Conference Publications

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/1588

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  • Publication
    A Monte Carlo simulation for a variable-value stream mapping (V-VSM) and risk assessment - failure mode and effect analysis (RA-FMEA); a case study
    (AIP Pubishing, 2023)
    Mohd Shihabudin Ismail
    ;
    Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Ishak
    ;
    Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Hussain
    Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is one of the most used lean manufacturing methods for determining cycle time (CT) and lead time (LT) in the process flow from customer order to shipment. Value-added (VAA) and non-value added (NVAA) events in the flow must be defined and noted in the VSM. However, there are only a few studies that take risk management into account when calculating lead times. Variable VSM (V-VSM) will be used in this report, with (minimum, most-likely(mean), maximum) values for each CT/LT and Risk Assessment-Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (RA-FMEA) for all risks reported. For a more accurate result, the model will be simulated using Monte Carlo simulation with@Risk software. Prior to the simulation, each process must be described by the best-fit probability distribution. The (minimum, most-likely(mean), maximum) time values of total CT/LT and Risk that the management should consider when preparing the raw material order, VAA/NVAA activities in the production line, Work in Progress (WIP), process layout and shipment schedule are the results of this analysis. For management, the current and future VSMs could be finalized, displaying all relevant variables. This model will be tested in a small and medium food manufacturing facility that produces mixed powder drinks. However, the emphasis of this paper will be on the Monte Carlo simulation using@Risk software based on V-VSM and RA-FMEA model created.
  • Publication
    A study of new washing process which combines deflection and abrasion action
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Mohd Fidzwan Md Amin Hamzas
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Radhwan Hussin
    ;
    Mohd. Nasir Mat Saad
    ;
    Abdellah el-hadj Abdellah
    This study aimed to determine the optimum washing of laboratory washing model that design to stimulate the active washing process and passive commercial washing machine are compared in order to determine the best washing result. Variables of the study include water speed, washing time and radial nozzle inclination angle. The rotational system of an automatic washing machine has two major technical difficulties. One is the collision of the tub against the frame at the beginning of its early spinning stage. A factor that causes such instability of the rotational object can be attributed to the deflection of the liquid inside the liquid balancer due to the unbalance mass. Proposed a new washing technology and new design of the washing machine can be as a base of its new type. These machines have better outcome data; improve quality of washing process and effective use of washing liquid. New washing machine is simple design, does not have rotary parts at all and uses active process of washing process with squeezing of linens and more productive then known washing machines. Also, this machine can recycle and feed cleaned washing liquid. Additionally, in use of ultrasonic technology of washing process, new machine today will be perfect design.
  • Publication
    Abnormality Detection Approach in Smart Homes using Case-based Reasoning
    ( 2020-06-01)
    Abdul Syafiq Abdull Sukor
    ;
    Rossi Setchi
    ;
    Ze Ji
    Today, the population of elderly people is dramatically increasing. To help with the problem, smart homes provide technologies and services that can help elderly people to live independently and comfortably in their own homes. One such service in smart homes is the detection of abnormal situations based on individuals' daily routine. This is important as some situations can lead to serious health issues if they have not been detected in the early stage. This paper presents a conceptual model for abnormality detection using case-based reasoning. It utilizes previous cases, which are built from a publicly available smart home dataset. To evaluate the performance, the cases are divided into two case-based sizes which contain seven and fourteen days of monitoring task. To avoid bias, the performance is also measured against two voluntary individuals who have no knowledge of the dataset. The results show that the system is able to detect abnormal situations with the best accuracy of 81.3%.
      1  18
  • Publication
    An investigation of energy consumption in fused deposition modelling using ESP32 IoT monitoring system
    (Elsevier, 2023)
    Sakinah Zakaria
    ;
    Paul Mativenga
    ;
    Engku Ahmad Rafiqi Engku Ariff
    Energy price and availability have become an urgent global challenge. Manufacturers need to model and reduce energy consumption and cost. To enable energy smart manufacturing using Industry 4.0, there is a need to develop a framework for energy monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, an energy-monitoring device has been developed using ESP32 as IoT system to monitor energy consumption on the fused deposition modelling machine. The energy consumed is measured and categorised according to its manufacturing process states. This paper proposes an IoT system capable of simultaneously measuring the energy consumed in the machine's components during the printing process into idle state, warm-up state, printing state and cool-down state. This platform technology can be a basis for simultaneous monitoring of multiple machines in a production system.
