R Badlishah Ahmad
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Preferred name
R Badlishah Ahmad
Official Name
R Badlishah, Ahmad
Alternative Name
Ahmad, R. Badlishah
Ahmad, B.
Badlishah Ahmad, R.
Ahmad, Rashidi
Ahmad, Badlisha
Ahmed, R. Badlishah
Ahmad, R. B.
Badlishah, R.
Ahmad, R. Badli
Ahmed, Rbadlishah
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57194844651
Researcher ID
U-3211-2019

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  • Publication
    A Review on Implementation of AES Algorithm Using Parallelized Architecture on FPGA Platform
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Mohammed N.Q.
    ;
    Amiza Amir
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Salih M.H.
    ;
    Arrfou H.
    ;
    Thalji N.
    ;
    Matem R.
    ;
    Abbas J.K.K.
    ;
    Hussien Q.M.
    ;
    Abdulhassan M.M.
    High-security cryptography algorithms like AES require high computational capabilities to achieve information security. Therefore, it is necessary to use parallel computing architectures that exploit modern technologies to obtain the most conceivable computational power. Various methods have been introduced to achieve parallel processing. One of them is field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), which have good characteristics suitable for implementing parallel architectures with lower power consumption. This paper will focus on the most important FPGA boards that were used to implement the AES cryptographic algorithm. In addition, it demonstrates the general scheme of building architecture with multiple computing processing engines to get high performance and better throughput, which is reflected in the reduced cost and energy consumption of IoT devices.
  • Publication
    On the effectiveness of congestion control mechanisms for remote healthcare monitoring system in IoT environment - A review
    ( 2017-01-03)
    Wan Aida Nadia Wan Abdullah
    ;
    Naimah Yaakob
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Amiza Amir
    ;
    Siti Asilah Yah
    A progressive advancement in biosensors and wireless technology are the major contributors to the realization of continuous remote health monitoring system (RHMS). Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is part of this technology due to the deployment of multiple sensors such as Electrocardiogram (ECG) to collect vital body signals for processing and diagnosis. Among the benefits offered by this technology include remote monitoring of patient's health status and early detection of abnormalities in the collected signals. Once detected, several preventive measurements can be taken. However, this system needs to encounter some challenges in the wireless network such as delay, packet loss and throughput due to network congestion when transmitting and receiving a bulk of multiple data. Generally, the presence of these problems in transmitting vital body signals may result in incorrect medical diagnosing which can increase mortality rate and cause severe impact to the overall system's performance. Thus, a suitable design of congestion control mechanism is urgently needed in designing a reliable and efficient remote health monitoring system.
  • Publication
    Cross-Talk in Mechanomyographic Signals from the Forearm Muscles during Sub-Maximal to Maximal Isometric Grip Force
    ( 2014)
    Md. Anamul Islam
    ;
    Kenneth Sundaraj
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Sebastian Sundaraj
    ;
    Nizam Uddin Ahamed
    ;
    Md. Asraf Ali
    Purpose This study aimed: i) to examine the relationship between the magnitude of cross-talk in mechanomyographic (MMG) signals generated by the extensor digitorum (ED), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles with the sub-maximal to maximal isometric grip force, and with the anthropometric parameters of the forearm, and ii) to quantify the distribution of the cross-talk in the MMG signal to determine if it appears due to the signal component of intramuscular pressure waves produced by the muscle fibers geometrical changes or due to the limb tremor. Methods Twenty, right-handed healthy men (mean ± SD: age  = 26.7±3.83 y; height  = 174.47±6.3 cm; mass  = 72.79±14.36 kg) performed isometric muscle actions in 20% increment from 20% to 100% of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During each muscle action, MMG signals generated by each muscle were detected using three separate accelerometers. The peak cross-correlations were used to quantify the cross-talk between two muscles. Results The magnitude of cross-talk in the MMG signals among the muscle groups ranged from, R2(x, y) = 2.45-62.28%. Linear regression analysis showed that the magnitude of cross-talk increased linearly (r2 = 0.857-0.90) with the levels of grip force for all the muscle groups. The amount of cross-talk showed weak positive and negative correlations (r2 = 0.016-0.216) with the circumference and length of the forearm respectively, between the muscles at 100% MVIC. The cross-talk values significantly differed among the MMG signals due to: limb tremor (MMGTF), slow firing motor unit fibers (MMGSF) and fast firing motor unit fibers (MMGFF) between the muscles at 100% MVIC (p<0.05, η2 = 0.47-0.80). Significance The results of this study may be used to improve our understanding of the mechanics of the forearm muscles during different levels of the grip force.
