Advanced and Sustainable Technologies (ASET)

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/1841

ADVANCED AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES (ASET) is an engineering technology journal with scholarly open-access and published two issues per year (in June and December) by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Press. ASET is an international journal initiated by the Malaysian Technical University Network. This journal was launched by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, in September 2021. ASET focuses on articles that contribute new knowledge and application in Advanced and Sustainable Technology and publishing original research articles. ASET covers all areas of Advanced Applied Mechanics and Electronics (Mechanical and Manufacturing, Electrical and Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Technologies), Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (Construction and Infrastructure, Chemical and Biotechnologies, Industrial Safety, and Sustainable Technologies). is an engineering technology journal with scholarly open-access and published two issues per year (in June and December) by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Press. ASET is an international journal initiated by the Malaysian Technical University Network. This journal was launched by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, in September 2021. ASET focuses on articles that contribute new knowledge and application in Advanced and Sustainable Technology and publishing original research articles. ASET covers all areas of Advanced Applied Mechanics and Electronics (Mechanical and Manufacturing, Electrical and Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Technologies), Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (Construction and Infrastructure, Chemical and Biotechnologies, Industrial Safety, and Sustainable Technologies).

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Assessing changes in soil moisture distribution for before and after irrigation in a Harumanis Greenhouse

( 2024-03)
Arravinthen Nagarajah
;
Fathin Ayuni Azizan
;
Fatnin Nazifa Mohamad Zalani

Soil moisture is an essential factor in determining the quality of crop production in farming areas, particularly in a greenhouse. It is important to ensure that the irrigation in the greenhouse can provide ample water needed by trees. This study aims to assess the status of soil moisture and map its distribution in a greenhouse following the irrigation supply. Soil samples were collected at forty randomly chosen locations at two different intervals of before and after irrigation supply. The soil moisture content is determined by the gravimetric method in the laboratory. Two soil moisture distribution maps were developed using soil moisture data and the coordinates of the sample locations. Based on the maps, the soil moisture distribution of before irrigation was classified into two classes: low and moderate at about 50% coverage each, while 100% of the greenhouse area was within the high soil moisture class for after irrigation. The statistical results demonstrate that both soil moisture data before and after irrigation are different, with the mean soil moisture content increased by 8.73%, thus proving that irrigation systems installed in the greenhouse work effectively by providing ample water to the soil to achieve high soil moisture content in the greenhouse.

6 13
Automatic monitoring of class A pan evaporation using the Internet of Things (IoT)

( 2024-03)
Mohd Fauzie Jusoh
;
Muhammad Firdaus Abdul Muttalib
;
Nur Sakinah Saedin
;
Mohd Mahmud

This study aimed to assess suitable water level sensor types and implement the automated monitoring of water levels within a Class A pan evaporation system using the Internet of Things (IoT). Both analogue and ultrasonic water level sensors underwent testing in controlled laboratory conditions for performance analysis. The results showed that the analogue water level sensor exhibited suboptimal output sensor responses compared to the ultrasonic sensor, primarily due to its susceptibility to variations in solution types and immersion depths. In contrast, ultrasonic sensors demonstrated strong performance with acceptable error rates, as evidenced by the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.03, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.42, and Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.94 during laboratory testing. However, the ultrasonic sensor's performance was somewhat reduced during field testing, exhibiting accuracy levels ranging from 6.7% to 51.2% within a greenhouse environment during rock melon cultivation. These discoveries highlight the feasibility of using ultrasonic sensors with environmental calibration to automate real-time evaporation measurements towards precision irrigation practices.

3 67
Bioconversion of agro-wastes by Black Soldier Fly larvae

( 2024-03)
Rashidah Ruslan
;
Hirun Azaman Ismail
;
Tay See Yee

The utilization of Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) in agro-waste bioconversion is becoming popular due to its potential to reduce waste volume and produce protein and lipids from the larvae. This research was carried out to evaluate the capacity of BSFL to biologically convert different types of selected plant and animal-based agro-wastes. The assessment of the BSFL growth (diameter, length, and weight) was recorded. Results indicated that BSFL were capable of digesting goat manure, banana, and cabbage, though the respective digestion rates differed. The waste reduction capacity ranged from 21.82 % - 36.74 %, with the highest achieved with banana and the lowest was goat manure. The highest growth rates of BSFL in terms of weight, diameter, and length were achieved by digesting cabbage waste, followed by banana and goat manure. There is a high potential to utilize BSFL in agro-waste management due to its eco-friendly and sustainable method.

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Biogas production from the paddy straw pretreated with Sodium Hydroxide and co-digestion with cow manure

( 2024-03)
Tengku Roslina Tuan Yusof
;
Muizz Zahari
;
Mariam Majid
;
Abdul Syafiq Abdul Syukor
;
Mohd Riduan Jamalludin

Paddy straw waste (PS) is an organic waste that is disposed in open land after preparation of rice harvest that is generated in equal or greater quantities than the rice itself. Generally, it is disposed in open land, which increases anthropogenic gases. Converting it into useful energy or value-added products may reduce disposal problems and anthropogenic activity. In this study, PS with different treatments of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 2, 4, 6 , 8 and 10% was co-digested with cow dung (CD) for obtaining biogas by anaerobic digestion. For this purpose, PS was mixed with CD at different proportions, namely 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, and 0:100 percentages on a mass basis, the samples were used in five different anaerobic digesters. The samples were kept in different anaerobic digesters for the study. The effect of important input parameters like pH and Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the biogas production was studied. Maximum biogas production was obtained from the co-digestion of the substrate containing 30% ps and 70% Cd for a digestion time of 20 days, and d3 shows a max pH value of 7.16. Further, the biogas collected from the digesters was characterized to ensure suitability for use as a renewable fuel. Furthermore, the digested slurry was also analyzed for its use in agriculture. The results are presented in this paper.