  • Publication
    Analysis about implementation of pico-hydro circulation system as renewable energy with low head
    (AIP Publishing, 2023)
    Eswanto
    ;
    Hanapi Hasan
    ;
    Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan
    The implementation of the utilization of pico-hydro energy generators with circulation systems using water as the working fluid currently exists, but needs to be further developed so that it is more widely applied by the community. In the current situation, where we know that countries in the world are trying to have an environmentally friendly energy source. This research that has been completed aims to analyze how the implementation of the performance of using pico hydro if it is applied with a low head. In this study, the method was carried out experimentally on a laboratory experimental scale, this was done in order to obtain data to be able to proceed with the implementation of pico hydro at low head flow. In this section of the results we can present that with a low head the implementation of pico hydro can be applied, various blade angles provide information on an increase in performance if the angle is greater it can be seen that from point 0 to 90 there is an increasing tangential force that works, this is due to the increasing the magnitude of the applied force. As for losses, the greater the flow capacity, the greater the losses. The biggest losses are at the angle of the turbine shaft slope of 60° and blade 90, which is 0.28 m.
  • Publication
    Analysis hairdryer using design for manufacturing and assemble (DFMA)
    ( 2021-07-21)
    Nasir S.M.
    ;
    Muhamad Farizuan Rosli
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Shafeeq Ahmad Shamim Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd Effendi Muhammad Suandi
    ;
    Muhammad Azam Asri
    ;
    Nur Syahirah Mohd Tamizi
    ;
    Nur Adila Mohd Haris
    ;
    Siti Aminah Zawawi
    For this project, analysis of the redesign of original product hair dryer, the project is focused on the Hair dryers design, size, color, material and cost. Hair dryer are electromechanical device designed to dry the hair. This project is not only intended to analyze its body, but is also recognized as the part, element and component with a systematic function to analyze in detail the innovation method of product system design, which is taken as its concept to carry out the analysis on the component elements of hairdryers and the overall analysis and review of the system design process of hair dryers. Most people are familiar with the daily routine of washing, drying, and styling their hair. Although hair will eventually dry on its own if given enough time, most people reach for a hair dryer to speed up the process. Hair dryer are commonly used and can cause hair damage such as roughness, dryness and loss of hair color. The design of hairdryer is using CAD software and then transfer to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to analyses the capabilities of part design. At the end of this project, this research will give understanding about design using CAD software and do analysis that improved the hairdryer equipment.
      3  26
  • Publication
    Analysis of an assembly process and environmental impact for a new design of food grater
    ( 2021-05-03)
    Mohd Effendi Muhammad Suandi
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Radhwan Hussin
    ;
    Zuhanis Mansor
    ;
    Shafeeq Ahmad Shamim Ahmad
    ;
    Hidayatul Husna Al Rashid
    ;
    Nurin Syuhada Noorazman
    ;
    Muhammad Iqbal Talib
    ;
    Muhammad Adam Al-Modthaqim Muhammad Basri
    This research analyses and evaluate food grater components in order to reduce the required quantity and to consider the improvement of possible sustainable design based on various material selection, particularly to specific parts. This study will use integration methodology to achieving sustainability which is Design for Manufacturing Assembly (DFMA), and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The analysis result will show the reduction of the part numbers from 20 parts to only four parts respectively to the significant alteration for specific components. Furthermore, the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), the weight is reduced by 12.46 gram after changing the material from PPE to ABS. Also, the carbon footprint effect reduced by 40% while air acidification effect is reduced by 21.9%. Besides the material changes also reduced the total energy consumed by 36.4%. This study found that both methods are capable of reducing production costs assembly time, and consequently can enhance the environmental impact of a product.