  • Publication
    Traffic engineering provisioning of multipath link failure recovery in distributed SDN controller environment
    ( 2024-02-08)
    Kelian V.H.
    ;
    Mohd Warip M.N.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Ehkan P.
    ;
    Fazrul Faiz Zakaria
    ;
    Mohd Zaizu Ilyas
    A revolutionary networking technology called Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enables better networking flexibility. In contrast to the conventional network, it provides another option for network development. SDN is characterized by the separation of the control and data planes in network architecture, implementation, and management. The central component of the network is the controller, which constitutes the control plane. The appropriate selection of a controller, along with determining the number and placement of controllers, plays a crucial role in optimizing resource utilization and guaranteeing network availability and network performance. Since SDN is still in its beginnings of development, it is virtually certain that further study will be needed in areas like design, particularly on the control plane, since the architecture directly affects the network's total performance. Furthermore, despite its intended purpose of managing networks on a large scale, SDN still presents challenges in effectively addressing network dynamics, such as the occurrence of link failures. This study presents a concept for the implementation of an SDN architecture. The proposed approach involves utilizing an Open Network Operating System (ONOS) open-source distributed SDN controller. The purpose of this implementation is to analyze network performance metrics and assess network availability. This study investigates the distributed SDN controller's performance on different scale networks: NSF, AEON, and TM topologies. Several metrics have been analyzed, including throughput, link failure detection, and Round-Trip-Time (RTT). The experiments use Mininet for emulation and Wireshark for real-time data packet capture and analysis. According to the study results, there is a positive correlation between network design complexity and controller load. The experiment emphasizes the resilience of distributed controllers, such as ONOS, in effectively recovering from link failures. This research will help academics and businesspeople who use distributed SDN controllers choose a controller and evaluate its effectiveness on the analyzed network architectures.
  • Publication
    Minimum Power Allocation Cooperative Communication based on Health-Care WBAN
    ( 2020-03-20)
    Hammood D.A.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Energy is limited resource in the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Finding optimal and minimum required transmission power that can achieve a certain level of utility while utilizing as little power for transmission as possible plays an important role in reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we found the required transmission power of four transmission modes: the direct transmission mode, the dual-hop transmission mode, and two incremental cooperative transmission modes with Rayleigh channel fading.
  • Publication
    Pilot spacing controller in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems
    ( 2020-03-20)
    Hassan M.S.A.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Norazila Shoib
    As the backbone of the fifth generation, 5G communications, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM is seen to be reliable in addressing Inter-symbol Interference, ISI issues as well as providing high-speed access to broadband. Channel estimation and tracking are generally carried out by transmitting known pilot symbols in given positions of the frequency-time grid. However, the use of a fixed amount of pilot for all channel circumstances is hugely detrimental. Several methods, especially on block-type and comb-type pilot arrangement, have presented. In this paper, the method of determining the pilot space depends on the current channel quality. The proposed technique focused on improving estimation and bandwidth in time-varying and frequency-selective fading channels without increasing the complexity and sacrifice the bandwidth efficiency of the OFDM system.
  • Publication
    A comprehensive performance evaluation of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in wireless mesh network
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Hoh W.S.
    ;
    Yoon S.K.
    ;
    Ong B.L.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Wireless communication is becoming essential due to the dramatic increase in the usage of mobile devices. The high demand for real-time or instant services requires wireless Internet networks which can support different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and different traffic characteristics. All Internet network mobile device services are supported by mobility management protocols. In this paper, we compare the performance of the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) environment. We identify and analyze the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols' characteristics by using performance indicators. The performance comparison of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols was conducted in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio. Based on the conducted experimental results, we summarize the performances for MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network environment. The results obtained indicate that PMIPv6 generally outperforms MIPv6. In future work, the evaluation of HMPIv6, FMIPv6, and FHMIPv6 is proposed.
