transfer to the anode, which favoured organic matter degradation. The enrichment of electrogenic bacteria at A3, which was largest electrode spacing (23 cm) in the system resulted a higher voltage and power output compared to A1 (11 cm) and A2 (17 cm). Besides, the energy performances of this MFC system were also evaluated based on NERs (1.074 kWh/kg COD), NERv (22.86 Wh/m3) and CE (10.42%).