Farah Farhana Zainal
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Preferred name
Farah Farhana Zainal
Official Name
Farah Farhana, Zainal
Alternative Name
Zainal, Farah Farhana
Farhana, Z. F.
Zainal, F. F.
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Scopus Author ID
56960654700
Researcher ID
DYA-1384-2022

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  • Publication
    Kajian rintangan kakisan ke atas keluli bar tetulang dalam pes geopolimer
    ( 2016)
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    This study has been conducted to understand corrosion resistance on reinforcement bar in geopolymer. Geopolymer paste has been used as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete structures. Geopolymer paste in this study was made from a mixture of fly ash and an alkaline activator of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solution. For tests involving steel reinforcement bars, carbon steel is placed in the middle of the mixture and allowed to harden for 24 hours. Next, geopolymer paste placed in an oven for curing process for 24 hours. The temperature was 60˚C. Various tests were conducted to study the respect of geopolymer paste and study of corrosion on steel reinforcement bars in the paste. Among the tests conducted are phase analysis, type of bonding analysis, morphology analysis, water absorption test, porosity test, compressive strength test, pulse velocity test, immersion test, hardness test, electrical resistivity test, open circuit potential (OCP) measurements test and Tafel extrapolation test. For water absorption test, the percentage of water absorbed reduced from day 7 until day 90 which 4.65%, 4.27%, 4.16% and 3.81%. The percentage of porosity also reduced from 11.95%, 11.02%, 7.65% and 3.77% from day 7 until day 90. Vice versa, compressive strength value increased from day 7 until day 90 with the readings were 25.18 MPa, 26.76 MPa, 34.99 MPa and 56.50 MPa. The geopolymer electrical resistivity value at day 28 with electrode spacing 0.10 m and 0.01 mA current stated highest value of electrical resistivity with 61575 Ω.m however geopolymer at day 7 with electrode spacing 0.02 m and 0.95 mA current shows the lowest electrical resistivity with 537 Ω.m. It shows that the corrosion rate of geopolymer was low and too small. For OCP test before applying sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP), geopolymer stated minimum and maximum potential value with -0.120 V and 0.539 V respectively. From the tests, the corrosion rate of steel in geopolymer paste is still under controlled and located in the passive region. In the passive region, an oxide layer which is Iron (III) Oxide-Hydroxide (FeOOH) formed by the reaction between the steel, minerals and the air and protect the steel from corrosion agents. But this layer can only survive in the decades depends on the environment. The oxide layer will be destroyed if the paste or concrete cracks. Thus, the SACP method was implemented to protect the steel reinforcement bars in the geopolymer paste. Zinc anode is used as a sacrificial anode as the zinc has a higher electronegativity than iron in the electrochemical series. After running further analysis, it was found that the potential values located in the immunity region where the minimum potential value was -0.942 V and the maximum value was -0.704 V. In the immunity region, ferum (Fe) is stable and the reinforcement bar is not attacked by the corrosion.
  • Publication
    Effect of primer layer and curing method on geopolymer paste coating properties
    ( 2024-12)
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Jie Xin See
    ;
    Noraziana Parimin
    ;
    Nur Farhana Hayazi
    ;
    Sri Hastuty
    This technical paper presents a comprehensive study on the properties of geopolymer coating applied to mild steel pipelines as a potential alternative to Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete structures. The geopolymer paste was formulated using a mixture of fly ash and alkaline activators, specifically sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solution. Two types of primers, epoxy metal primer and self-etch primer were applied before the geopolymer coating and various curing conditions were investigated. The geopolymer samples were subjected to two different curing processes: one set was cured in an oven at 60°C for 24 hours while the other set was left to cure under ambient conditions. After the curing period, the samples were aged at ambient conditions for 28 days. The properties of the fly ash and geopolymer paste were evaluated through a range of tests including phase analysis, morphology analysis, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) analysis, chemical composition analysis and adhesion strength testing. The results revealed that the geopolymer coatings exhibited surface cracks and efflorescence attributed to unreacted sodium oxide. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of quartz, hematite, magnetite, aluminum oxide and mullite in the geopolymer coating. The self-etch primercoated samples demonstrated improved adhesion and corrosion resistance properties with a denser and more cohesive microstructure. The geopolymer coating when applied with a self-etch primer and cured at 60°C for 2 hours, achieved the highest adhesion strength of 2.2 MPa, indicating strong bonding with the mild steel pipelines. These findings contribute to the understanding of geopolymer coatings and their potential application in enhancing the performance and durability of mild steel pipelines, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete coatings with improved corrosion resistance and adhesion properties.
