R Badlishah Ahmad
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Preferred name
R Badlishah Ahmad
Official Name
R Badlishah, Ahmad
Alternative Name
Ahmad, R. Badlishah
Ahmad, B.
Badlishah Ahmad, R.
Ahmad, Rashidi
Ahmad, Badlisha
Ahmed, R. Badlishah
Ahmad, R. B.
Badlishah, R.
Ahmad, R. Badli
Ahmed, Rbadlishah
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57194844651
Researcher ID
U-3211-2019

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  • Publication
    Cross-Talk in Mechanomyographic Signals from the Forearm Muscles during Sub-Maximal to Maximal Isometric Grip Force
    ( 2014)
    Md. Anamul Islam
    ;
    Kenneth Sundaraj
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Sebastian Sundaraj
    ;
    Nizam Uddin Ahamed
    ;
    Md. Asraf Ali
    Purpose This study aimed: i) to examine the relationship between the magnitude of cross-talk in mechanomyographic (MMG) signals generated by the extensor digitorum (ED), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles with the sub-maximal to maximal isometric grip force, and with the anthropometric parameters of the forearm, and ii) to quantify the distribution of the cross-talk in the MMG signal to determine if it appears due to the signal component of intramuscular pressure waves produced by the muscle fibers geometrical changes or due to the limb tremor. Methods Twenty, right-handed healthy men (mean ± SD: age  = 26.7±3.83 y; height  = 174.47±6.3 cm; mass  = 72.79±14.36 kg) performed isometric muscle actions in 20% increment from 20% to 100% of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During each muscle action, MMG signals generated by each muscle were detected using three separate accelerometers. The peak cross-correlations were used to quantify the cross-talk between two muscles. Results The magnitude of cross-talk in the MMG signals among the muscle groups ranged from, R2(x, y) = 2.45-62.28%. Linear regression analysis showed that the magnitude of cross-talk increased linearly (r2 = 0.857-0.90) with the levels of grip force for all the muscle groups. The amount of cross-talk showed weak positive and negative correlations (r2 = 0.016-0.216) with the circumference and length of the forearm respectively, between the muscles at 100% MVIC. The cross-talk values significantly differed among the MMG signals due to: limb tremor (MMGTF), slow firing motor unit fibers (MMGSF) and fast firing motor unit fibers (MMGFF) between the muscles at 100% MVIC (p<0.05, η2 = 0.47-0.80). Significance The results of this study may be used to improve our understanding of the mechanics of the forearm muscles during different levels of the grip force.
  • Publication
    Traffic engineering provisioning of multipath link failure recovery in distributed SDN controller environment
    ( 2024-02-08)
    Kelian V.H.
    ;
    Mohd Warip M.N.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Ehkan P.
    ;
    Fazrul Faiz Zakaria
    ;
    Mohd Zaizu Ilyas
    A revolutionary networking technology called Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enables better networking flexibility. In contrast to the conventional network, it provides another option for network development. SDN is characterized by the separation of the control and data planes in network architecture, implementation, and management. The central component of the network is the controller, which constitutes the control plane. The appropriate selection of a controller, along with determining the number and placement of controllers, plays a crucial role in optimizing resource utilization and guaranteeing network availability and network performance. Since SDN is still in its beginnings of development, it is virtually certain that further study will be needed in areas like design, particularly on the control plane, since the architecture directly affects the network's total performance. Furthermore, despite its intended purpose of managing networks on a large scale, SDN still presents challenges in effectively addressing network dynamics, such as the occurrence of link failures. This study presents a concept for the implementation of an SDN architecture. The proposed approach involves utilizing an Open Network Operating System (ONOS) open-source distributed SDN controller. The purpose of this implementation is to analyze network performance metrics and assess network availability. This study investigates the distributed SDN controller's performance on different scale networks: NSF, AEON, and TM topologies. Several metrics have been analyzed, including throughput, link failure detection, and Round-Trip-Time (RTT). The experiments use Mininet for emulation and Wireshark for real-time data packet capture and analysis. According to the study results, there is a positive correlation between network design complexity and controller load. The experiment emphasizes the resilience of distributed controllers, such as ONOS, in effectively recovering from link failures. This research will help academics and businesspeople who use distributed SDN controllers choose a controller and evaluate its effectiveness on the analyzed network architectures.