      3  25
  • Publication
    Application of fuzzy failure mode, effect and criticality analysis (fuzzy FMECA) with extended rule of criticality ranking assessment: a case study in ghee and soap industry
    (AIP Publishing, 2023)
    Adel Ali Azawqari
    ;
    Rosmaini Ahmad
    ;
    Badiea Aswaidy M
    ;
    Shaliza Azreen Mustafa
    This paper presents the application of fuzzy FMECA for item criticality ranking assessment. A case study from Yemen's ghee and soap industry was used, which focuses on a critical production system of seaming process. The proposed fuzzy FMECA framework is divided into three main phases. The first phase is the FMECA procedure that is commonly applied with criticality analysis is performed based on risk priority number (RPN) calculation of severity (S), occurrence (O) and detection (D) parameters measures. The second phase is the estimation of RPN based on the fuzzy approach, which is carried out based on Gaussian membership function application. The third phase is the final criticality ranking assessment process to prioritize the production components under study. In this phase, an extended rule is introduced to avoid/minimize overlapping values in criticality ranking determination. A case study on a critical production system that consists of overall 32 components was used for framework validation. The MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox was used to assist the fuzzification process towards RPN numbers estimation. The overall results of FMECA with comparison values of typical RPN and fuzzy RPN are presented. The discussion on the implications and benefits of the extended rule application towards final criticality ranking determination is then given.
      2  7
  • Publication
    ARx modeling of flexible beam system using bat algorithm
    ( 2021-05-03)
    Mohd Sazli Saad
    ;
    Noor Fadhilah Mat Ros
    ;
    Mohd Zakimi Zakaria
    ;
    Mohamad Ezral Baharudin
    ;
    Azuwir Mohd Nor
    This paper describes the development of dynamic model of flexible beam system using system identification method based on nature inspired algorithm i.e. bat algorithm. At first, input-output data from the experimental rig of flexible beam were collected such that input signal is taken from piezo actuator and output signal from the laser displacement sensor. Then, linear parametric model structure is accomplished using auto regressive with exogenous inputs (ARX). The optimal parameters of the ARX model are identified using bat algorithm. The best parameter setting estimation is selected based on the best fit criterion i.e mean square error (MSE). The identified model is compared with the model from conventional estimation approach. Simulation results show that bat algorithm can outperform the least square algorithm in parametric modelling of the flexible beam.
      2  33
  • Publication
    Basic study converting of sound pressure to electricity with arrangement of sound speaker using thermoacoustic technology
    (IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020)
    Irfan Abd Rahim
    ;
    C M N Faiz
    ;
    M Z M Zarhamdy
    ;
    Norshah Afizi Shuaib
    ;
    A Azlida
    This paper describes the suitability of a loudspeaker to be used as a linear alternator. The present study is intended to clarify experimentally that the ability of loudspeaker to detect a frequency of sound wave by applying the sound into a resonator with the different of length. The result of the experiment will determine the suitable length of resonator that give the best reading. The linear alternator is a linear motor which commonly used as an electrical generator. It is a type of alternating current electrical generator. The function of an alternator is to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. The linear alternator operate under the principle of electromagnetic induction. Unlike linear alternator, other alternator work in rotary motion while the linear alternator work in linear motion. Electromagnetic induction is a result of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor cause by the dynamic interaction with magnetic field. The data of the experiment was conducted based on the three length of resonator. Based on the experiment, all three resonator give the best reading when the operating frequency of 200 Hz was used. The peak to peak voltage recorded for 100 mm length was 776 mV while the peak to peak voltage recorded for 150 mm length was 824 mV. The last resonator give the reading of 776 mV. For the decibel reading, the 100 mm resonator give the reading of 100.2 dB. The resonator of 150 mm give reading of 98.5 dB and the 200 mm give decibel reading of 99.8 dB. For the experiment with heat engine, the highest peak to peak reading is 40.7 mV and the decibel reading is 110.9 dB.