  • Publication
    Investigation of corrosion behaviour of mild steel embedded in geopolymer paste with curing and non-curing process
    (Polish Academy of Sciences, 2023)
    Fatin Shahira Shaharudin
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Nur Farhana Hayazi
    ;
    Nur Izzati Muhammad Nadzri
    ;
    Noraziana Parimin
    ;
    Sri Hastuty
    ;
    Andri Kusbiantoro
    This research was conducted to examine the corrosion behaviour of mild steel bar embedded in geopolymer paste based fly ash Class F during curing and non-curing process. The geopolymer paste was fabricated by blending in the fly ash with alkaline activators (NaOH solution with molarity of 12 M, 2.5 ratio of solution Na2SiO3/NaOH). The paste was produced in 50 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm mould where the mild steel bar of 100 mm (length) × 12 mm (diameter) was embedded at the center of geopolymer paste. This is to comprehend the corrosion behaviour of mild steel embedded in geopolymer paste with and without curing process. Process of curing is carried out for 24 hours at a temperature of 60°C in oven. While on the contrary, the non-curing process will only be leave at room temperature. Both samples were tested after 28 days of curing to determine the corrosion behaviour, phase analysis and morphology analysis. In accordance with the morphology analysis, it shows that the fly ash was totally reacted with alkaline solutions in curing geopolymer paste sample while the non-curing geopolymer paste has shown the unreacted fly ash with high number of pores. The phase analysis of mild steel embedded in this geopolymer paste during curing and without curing process has proven that the presence of new crystallographic peak which also known as passive layer occurred. The potential values result by OCP testing shows the curing sample has highest potential values as compared to the non-curing sample ones.
  • Publication
    Tensile Properties of Polyethylene Composites Based Kaolin Geo-Filler
    ( 2020-11-24)
    Lun Loh Zhen
    ;
    Yusrina Mat Daud
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Hartati
    ;
    Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
    ;
    Shern Tan Wei
    The current work studies the tensile properties of polyethylene composites-based kaolin geo-filler. Polyethylene composites was prepared based on kaolin geo-filler at different loading content varies from 0,2,4,6,8 and 10 wt%. The optimum results were compared with polyethylene composites based on raw kaolin to study the effect both filler on tensile properties. Tensile test was conducted according to ASTM D638. Based on these research studies, the use of kaolin geo-filler is effectively improved the tensile properties of polyethylene as compared to the raw kaolin filler. As the result, 8% of kaolin geo-filler content demonstrate the optimum formulation to enhance the tensile properties of polyethylene composites.
      5  30
  • Publication
    Flexural properties of polyethylene composites based kaolin geo-filler
    ( 2020-11-02)
    Yusrina Mat Daud
    ;
    Shern Tan Wei
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
    ;
    Lun Loh Zhen
    ;
    Hasri
    ;
    Hartati
    Polyethylene has wide applications as a single matrix, however it has a weakness such as low mechanical properties. Kaolin is based mineral filler that offered mechanical performance, it has been used as a cost-effective reinforcing filler for many thermoplastic materials. However, the incorporation of kaolin into thermoplastic often requires the use of compatibilizer or surface treatment to increase the mechanical performance of the composites. In this study, kaolin has been utilized as geo-filler through geopolymerization process by alkaline solution to increase the interfacial adhesion of materials in the composite. Kaolin geo-filler was found having compact structure and to improve the mechanical properties at lower filler loading. Flexural test according to ASTM D790 was performed whereas Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to observe the fracture surface. The testing and micrography are compared with the properties of raw kaolin filler on polyethylene composite. The results found that 8 % of kaolin geo-filler content is optimal for polyethylene composite and show better flexural properties.
      13  3
  • Publication
    EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON MELT FLOW AND DENSITY OF POLYPROPYLENE COPOLYMER/KAOLIN GEO-FILLER COMPOSITES
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Zulkifli Z.
    ;
    Yusrina Mat Daud
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
    ;
    Aygörmez Y.
    This study examined the effects rheological properties of different composition kaolin and kaolin geo-filler in polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites with varying composition of kaolin geo-filler 0 wt%, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt% was prepared and compared with polypropylene composite with raw kaolin. Kaolin is an aluminosilicate based mineral filler was used to prepare geopolymer paste by combining with alkaline activator solution. The polypropylene composite was compounded using a twin-screw extruder and the melt flow index was determined by a constant weight pressure of 2.16 kg at 230°C in 10 min. Knowing the melt flow index is necessary to predict and control the process, the study has demonstrated that the composition of kaolin filler and kaolin geo-filler affects the melt flow, melt density and surface morphology at varies composition. Composites with kaolin geo-filler have demonstrated high melt flow index process and having better distribution and flow.
      2  19
  • Publication
    Oxide growth behaviour of 800H and HR-120 series ni-based alloys on isothermal oxidation
    ( 2024-03)
    Nurul Athirah Zainal @ Zaiton
    ;
    Noraziana Parimin
    ;
    Aqmar Ikhmal Anuar
    ;
    Nur Farhana Hayazi
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    The isothermal oxidation of two types of Ni-based alloy, alloys 800H and HR-120 was investigated in this study. The alloy underwent an isothermal oxidation test at 950 ºC for 150 hours of exposure. Oxdised alloys were tested using oxidation kinetics methods, phase analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and oxide morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Oxidation kinetics were determined based on the weight change per surface area of the oxidised alloy over a 30-hour interval. As a result, both alloys displayed a pattern of weight gain as the exposure period increased. Both alloys have followed a parabolic rate law, indicating a controlled kinetics of oxide scale diffusion. XRD analysis showed that the main Cr-containing oxide has formed on the surface of the alloy with the addition of Ti oxide for the 800H alloy and Nb oxide for the HR-120 alloy due to the different alloying element content of the two alloys. Oxide surface morphology records the uniform oxide scale that forms on the surface of the alloy.
