Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
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Preferred name
Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
Official Name
Subash Chandra Bose, Gopinath
Alternative Name
Gopinath, S.
Gopinath, S. C.B
Subash Gopinath, C. B.
Subash, Gopinath
Subash C. B. Gopinath
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
7006558013
Researcher ID
D-2953-2015

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  • Publication
    Longitudinal Zeolite-Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Deposited Capacitance Biosensor for Interleukin-3 in Sepsis Detection
    (Springer, 2021-01-01)
    Chen C.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Anbu P.
    Sepsis is an extreme condition involving a physical response to severe microbial infection and causes fatal and life-threatening issues. Sepsis generates during the chemicals release with the immune system into the bloodstream for fighting against an infection, which causes the inflammation and leads to the medical emergency. A complexed longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite was extracted from coal mine fly ash and utilized to improve the surface characteristics of the capacitance biosensor to identify sepsis attacks. Anti-interleukin-3 (anti-IL-3) antibody was attached to the zeolite- and iron oxide-complexed capacitance electrode surface through an amine linker to interact with the sepsis biomarker IL-3. The morphological and chemical components of the nanocomplex were investigated by FESEM, FETEM, and EDX analyses. At approximately 30 nm, the longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite aided in attaining the limit of IL-3 detection of 3 pg/mL on the linear curve, with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9673 [y = 1.638x − 1.1847]. A lower detection limit was achieved in the dose-dependent range (3–100 pg/mL) due to the higher amount of antibody immobilization on the sensing surface due to the nanomaterials and the improved surface current. Furthermore, control experiments with relevant biomolecules did not show capacitance changes, and spiked IL-3 in human serum increased capacitance, indicating the specific and selective detection of IL-3. This study identifies and quantifies IL-3 via potentially useful methods and helps in diagnosing sepsis attack.
      8  12
  • Publication
    Immunosensing prostate-specific antigen: Faradaic vs non-Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis on interdigitated microelectrode device
    ( 2020-11-01)
    Ibau, Conlathan
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Mohammad Nuzaihan Md Nor
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil
    ;
    Shahidah Arina Shamsuddin
    This work explores Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) detection for a highly-sensitive quantification of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in Faradaic (f-EIS) and non-Faradaic modes (nf-EIS). Immobilization of monoclonal antibody specific to PSA (anti-PSA) was performed using 1-ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide crosslinking agents in order to conjugate carboxylic (-COOH) terminated group of 16-Mercaptoundecanoic acid with amine (-NH3+) on anti-PSA epitope. This approach offers simple and efficient approach to form a strong, covalently bound thiol-gold (S–Au) for a reliable SAM layer formation. Studies on the topographic of pristine Au-IDE surface were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy techniques, meanwhile a 3-dimensional optical surface profiler, Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy techniques were used to validate the successful functionalization steps on the sensor transducer surface. Detection of PSA in f-EIS mode was carried out by measuring the response in charge transfer resistance (Rct) and impedance change (Z), meanwhile in nf-EIS mode, the changes in device capacitance was monitored. In f-EIS mode, the sensor reveals a logarithmic detection of PSA in a range of 100 ng/ml down to 0.01 ng/ml in Phosphate Buffered Saline with a recorded sensitivity of 2.412 kΩ/log10 ([PSA] ng/ml) and the limit of detection (LOD) down to 0.01 ng/ml. The nf-EIS detection mode yields a logarithmic detection range of 5000 ng/ml down to 0.5 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 8.570 nF/log10 ([PSA] ng/ml) and an LOD of 0.5 ng/ml. The developed bio-assay yields great device stability, specificity to PSA and repeatability of detection that would pave its way for the future development into portable lab-on-chip bio-sensing system.
      10  27
  • Publication
    Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric measurements on fibrils formation of alpha synuclein in Parkinson's disease by a gold interdigitated tetraelectrodes
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Adam Hussaini
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Krishnan Hemavathi
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Mohammed M.
    ;
    Perumal V.
    ;
    Fakhri M.A.
    ;
    Salim E.T.
    ;
    Raman P.
    ;
    Subramaniam, Sreeramanan
    ;
    Chen Y.
    ;
    Sasidharan S.
    Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation and deposition of alpha-synuclein protein, which are pathological hallmarks. To understand the fibril formation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, this study uses cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric measurements. These measurements analyze the electrochemical properties and behavior of alpha-synuclein during its fibril formation process. By applying a potential sweep or pulse to the alpha-synuclein sample, it is possible to gain insights into its redox activity and structural changes during fibril formation. This could lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent or disrupt this pathological event in Parkinson's disease. To detect Parkinson's disease, a 15 nm sized gold conjugated antibody was used as the probe and seeded on gold interdigitated tetraelectrodes (AuIDTE). Alpha synuclein variations (fibriled and non-fibriled) were detected using phosphate-buffer saline and glycine buffer based on cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Discriminated by Tau protein measurement that was employed as a control. The linear regression for detecting alpha synuclein aggregation using differential pulse voltammetry was R2 = 0.9987 [y = 9E-06x - 4E-07], with a limit of detection of 10 aM, on a linear range of 1 aM-1 pM. Cyclic voltammetry determined the limit of detection of aggregated alpha synuclein to be 100 aM, with a linear relationship of R2 = 0.9939 [y = 7E-06x - 2E-06]. The sensor has excellent analytical performance in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and stability.
