Phak Len Al Eh Kan
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Phak Len Al Eh Kan
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Phak, Len Al Eh Kan
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Ehkan, Phaklen
Kan, P. L.Eh
Ehkan, Phak Len
Ehkan, P. L.
Eh Kan, P.
Eh Kan, P.
Al Eh Kan, Phak Len
Eh Kan, Phaklen
Kan, P. Eh
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Scopus Author ID
37005452000

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  • Publication
    Received signal strength indication (RSSI) code assessment for wireless sensors network (WSN) deployed Raspberry-Pi
    ( 2017-03-06)
    Mohd Ilman Jais
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    ;
    Murukesan L.
    ;
    Ismail I.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Wireless sensor network (WSN) is commonly used for localization applications. Through sniffing receive signal strength indicator (RSSI) in WSN system, localization and connection to access point highest RSSI can be done automatically. In this paper, we propose Raspberry-Pi (RasPi), based best access point selection method utilizing RSSI metric. The RasPi brings the advantages of a personal computer (PC) to the domain of sensor network, which makes it the perfect platform for interfacing with a wide variety of external peripherals. This work aims to investigate various source codes deployed on RasPi for localization purpose by sniffing the RSSI metric. Consequently, comparative analysis of its key elements and performances with some of the currently available wireless sensor nodes have shown that despite few disadvantages, RasPi remains an inexpensive single board computer (SBC) which has been used very successfully in sensor network domain and diverse range of research applications.
  • Publication
    Multipoint Relay Path for Efficient Topology Maintenance Algorithm in Optimized Link State Routing-Based for VANET
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Waleed Khalid Ahmed
    ;
    Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    The Optimal Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol employs multipoint relay (MPR) nodes to disseminate topology control (TC) messages, enabling network topology discovery and maintenance. However, this approach increases control overhead and leads to wasted network bandwidth in stable topology scenarios due to fixed flooding periods. To address these challenges, this paper presents an Efficient Topology Maintenance Algorithm (ETM-OLSR) for Enhanced Link-State Routing Protocols. By reducing the number of MPR nodes, TC message generation and forwarding frequency are minimized. Furthermore, the algorithm selects a smaller subset of TC messages based on the changes in the MPR selection set from the previous cycle, adapting to stable and fluctuating network conditions. Additionally, the sending cycle of TC messages is dynamically adjusted in response to network topology changes. Simulation results demonstrate that the ETM-OLSR algorithm effectively reduces network control overhead, minimizes end-to-end delay, and improves network throughput compared to traditional OLSR and HTR-OLSR algorithms.
  • Publication
    Implementation and analysis of GMM-based speaker identification on FPGA
    ( 2012)
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    The use of highly accurate identification systems is required in today’s society. Existing systems such as pin numbers and passwords can be forgotten or forged easily and they are no longer considered to offer a high level of security. The use of biological features (biometrics) is becoming widely accepted as the next level for security systems. One of the biometric is the human voice and it leads to the task of speaker identification. Speaker identification is the process of determining whether a speaker exists in a group of known speakers and identifying the speaker within the group. Speaker specific characteristics exist in speech signals due to different speakers having different resonances of the vocal tract. These differences can be exploited by extracting Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) from the speech signal. A statistical modelling process known as Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is used to model the distribution of each speaker’s MFCCs in a multi-dimensional acoustic space. GMM involves with two phases called training and classification. The training phase is complex and is better suited for implementation in software. The classification phase is well suited for implementation in hardware and this allows for real time processing of multiple voice streams on large population sizes. Several innovative techniques are demonstrated which enable hardware system to obtain two orders of magnitude speed up over software while maintaining comparable levels of accuracy. A speedup factor of eighty six is achieved on hardware-based FPGA compared to a software implementation on a standard PC for this approach.
  • Publication
    Optimized Continuous Wavelet Transform algorithm architecture and implementation on FPGA for motion artifact rejection in radar-based vital signs monitoring
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Obadi A.B.
    ;
    Zeghid M.
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    ;
    Soh P.J.
    ;
    Mercuri M.
    ;
    Aldayel O.
    The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) has been used in radar-based vital signs detection to identify and to remove the motion artifacts from the received radar signals. Since the CWT algorithm is computationally heavy, the processing of this algorithm typically results in long processing time and complex hardware implementation. The algorithm in its standard form typically uses software processing tools and is unable to support high-performance data processing. The aim of this research is to design an optimized CWT algorithm architecture to implement it on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in order to identify the unwanted movement introduced in the retrieved vital signs signals. The optimization approaches in the new implementation structure are based on utilizing the frequency domain processing, optimizing the required number of operations and implementing parallel processing of independent operations. Our design achieves significant processing speed and logic utilization optimization. It is found that processing the algorithm using our proposed hardware architecture is 48 times faster than processing it using MATLAB. It also achieves an improvement of 58% in speed performance compared to alternative solutions reported in literature. Moreover, efficient resources utilization is achieved and reported. This advanced performance of the proposed design is due to consciously implementing comprehensive approaches of multiple optimization techniques that results in multidimensional improvements. As a result, our achieved design is suitable for utilization in high-performance data processing applications.
      1
  • Publication
    Imporved MPR selection algorithm-based WS-OLSR routing protocol
    ( 2024-05-01)
    Ahmed W.K.