      1  17
  • Publication
    Bibliometric and visualisation analysis of global research trends on HYDRUS using Scopus search
    (AIP Publishing, 2023)
    Mohd Fauzie Jusoh
    ;
    Muhammad Firdaus Abdul Muttalib
    ;
    Syed M. Al-Amsyar
    ;
    Mohamad Najmi Masri
    ;
    Ayob Katimon
    HYDRUS is one of the popular software packages used for water, heat and solute transport simulation. Although numerous studies on bibliometric analysis were conducted, the bibliometric research and systematic searching strategy on the HYDRUS are rarely explored by scholars. Therefore, the main focus of this study is to explore existing literature on the global research trends of HYDRUS according to bibliometric methods. The data was filtered and extracted from the Scopus database. Bibliometric analysis was performed in different aspects such as yearly publications trends, countries productivity, leading journals and subject areas. Visualisation analysis was deployed using VOSviewer software for collaboration patterns and content analysis to explore networking and emerging topics in HYDRUS. In total, 1903 literature related to HYDRUS publications from the year 1993 until 2020 were retrieved. The quantity of HYDRUS publications has substantially increased for almost three decades. HYDRUS mainly used in the field of Environmental Science (n=1120, 34.1%), Agricultural and Biological Science (n=871, 26.5%) and Earth and Planetary Sciences (n=424, 12.9%). In addition, Agricultural Water Management Journal (Elsevier, Netherlands) is the leading journal in HYDRUS publications. The top three prolific scholars on subject matters are Šimůnek Jirka (H-Index 71, University of California, United States), Martinus Th. van Genuchten (H-Index 82, Utrecht University, Netherlands) and Harry Vereecken (H-Index 65, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Germany). The United States, China and Germany, among the most productive country published papers related to HYDRUS. The HYDRUS study is applied in three clusters; media properties cluster, irrigation cluster and groundwater study cluster, with a primary focus on water flow and solute transport modelling. The keywords analysis revealed that the most active research topics were "model", "water", and "parameter" throughout the study period. This bibliometric technique helps researchers identify and understand the specific knowledge domain on the past, current, and emerging research topics.
      14  3
  • Publication
    Buffalo reef mesothermal gold mineralization mineralogy and geochemistry in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia
    (Springer, 2023)
    Siti Hasanah Osman
    ;
    Afikah Rahim
    ;
    Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
    In Pahang, the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Buffalo Reef remains active as a gold mine among the main gold deposits at the North of Selinsing Gold Mine. Mineralization of gold is possible when stibnite occurs in quartz veins. The main purpose of this study is to examine the geological condition governing the mineralization of ore and the origin of gold mineralization of Buffalo Reef. The XRD result shows the quartz stage (SiO2) while quartz, sillimanite and stibnite are identified. Ten samples were tested with XRF geochemical studies showing SiO2 contents of 24.98–70.67 wt%, and the overall Na2O + K2O diagram versus SiO2 alkaline diagram showed varies basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite series with favourable and random distribution. The deposits region consists of the thick Permian rock sequences especially tuff volcanic rock that is intertwined by clay (argillite, phyllite) and carbonate rocks. Mineralization of volcanic rock and pyroclastic tuff supporting and regulating the orogenic gold deposit under the Raub–Bentong framework. The region epizoic and mesonic with a mesothermal deposit characterized by the presence of gold, stibnite and arsenopyrite with the grade of gold is 4.01 g/t Au from AAS.
  • Publication
    Business model transformation in the manufacturing company – how custom project governance framework enhances the chances of success
    ( 2020)
    Chin Hoong Teoh
    ;
    Zuraidah Mohd Zain
    ;
    Lee Chang Chuan
    The demand for complete solution providers is trending, and as a result, manufacturing companies, more than ever, are being challenged to transform their approach from hardware-centric to solutions-centric. Failure to do so could be catastrophic. Many companies have started the transformation in order to stay in business and also for enhancement of growth prospects. They work on increasing their chances of success through project governance that applies across a range of solutions. This paper shows that transformation success is enhanced through the use of a custom project governance framework that allows for the selection of the appropriate custom project governance for any solution category. The nature and relationship between the development work and customization of personalization has led the authors to opt for personalization theory as the theoretical lens. This study started with the formulation of the research process, followed by literature review, development work, and finally a qualitative longitudinal study in an advanced analytical equipment company. The positive outcomes from the development work that has been customized for custom solution businesses will allow researchers and practitioners to develop intangible customization of personalization for a project governance framework of their own to aid business model transformation in the manufacturing company.