      5  24
  • Publication
    Gold-nanoparticle associated deep eutectic solution mediates early bio detection of ovarian cancer
    ( 2025-01)
    S. Uvambighai Devi
    ;
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    N. Fareezah Jaapar
    ;
    F. Syakirah Halim
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda
    ;
    Voon Chun Hong
    ;
    Mohammad Nuzaihan Md Nor
    ;
    Adilah Ayoib
    ;
    Shahidah Arina Shamsuddin
    ;
    Norizah Abd Karim
    Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have indeed been extensively researched in biological and photothermal therapy applications in recent years. This study aims to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors for early detection of ovarian cancer biomarkers by investigating the efficacy of DES-mediated surface functionalization of AuNPs. Additionally, the impact of DES on the stability and dispersion of AuNPs on SiO2 support is assessed to optimize sensor performance. A simple DES-mediated synthesis method for efficient amine surface functionalization of silicon dioxide (SiO2) to incorporate tiny AuNPs for antibody biosensors. Physical characterization [Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and 3D Profiler] and electrical characterization (Keithley) have been done to determine the functionalization of the modified IDE surface. SEM analysis indicated the resultant nanoparticles have truncated spherical shapes. There is just a peak recorded by UV-Vis at 504-540 nm with AuNPs due to the formation of monodispersed AuNPs. When the conjugation of DES with samples is measured, the curves are identical in form, and the highest peak after conjugation has remained at 230 nm but the SPR absorption peak becomes narrower and moves toward greater wavelengths, indicating the conjugation between the molecules. Furthermore, when the DES is conjugated with AuNPs, 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), antibody, and protein, the peaks gradually increased and became narrower, where O-H at 3280 cm-1, C-H at 2809 cm-1 and 2933 cm-1, CH2 at 1448 cm-1, CH3 at 1268 cm-1, C-OH at 1048 cm-1 and 1110 cm-1 and C-N+ at 844 cm-1 as analyzed by FTIR. Moreover, it can be observed that the 3D profilometer revealed a few red-colored areas, which are the portion that protrudes from the IDE surface. Based on the findings, it is possible to infer that this immunosensor does have the prospective to be used in clinical investigations for the precise detection of ovarian cancer or other biomarkers. The capacitance, transmittance, and resistivity profiles of the biosensor clearly distinguished between the antibody immobilization and the affinity binding. The presence of a DES-mediated synthetic approach increased the possibility of supporting different metal nanoparticles on SiO2 as the potential platform for biosensor applications.
      22  2
  • Publication
    Facile synthesis of MoSâ‚‚ nanoflower-Ag NPs grown on lignin-derived graphene for Troponin I aptasensing
    (Elsevier, 2023)
    Mugashini Vasudevan
    ;
    Sathaniswarman Remesh
    ;
    Veeradasan Perumal
    ;
    Pandian Bothi Raja
    ;
    Mohammad Nasir Mohammad Ibrahim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Saravanan Karuppanan
    ;
    Mark Ovinis
    This article presents the development and application of a green lignin-derived graphene biosensor for Troponin I, a biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). The graphene was synthesized from oil palm lignin through an optimized laser scribing process. While the three-dimensional nature of the laser-scribed lignin-derived graphene (3D LSG) is advantageous, it suffers from poor electrical conductivity due to the amorphous nature of lignin. Therefore, semi-conductive molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) precursor with conductive green silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was added to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of 3D LSG to synthesize 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs hybrids via an aqueous hydrothermal process. Morphological, physical, and structural analyses showed the presence of petal-like MoS2 nanoflower with Ag NPs on the 3D LSG surface. The strong interrelation between 3D LSG, MoS2, and Ag NPs was confirmed by X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Specifically, X-ray spectroscopy revealed the formation of O1s, Ag 3d, C1s, Mo 3d, and S2p in the 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs-2.0 hybrid. Raman spectroscopy revealed an enhancement in the surface area of the 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs-2.0 hybrid, which enhances the detection sensitivity. The 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs hybrid was subsequently chemically modified and immobilised with an aptamer to interact with Troponin I on an impedimetric sensor. The 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs hybrid showed high analytical performance, high specificity, and a ∼ 4-fold increment in selectivity, with a detection limit of 100 attomolar. This biosensor has a sensitivity of 31.45 µA mM−1 cm−2, stability of 87%, with a relative standard deviation for reproducibility of 3.8%.