  • Publication
    Minimum Power Allocation Cooperative Communication based on Health-Care WBAN
    ( 2020-03-20)
    Hammood D.A.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Energy is limited resource in the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Finding optimal and minimum required transmission power that can achieve a certain level of utility while utilizing as little power for transmission as possible plays an important role in reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we found the required transmission power of four transmission modes: the direct transmission mode, the dual-hop transmission mode, and two incremental cooperative transmission modes with Rayleigh channel fading.
  • Publication
    A comprehensive performance evaluation of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in wireless mesh network
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Hoh W.S.
    ;
    Yoon S.K.
    ;
    Ong B.L.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Wireless communication is becoming essential due to the dramatic increase in the usage of mobile devices. The high demand for real-time or instant services requires wireless Internet networks which can support different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and different traffic characteristics. All Internet network mobile device services are supported by mobility management protocols. In this paper, we compare the performance of the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) environment. We identify and analyze the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols' characteristics by using performance indicators. The performance comparison of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols was conducted in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio. Based on the conducted experimental results, we summarize the performances for MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network environment. The results obtained indicate that PMIPv6 generally outperforms MIPv6. In future work, the evaluation of HMPIv6, FMIPv6, and FHMIPv6 is proposed.
  • Publication
    Modeling and performance evaluation of antennas coated using monolayer graphene in the millimeter and sub-millimeter wave bands
    ( 2021-08-01)
    Gatte M.T.
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    ;
    Kadhim R.A.
    ;
    Abd H.J.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    In the applications of millimeter and sub-millimeter wave, the conductivity of metal parts in electronic devices can easily degrade when conventional metals like copper are employed. Furthermore, oxidation may arise when such devices are utilized in severe environmental conditions. To avoid this, conventional conductors such as copper can be coated with other non-active materials to inhibit this problem. Monolayer graphene is used in this study as a coating layers for copper in millimeter-wave antennas. Two types of graphene coatings are investigated: non-doped and doped monolayer graphene. These coatings can either be used as the patch, ground or both conducting layers of a microstrip patch antenna. Results showed that coating using doped graphene improves the performance of antenna in terms of gain, radiated power and radiation efficiency by 11.81%, 8.48%, and 11.48%, respectively, compared to antennas made using copper and coated using gold and non-doped graphene at millimeter-wave frequencies. Meanwhile, at sub-millimeter wave frequencies, the metal (copper and gold)-based antenna showed worse performance compared to millimeter waves. Furthermore, coating of the conducting elements for the sub-millimeter wave antenna using doped and non-doped graphene improved gain, radiated power and radiation efficiency by 33.94%, 32.73%, and 32.01%, respectively, for the coating with doped graphene, and about 14.87%, 16.56%, and 15.72% for the coating with non-doped graphene. This indicates the suitability of graphene-based antennas in both frequency bands and the expected levels of improvements for different parameters when these antenna elements are coated with doped and non-doped graphene.
  • Publication
    Duty Cycle Optimization Using Game Theory Two Master Nodes Cooperative Protocol in WBAN
    ( 2022-02-01)
    Hammood D.A.
    ;
    Rahim H.A.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are communication networks of sensors (and/or actuators), which can be placed on, inside, or around the body and represent a new generation of personal area networks. In contrast to the typical wireless sensor networks (WSNs), WBAN sensors are tiny and have limited power supply. Due to irregular human body movement and WBAN sensor distribution, fading can cause a lot of error, which can be determined by measuring the bit error rate (BER). A higher BER requires more power. Therefore, to reduce BER, power consumption (PC) and duty cycle (DC), a game theory-two master nodes-based cooperative protocol (GT-TMNCP) is proposed in this work. DC is enhanced by a further 13% using the proposed GT-TMNCP, leading to a BER reduction 3 times greater when compared to TMNCP, and PC improved by 14%, lower than with the TMNCP, for shadowing at 5 dB, critical index data (IC), IC = 3 and 5, representing maximum critical data. The results also demonstrate that BER is reduced up to 8 times, DC is enhanced by 8%, and PC by 7% for shadowing 9 dB, IC = 7, compared to the QoS optimisation approach and TMNCP.
  • Publication
    Mango ripeness classification system using hybrid technique
    ( 2019-05-01)
    Mavi M.F.