  • Publication
    Modeling and performance evaluation of antennas coated using monolayer graphene in the millimeter and sub-millimeter wave bands
    ( 2021-08-01)
    Gatte M.T.
    ;
    Soh Ping Jack
    ;
    Kadhim R.A.
    ;
    Abd H.J.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    In the applications of millimeter and sub-millimeter wave, the conductivity of metal parts in electronic devices can easily degrade when conventional metals like copper are employed. Furthermore, oxidation may arise when such devices are utilized in severe environmental conditions. To avoid this, conventional conductors such as copper can be coated with other non-active materials to inhibit this problem. Monolayer graphene is used in this study as a coating layers for copper in millimeter-wave antennas. Two types of graphene coatings are investigated: non-doped and doped monolayer graphene. These coatings can either be used as the patch, ground or both conducting layers of a microstrip patch antenna. Results showed that coating using doped graphene improves the performance of antenna in terms of gain, radiated power and radiation efficiency by 11.81%, 8.48%, and 11.48%, respectively, compared to antennas made using copper and coated using gold and non-doped graphene at millimeter-wave frequencies. Meanwhile, at sub-millimeter wave frequencies, the metal (copper and gold)-based antenna showed worse performance compared to millimeter waves. Furthermore, coating of the conducting elements for the sub-millimeter wave antenna using doped and non-doped graphene improved gain, radiated power and radiation efficiency by 33.94%, 32.73%, and 32.01%, respectively, for the coating with doped graphene, and about 14.87%, 16.56%, and 15.72% for the coating with non-doped graphene. This indicates the suitability of graphene-based antennas in both frequency bands and the expected levels of improvements for different parameters when these antenna elements are coated with doped and non-doped graphene.
  • Publication
    Important factors to remember when constructing a cross-site scripting prevention mechanism
    ( 2022-04-01)
    Hassan M.M.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    ;
    Esha A.
    ;
    Risha R.
    ;
    Mohammad S. Hasan
    Web application has become an essential part of daily activities to provide easy accessibility that ensures better performance. It is a platform where sensitive information such as username, password, credit card details, operating system and software version. is stored that attracts intruders to generate most of their attacks. Intruders can steal valuable data by compromising web application security flaws; cross site scripting (XSS) vulnerability is one of these. Several studies have been conducted in order to prevent the XSS vulnerability. In this research, we searched Scopus Indexed articles published in the last 11 years (between 2008 and 2020) using two keywords (“XSS attack prevention” and “XSS prevention”). The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review on XSS prevention techniques e.g., strengths and weaknesses, including structural issues and real-time deployment location in order to extract valuable information. This review identified 14 articles among the 25 selected articles that provided various suitable prevention techniques for XSS attacks. Seven articles are based on tools that have been implemented and take into account design, coding, testing, and integrating validation processes, six articles are about server site solutions, and one is about automatic mitigation solutions. As a result, this research will be invaluable in guiding the advancement of XSS prevention techniques.
  • Publication
    Duty Cycle Optimization Using Game Theory Two Master Nodes Cooperative Protocol in WBAN
    ( 2022-02-01)
    Hammood D.A.
    ;
    Rahim H.A.
    ;
    Alkhayyat A.
    ;
    R Badlishah Ahmad
    Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are communication networks of sensors (and/or actuators), which can be placed on, inside, or around the body and represent a new generation of personal area networks. In contrast to the typical wireless sensor networks (WSNs), WBAN sensors are tiny and have limited power supply. Due to irregular human body movement and WBAN sensor distribution, fading can cause a lot of error, which can be determined by measuring the bit error rate (BER). A higher BER requires more power. Therefore, to reduce BER, power consumption (PC) and duty cycle (DC), a game theory-two master nodes-based cooperative protocol (GT-TMNCP) is proposed in this work. DC is enhanced by a further 13% using the proposed GT-TMNCP, leading to a BER reduction 3 times greater when compared to TMNCP, and PC improved by 14%, lower than with the TMNCP, for shadowing at 5 dB, critical index data (IC), IC = 3 and 5, representing maximum critical data. The results also demonstrate that BER is reduced up to 8 times, DC is enhanced by 8%, and PC by 7% for shadowing 9 dB, IC = 7, compared to the QoS optimisation approach and TMNCP.