      10  2
  • Publication
    Sensitive silica-alumina modified capacitive non-Faradaic glucose sensor for gestational diabetes
    ( 2022-04-01)
    Chen L.
    ;
    Xie W.
    ;
    Luo Y.
    ;
    Ding X.
    ;
    Fu B.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Xiong Y.
    A highly sensitive silica-alumina (Si-Al)-modified capacitive non-Faradaic glucose biosensor was introduced to monitor gestational diabetes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was attached to the Si-Al electrode surface as the probe through amine-modification followed by glutaraldehyde premixed GOx as aldehyde-amine chemistry. This Si-Al (∼50 nm) modified electrode surface has increased the current flow upon binding of GOx with glucose. Capacitance values were increased by increasing the glucose concentrations. A mean capacitance value was plotted and the detection limit was found as 0.03 mg/mL with the regression coefficient value, R² = 0.9782 [y = 0.8391x + 1.338] on the linear range between 0.03 and 1 mg/mL. Further, a biofouling experiment with fructose and galactose did not increase the capacitance, indicating the specific glucose detection. This Si-Al–modified capacitance sensor detects a lower level of glucose presence and helps in monitoring gestational diabetes.
      3  25
  • Publication
    An update on pathogenesis and clinical scenario for Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and treatment
    ( 2023)
    Adam Hussaini
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Husein Irzaman
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    In severe cases, Parkinson’s disease causes uncontrolled movements known as motor symptoms such as dystonia, rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremors. Parkinson’s disease also causes non-motor symptoms such as insomnia, constipation, depression and hysteria. Disruption of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neural networks in the substantia nigra pars compacta is a major cause of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, due to the difficulty of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, it is often misdiagnosed, highlighting the need for better methods of detection. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease is also complicated due to the difficulties of medications passing across the blood–brain barrier. Moreover, the conventional methods fail to solve the aforementioned issues. As a result, new methods are needed to detect and treat Parkinson's disease. Improved diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease can help avoid some of its devastating symptoms. This review explores how nanotechnology platforms, such as nanobiosensors and nanomedicine, have improved Parkinson’s disease detection and treatment. Nanobiosensors integrate science and engineering principles to detect Parkinson’s disease. The main advantages are their low cost, portability, and quick and precise analysis. Moreover, nanotechnology can transport medications in the form of nanoparticles across the blood–brain barrier. However, because nanobiosensors are a novel technology, their use in biological systems is limited. Nanobiosensors have the potential to disrupt cell metabolism and homeostasis, changing cellular molecular profiles and making it difficult to distinguish sensor-induced artifacts from fundamental biological phenomena. In the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, nanoparticles, on the other hand, produce neurotoxicity, which is a challenge in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Techniques must be developed to distinguish sensor-induced artifacts from fundamental biological phenomena and to reduce the neurotoxicity caused by nanoparticles.
      7  17
  • Publication
    Integration of microfluidic channel on electrochemical-based nanobiosensors for monoplex and multiplex analyses: An overview
    ( 2023)
    Adam Hussaini
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Zaliman Sauli
    ;
    Fakhri Makram A.
    ;
    Subramaniam Sreeramanan
    ;
    Chen Yeng
    ;
    Sasidharan Sreenivasan
    ;
    Wu Yuan Seng
    Background: Microfluidic devices have evolved into low-cost, simple, and powerful analytical tool platforms. Herein, an electrochemically-based microfluidic nanobiosensor array for monoplex and multiplex detection of physiologically relevant analytes is reviewed. Unlike other analyte detection methods, microfluidics-based embedded electrochemical nanobiosensors are portable, custom electrochemical readers for signal reading. Methods: Microfluidic devices and electrochemical sensors can be integrated into monoplex or multiplex systems. The integrated system is simple to use and sensitive, and so has great potential as a powerful tool for profiling immune-mediated treatment responses in real time. It may also be developed further as a point-of-care diagnostic device for conducting near-patient tests using biological samples. Therefore, using mutiplex analysis, a biosensor array may detect multiple analytes in a sample solution and provide different outputs for each analyte. A microfluidic electrochemical nanobiosensor, for example, can detect urine glucose, lactate, and uric acid. The microfluidic array of integrated nanobiosensors and electrochemical sensors enables fast and cost-effective selection of high-quality and statistically significant diagnostic data at the point of care. The multiplex analytical test is an important molecular tool for academic research as well as clinical diagnosis. Although key approaches for analysing numerous analytes have been developed, none of them are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, especially in situations with limited resources. Significant findings: In this study, monoplex and multiplex microfluidic assays for rapid measurement of single and multiple analytes at the point of care are presented. Since this test can analyse both single and multiple analytes, it is exceptionally specific, easy to use, and inexpensive. The ability of integrated electrochemical-based microfluidic devices with single channel and multiple channels systems to perform monoplex and multiplex analysis simultaneously and independently is the novelty of this review.
      2