      3  19
  • Publication
    Carbonization effect on EFB briquettes prepared with different type of binders
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Munira Mohamed Nazari
    ;
    M Y Idroas
    ;
    Fathin Ayuni Azizan
    Biomass energy is gaining public interest as a result of the environmental impacts and depletion of fossil fuel resources. Thus, biomass briquettes have emerged as an attractive option due to its huge renewable energy potential. The biomass briquettes are used for thermal applications because it can produce complete combustion as it has consistent quality and high burning efficiency. However, the quality of the briquettes can be added by application of carbonization treatment method. Carbonization of biomass is a waste treatment process in which a biomass is heated in an oxygen-free or oxygen-limited environment. In this study, carbonized EFB was blended with binders and densified into briquettes. The mixing ratio of binders to carbonize EFB were fixed at 20%. The effect of the carbonization treatment on the briquette properties and combustion characteristics was studied through proximate and ultimate analysis while high heating value (HHV) was analyses by using bomb calorimeter. To explore the potential of carbonized EFB briquettes, the results were compared to untreated EFB briquettes. Results indicate briquette TS2 as the optimum formulation since it owned moderate physicochemical properties. In addition, the briquette had highest HHV of 23.62 MJ/kg which is approximately 30% higher than briquette prepared from untreated EFB. Overall, carbonized EFB blended with tapioca starch was found to improve the briquette quality and enhance the possibility to use as syngas production.
      13  1
  • Publication
    Characteristics on air flow distribution via spiral blade distributor in a swirling fluidized bed
    (AIP Publishing, 2020)
    Muhammad Lutfi Abd. Latif
    ;
    Mohd Al-Hafiz Mohd Nawi
    ;
    Mohd. Hazwan Mohd. Hanid
    ;
    Mohd Razman Amin
    ;
    Ku Mohammad Yazid Ku Ibrahim
    ;
    Hazizul Hussein
    Swirling Fluidized Bed (SFB) is a new method which is very useful in drying process especially in mineral processing. By designing the annular blade distributor inclined, the gas will pass through the distributor, then certainly achieve suitable performance in term of fluidization. Numerical simulation such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been widely used to investigate the parameters that influence the system itself. The current study focused on the spiral blade distributor with various pitch length (60mm, 80mm, and 100mm), and various horizontal inclination angle (0°, 12° and 15°). The CFD is used to compute and btain the velocity distribution data, as well as tangential velocity. The uniformity of tangential velocity distribution are the crucial investigation as this will be used to determine the optimum SFB systems. Effect of low blades inclination angle (0°) and low pitch length (60mm) has showed the most significant finding in this study.
      1  13
  • Publication
    Comparison of corn and tapioca starch binders on the characteristic of rice straw charcoal briquettes
    (Springer, 2023-09)
    Syed Nuzul Fadzli Syed Adam
    ;
    Firuz Zainuddin
    ;
    Noor Zulaika Salleh Morgan
    ;
    Hazmi Helmi Saroni
    Agricultural waste was abundant and commonly burnt on the landfilled due to no significant uses. Rice straw was rarely used in proper scientific work for the production of charcoal briquettes. Rice straw can be converted into an alternative charcoal briquette which is used for generating heat energy. However, the suitable type and concentration of binder used for the briquette production were still unclear. The aim of this study is to make the properties comparison between corn and tapioca starch as binder used in rice straw charcoal briquettes. Chopped rice straw was combusted in oven at 260 °C for 4 h in order to produce char powder. Each kind of starch and char powder was thoroughly mixed together and then compacted into charcoal briquettes by using a carbon steel die. Charcoal briquette samples were then analysed for volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture content, ash content and burning rate. It was found that corn and tapioca starch binders with different binder concentrations affect slightly different characters and properties of charcoal briquettes product.