    ;
    Husin Z.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Yacob Y.M.
    ;
    Farook R.S.M.
    ;
    Tan W.K.
    Nowadays there are many systems develop for agricultural purposes and most system implemented on the use of non-destructive technique not only to classify but also to determine the fruit ripeness. However, most of the studies concentrates using single technique to assess the fruit ripeness. Thi s paper presents the work on mango ripeness classification using hybrid technique. Hybrid stands for mix or combination between two different elements, thus this study combined two different technique that is image processing and odour sensing technique in a single system. Image processing technique are implemented using color image that is HSV image color method to determine the ripeness of fruit based on fruit peel skin through color changes upon ripening. Whereas, odour sensing technique are implemented using sensors array to determine the fruit ripeness through smell changes upon ripening. The “Harumanis” and “Sala” mango was used for sample collection based on two different harvesting condition that is unripe and ripe were evaluated using the image processing and followed by the odour sensor. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is applied as classifier for training and testing based on the data collected from both techniques. The finding shows around 94.69% correct classification using hybrid technique of image processing and odour sensing in a single system.
  • Publication
    DMAIC steps application to improve ergonomics problem: a case study in coffee manufacturing industry
    ( 2022)
    Nurul Najwa Mansor
    ;
    Shaliza Azreen Mustafa
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd Asyraf Che Doi
    ;
    Tan Chan Sin
    ;
    Mohd Asri Jusoh
    The health issue related to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) faced by manufacturing industries’ workers affects the work quality and productivity, commonly due to the tasks performed with unsuitable posture. This study was carried out to assess the level of Ergonomics Risk Factors (ERFs) among shop-floor workers in a coffee manufacturing company, located in northern peninsular of Malaysia. The Six Sigma approach was applied based on Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control (DMAIC) steps. Observation, interviews and self-report surveys were conducted in the Define step to identify the potential tasks that lead to the high level of ergonomics risk. In the Measure step, the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) tools were then used to assess the level of ERF on twenty-three tasks that practice at eight workstations. In the Analyze step, assessment results were evaluated, thus identifying that the lifting task (mixing workstation) has the highest ergonomics risk level (score level 11) and follows by root cause identification. Then, the Improve step focuses on a simple invention proposal, where the optimal solution that fulfills the principles of proper height working procedure and reducing excessive force is applied. The proposed solution shows a significant improvement in ergonomics risk level based on the score value of 3. Lastly, the Control step focuses on sustaining the improved version performance by revising the working procedure according to the solution principles proposed in the previous step.
  • Publication
    Improvement of a millimeter-wave hexagonal patch antenna using doped graphene
    ( 2017-01-01)
    Mohammed Taih Gatte
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Malek F.
    The unique properties of graphene have widened its use for antenna applications in the recent years. However, most of previous studies are more focused on using graphene in the Tera Hertz (THz) band due to their favorable surface properties (conductivity or impedance) for antennas. This work investigates the improvement of a graphene-based millimeter wave (mm-wave) microstrip hexagonal patch antenna, its performance is known to be comparable to a conventional copper based version. As expected, the utilizing of non-doped graphene instead of conventional metal, did not has a significant improvement to the antenna performance except for its reflection coefficient in addition to a little reduction in the dielectric loss of antenna. Furthermore, it also leads to increasing in metal losses of antenna structure compared to copper. However, the biasing of the graphene layer is observed to reduce antenna metal losses considerably, besides improving other antenna performance parameters such as radiated power, radiated efficiency and gain.
  • Publication
    Improving Security Concerns of Mobile Cloud Computing Environment with Quantum Cryptographic Techniques
    ( 2020-01-01)
    Maurya S.
    ;
    Mukherjee K.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    In the current scenario, mobile cloud computing (MCC) is termed as speedily developing field of IT. With the development of mobile phones and success of the Internet, computational resources have become cheaper, easily accessible, ubiquitous, distributed, and powerful tool for all types of organizations. Mobile cloud computing is a computational model in which services are offered on mobile phones in an on-demand fashion. Most of the service provider are concerned with privacy and security issues. In this endeavor, security concerns of MCC are discussed and proposed a new quantum cryptography (QC)-based encryption and decryption method. Proposed technique allows the users to store and process the user’s data through strengthened cryptographic method.