      13  1
  • Publication
    Corrosion Control by Using Zinc as Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection in Geopolymer Concrete
    ( 2020-01-01)
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Noratikah Md Zin
    ;
    Siti Aisyah Abd Razak
    ;
    Azmi Rahmat
    ;
    Kamarudin Hussin
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    This research is about the corrosion control by using zinc as sacrificial anode cathodic protection in geopolymer concrete that is produced by the reaction of fly ash, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate with an alkaline activator. Geopolymer is an alternative to the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to environmental friendly, low cost production, and workability. Tests are carried out on mild steel bar which embedded in 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cube of geopolymer concrete. The potential values of the steel bar embedded in geopolymer concrete have been conducted by open circuit potential (OCP) testing. From the result obtained, the potential values of sacrificial anode cathodic protection samples were lower than control samples for 7 and 28 days cured which −0.967 V and −1.389 V, respectively. From Pourbaix diagram, the control samples were located at passivity region, while the SACP samples were located at immunity region.
      2  22
  • Publication
    Corrosion Control by Using Aluminium as Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) in Geopolymer Reinforced Concrete
    ( 2020-07-09)
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Hawani Hanisah Ismail N.
    ;
    Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
    ;
    Yusrina Mat Daud
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Hasri
    ;
    Hartati
    This paper presents corrosion control by using Aluminium as Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) in geopolymer reinforced concrete. Geopolymer concrete for this research are the combination and reaction between kaolin, which is acting as a binder, fine aggregates such as river sand, coarse aggregates and an alkaline activator which contain 12 M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solution with the ratio of NaOH/Na2SiO3 is 0.8. There are two types of sample preparation in this experiment which are the control sample without attaching with Aluminium and SACP sample that attach to Aluminium. Three testing were conducted in this research such as compressive strength, open circuit potential and gravimetric weight loss method and these results were observed after days 7 and 14. Compressive strength testing for this geopolymer concrete shows that the highest compressive strength was at sample 14 days which is 7.04 MPa while sample 7 days is 3.96 MPa. The result shows the potential values of SACP samples were lower than the control sample for both 7 and 14 days. The potential values for the SACP sample for 7 and 14 days are 0.0152 V and -0.037 V while for control sample was 0.048 V and 0.051 V respectively. From the Pourbaix diagram, the control sample was located in the passivity region while SACP sample was located in the immunity region. The corrosion rate of the reinforcement bar in concrete has been performed by the gravimetric weight loss method. Analysis of the resulting proved that the corrosion rate of SACP sample was lower than the control sample for both 7 and 14 days, which were 3.60 x 10-5 mm/yr and 1.427 x 10-5 mm/yr respectively. This is due to the presence of Aluminium which act as the sacrificial anode that protects reinforcement bar in geopolymer concrete from the corrosive agent.
      3  23
  • Publication
    Mechanical Effect on Different Geopolymer Filler in Glass Reinforced Epoxy Composite
    ( 2024-04-19)
    Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
    ;
    Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
    ;
    Yusrina Mat Daud
    ;
    Meor Ahmad Faris Meor Ahmad Tajudin
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Farah Farhana Zainal
    ;
    Saloma
    ;
    Sulaiman I.S.
    Glass reinforced epoxy are widely known in oil and gas industry as glass reinforced epoxy pipe. However, glass reinforced epoxy has limitation such as demanding careful handling due fabrication, installation and transportation because of brittle nature itself and low compressive strength. The aim of this research is to characterize and study the effect of different geopolymer filler in the glass reinforced epoxy pipe composites. Filament winding method will be used in producing glass reinforced epoxy composite. Samples will be prepared with different weight percentage of geopolymer filler loading and different types of geopolymer filler which is fly ash-based geopolymer and kaolin-based geopolymer with 10wt% - 40wt% of geopolymer filler loading. Microstructure was obtained by using Scanning Electron Microscopy showed spherical shaped of fly ash raw material and plate-like structure for kaolin raw material. After undergoes the mechanical testing involved compressive test, pipe sample of glass reinforced epoxy filled with 20 wt% of fly ash-based geopolymer filler showed the best performances above them all. The compressive strength value was 43.05 MPa. Glass reinforced epoxy composite pipe filled with different geopolymer are not widely used in this research area. Therefore, by using geopolymer as a filler can improve the properties of glass reinforced epoxy composite pipe. Hence, a waste material like geopolymer can reduce the cost of material and improve the environment.
      1