      6  7
  • Publication
    Complete solution fulfilment for the manufacturing-based company – how intangible customization of personalization enhances the chances of success
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Chin Hoong Teoh
    ;
    Zuraidah Mohd Zain
    ;
    Lee Chang Chuan
    There is a trending demand in the industry to provide customers with total solutions rather than mere products, and as a result, manufacturing-based companies, more than ever, face stiff challenges to deliver complete solutions successfully. To increase their chances of success, project life cycles are applied across solutions development. This study aims to enhance the chances of success through the personalization of project life cycles. It starts with developing a project life cycle upon which personalization can be achieved. A qualitative longitudinal study was conducted to gauge how well the personalization accomplished its aims. The intangible customization of personalization would allow researchers and practitioners to arrive at their own complete solutions that fulfil their customers’ needs.
      12  3
  • Publication
    Design and analysis of Garlic Peeler machine
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    K Y Yen
    ;
    Radhwan Hussin
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Mohd. Nasir Mat Saad
    ;
    Abdellah el-hadj Abdellah
    The purpose of this research is to design and analysis of a Garlic Peeling Machine. The traditional hand peeling garlic method is very tedious and time-consuming work once a bulk quantity of garlic to be peeled, especially for restaurants. The pungent smell of garlic will make the uncomfortable for user’s hands and eyes. Hence, the goals to be achieved in this research are to design a garlic peeling machine to replace the manual working in order to reduce the time taken compared to the hand peeling method. The research scopes involved of design and generate idea concepts, simulation and analysis structure and undergo experiment. The process flow of this research begins according to the standard design process flow. A survey was conducted to collect the customer’s requirements. After idea generation, the final concept was selected using Pugh method and Weighted method. Simulation of fluid flow was carried out using computational fluid Dynamic (CFD) software.
      1  13
  • Publication
    Design and analysis of solar car chassis
    (IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020)
    Radhwan Hussin
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Mohd. Nasir Mat Saad
    ;
    Abdellah el-hadj Abdellah
    ;
    Irfan Abd Rahim
    A solar car is a lightweight, low power vehicle designed and built with a single purpose in mind–racing with and only drive during the day. It has limited seating (one or two peoples) and usually has very little cargo capacity. However, it offers an excellent opportunity to develop future technologies that can be applied to practical applications. This study will focus on design and analysis solar car chassis part. The primary challenge in developing an effective solar car chassis is to maximize strength and safety while minimizing the weight. Every extra pound requires more energy to move down the road. However, safety is a primary concern and the chassis must meet stringent strength and safety requirements. The purpose of the study is to understand the concept design of solar car chassis in terms of calculation, material selection, chassis style selection and virtual analysis for chassis using CATIA software.
      24  3
  • Publication
    Design and development of fire escape window grille keyless locking system
    ( 2021-07-21)
    Mohd Shuhidan Saleh
    ;
    Ng Kuan Yee
    ;
    Noorhafiza Muhammad
    ;
    Muhamad Farizuan Rosli
    ;
    Mohd Fathullah Ghazli@Ghazali
    ;
    Norshah Afizi Shuaib
    The most fire-related fatalities are due to the smoke inhalation of the toxic gases. It is related to the victims being trapped in the building when the building was on fire. It was also reported that major deaths from fire related are from the toxic gases inhalation produced by the fire while the deaths due to fire flames and burning was about one third of the total deaths. The access to the exit door was blocked and they could not exit through the window due to the permanent grille installation. It was well aware that most Malaysian homeowners installed grilles on their house windows or doors for security reason since there are lots of break-ins incidences. To overcome the issue, this work introduces a window grille with keyless locking system. The design incorporated keyless system that can be operated or opened without a key. Several designs for implementing this solution have been described. These designs are divided into three sections, which is a grille design, expansion designs which use to accommodate a wide range of window-sized and keyless locking systems. The size and type of grille suitable for Malaysian residents as well as the more efficient keyless locking system has been studied in detail using the method of case study and survey method. Step of patent research, market analysis and benchmarking are used as methods for collecting reference data. The most effective fire escape window grille keyless locking system has been studied and designed from this project. An important factor in designing a fire window grille is the design that can be opened and does not require a key operation. The results of the design and analysis tested are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of fire escape features.
      3  3