    ;
    Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a viable technology to improve traffic flow and safety on the roads. Due to its effectiveness and scalability, the Wingsuit Search-based Optimised Link State Routing Protocol (WS-OLSR) is frequently used for data distribution in VANETs. However, the selection of MultiPoint Relays (MPRs) plays a pivotal role in WS-OLSR’s performance. This paper presents an improved MPR selection algorithm tailored to WS-OLSR, designed to enhance the overall routing efficiency and reduce overhead. The analysis found that the current OLSR protocol has problems such as redundancy of HELLO and TC message packets or failure to update routing information in time, so a WS-OLSR routing protocol based on improved-MPR selection algorithm was proposed. Firstly, factors such as node mobility and link changes are comprehensively considered to reflect network topology changes, and the broadcast cycle of node HELLO messages is controlled through topology changes. Secondly, a new MPR selection algorithm is proposed, considering link stability issues and nodes. Finally, evaluate its effectiveness in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and control message overhead. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of our improved MR selection algorithm when compared to traditional approaches.
      1
  • Publication
    Toward Adaptive and Scalable Topology in Distributed SDN Controller
    ( 2023-03-01)
    Kelian V.H.
    ;
    Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    ;
    Fazrul Faiz Zakaria
    ;
    Mohd Zaizu Ilyas
    The increasing need for automated networking platforms like the Internet of Things, as well as network services like cloud computing, big data applications, wireless networks, mobile Internet, and virtualization, has driven existing networks to their limitations. Software-defined network (SDN) is a new modern programmable network architectural technology that allows network administrators to control the entire network consistently and logically centralized in software-based controllers and network devices become just simple packet forwarding devices. The controller that is the network's brain, is mostly based on the OpenFlow protocol and has distinct characteristics that vary depending on the programming language. Its function is to control network traffic and increase network resource efficiency. Therefore, selecting the right controllers and monitoring their performance to increase resource usage and enhance network performance metrics is required. For network performance metrics analysis, the study proposes an implementation of SDN architecture utilizing an open-source OpenDaylight (ODL) distributed SDN controller. The proposed work evaluates the deployment of distributed SDN controller performance on three distinct customized network topologies based on SDN architecture for node-to-node performance metrics such as delay, throughput, packet loss, and bandwidth use. The experiments are conducted using the Mininet emulation tool. Wireshark is used to collect and analyse packets in real-time. The results obtained from the comparison of networks are presented to provide useful guidelines for SDN research and deployment initiatives.
      1
  • Publication
    A Fuzzy-Based Angle-of-Arrival Estimation System (AES) using Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable (RPR) antenna and modified gaussian membership function
    ( 2019)
    Mohd Ilman Jais
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    R. Badlishah, Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin
    ;
    Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    ;
    L. Murukesan Loganathan
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    Angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation is an important factor in various wireless sensing applications, especially localization systems. This paper proposes a new type of AOA estimation sensor node, known as AOA-estimation system (AES) where the received signal strength indication (RSSI) from multiple radiation pattern reconfigurable (RPR) antennas are used to calculate the AOA. In the proposed framework, three sets of RPR antennas have been used to provide a coverage of 15 regions of radiation patterns at different angles. The salient feature of this RPR-based AOA estimation is the use of Fuzzy Inferences System (FIS) to further enhance the number of estimation points. The introduction of a modified FIS membership function (MF) based on Gaussian function resulted in an improved 85% FIS aggregation percentage between the fuzzy input and output. This later resulted in a low AOA error (of less than 5%) and root-mean- square error (of less than 8â—¦ ).
      1  11
  • Publication
    Automatic vehicle identification system using number plate recognition in POLIMAS
    ( 2020-03-20)
    Keraf N.D.
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    ;
    Kelian V.H.
    ;
    Noor N.M.
    ;
    Darus H.
    ;
    Loke E.
    The security and management of transportation system becomes an important key in controlled place such as campus area. With an increased number of vehicles, there is a need for vehicle identification mechanism that is effective, affordable and efficient. This paper presents the development of automatic vehicle identification system using NP recognition in POLIMAS. Number Plate (NP) Recognition is an image processing technology in computer vision which captures the image of the vehicle and recognizes its NP. The system is installed at the main entrance to ensure that only the authorized vehicles can enter the campus area. Once the vehicle is detected by the input sensors, a system will capture the image of vehicle plate number. An image is then extracted and investigated character segmentation by using optical character recognition. The method used for detection of a plate number is by pre-processing of the image and using a combination of Sobel Edge Detection and Laplacian Edge Detection Techniques. Bounding Box technique is used to find the NP and character recognition. The accuracy of NP recognition has an average of 87%. The system is sustainable as the camera will only be switched on when a vehicle is present.
      2  5
  • Publication
    Improving Energy Detection Performance Using Segment of Primary User Signal Energy in Wide-band Cognitive Radio Systems
    ( 2023-10-06)
    BaAli K.
    ;
    Abo-Zahhad M.
    ;
    Farrag M.
    ;
    Ahmed S.
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    Energy detection based cognitive radio has gained remarkable attention. This is because of its simple implementation and it does not involve any prior knowledge of the detecting signal. Although, it is prone to noise uncertainty. Recently, the use of compressed measurements improved the performance of energy detection. In this paper, we investigate the effect of using a segment of primary user signal energy ÆžE on detection performance regarding compression ratios. The simulation results show the detector performance becomes better as ÆžE increased. However, increasing ÆžE should be bounded, so it does not involve sacrificing the use of the compressed measurement system as a suggestion to improve energy detection performance.
      1