4 24
Case study free space path loss for Mobile Network and WLAN

( 2022-12)
Yong Min Chiun Jourdan
;
Y.S. Lee

Wireless communication systems transmit and receive information through free space. Thus, there are other factors to consider when designing a wireless communication system. One of those factors is Free space Path Loss (FPSL), which refers to the loss of signal strength in the propagation of the signal in free space. In this study, the effects of obstruction and distance on the FSPL of the transmission in mobile networks and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) will be measured. The measured results show that the obstructions have a higher impact on the received signal compared to the distance. In the mobile network setting, the open area has an FPSL of 111 dB, whereas the obstructed office area has a significantly higher FSPL of 158 dB. Furthermore, in the WLAN setting, the FSPL of an obstructed area is 19 dB higher than the line-of-sight propagation. Thus, the layout of the area to implement a wireless communication system must be thoroughly analyzed for obstructions and distance to provide optimal wireless communication service to customers.

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Case study on thermal cycling analysis for different solder joint sizes using finite element analysis

( 2023-06)
Muhammad Izzuddin Badrol Hissam

This research uses finite element analysis to investigate the impact of different solder joint sizes on the mechanical aspects. Specifically, a three-dimensional model of a leadless solder joint for surface mount components was created in simulation software. The study analyses lead-free solder joint thermo-mechanical properties, such as maximum stress and strain. The simulation results indicate that the solder joints parameters significantly influence the thermo-mechanical behaviour during temperature cycling tests. The highest stress is observed at the interface between the solder and pad on the large-size solder joint, while the lowest stress (118MPa) is recorded when employing a small-size solder joint. This research contributes to a better understanding the thermo-mechanical characteristics of different solder joint parameters under temperature cycling conditions.

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Combination of organic fertilizer from Catfish wastewater (Clarias gariepinus) with inorganic fertilizer for best growth of chili (Capsicum frutescens)

( 2023-12)
Hasmidah Md Isa
;
Nik Salwani Nik Yusoff
;
Tony Ontok

This study was designed to observe the effects of catfish wastewater as a fertilizer on the growth and yield of chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens). The aim of our research is to find out the alternative to reduce the usage of inorganic fertilizers for chilli cultivation. In addition, it is also to investigate the potential of catfish wastewater as an organic fertilizer for chili pepper cultivation. Three treatments were used to evaluate the effect of fertilizers on chili pepper growth performance, and they were as follows: organic fertilizers (catfish wastewater) (T1), co-application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (T2), and inorganic fertilizer (T3). The data collected for growth and yield included the average (±) height (cm), Number of leaves, Leaf width (cm), Number of buds, Weight of fruits, Length of fruits and Number of fruits. Based on the results obtained from this experiment, T2 fertilizer, which applies a combination of organic (catfish wastewater) with inorganic fertilizer, shows higher growth, quality, and yield performance than control treatment using inorganic fertilizer only. However, the lowest growth, quality and yield showed the fertilizers from organic (catfish wastewater) only. Thus, organic (catfish wastewater) has good potential as an alternative fertilizer same as chicken dung and cow dung that can be used for crops.

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Composting of market waste using bio-decomposer

( 2023-12)
Shahira Huda Shabudin
;
Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar

This work presents a study on the composting of market waste by using bio-decomposers, which are effective microorganisms (EM), indigenous microorganisms (IMO), and bokashi to compost the market waste. To investigate the effect of different bio-decomposers on the waste composting period in terms of the compost quality (pH, temperature, moisture content, and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N)) and also to investigate the nutrients content such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the compost. The compost has been prepared from different mixtures of market waste for 36 days. Market waste with IMO in bin B shows a good result in compost, where the temperature recorded was 28 °C and the pH was 8. The moisture content ranged between 50% and 60% in day 30 and showed the lowest C/N ratio, which was 7:1 and achieved the first maturity phase compared to other bins. The highest nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus also resulted in compost with IMO, which were 2.3%, 5.2 mg/l, and 1.62 mg/l, respectively. The result showed that compost quality for IMO as a bio-decomposer was superior compared to EM, bokashi, and compost without a bio-decomposer because IMO compost is more effective at breaking down organic matter.

10 13
Computational fluid dynamic analysis of thermal characteristics on the PLCC package: influence of velocity and heat flux

( 2022-06)
Frankey Anak Lintang

Thermal management is essential in electronic components and devices. Overheating of the component leads to malfunction. This study investigates the effects of velocity and heat flux on the Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC) during the thermal cooling process via simulation analysis. Computational fluid dynamics software simulated the cooling process of PLCC. The size of the PLCC used is 2.72 cm × 2.72 cm × 0.38 cm. The effect of heat flux and velocity on temperature distribution, flow pattern, and pressure distribution was studied. The findings indicated that as the approach air velocity increased, the temperature of the packages decreased. The result also shows that the static pressure decrease along with the package when the air velocity increases. The simulation results are expected to understand better the cooling process of PLCC in the thermal management of electronic components and devices.

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Cracking the code: process parameter effects on Khaya senegalensis energy pellet moisture content

( 2023-12)
Ras Izzati Ismail
;
Khor Chu Yee
;
Alina Rahayu Mohamed

The production of energy pellets from biomass sources holds immense potential for sustainable renewable energy generation. This study investigates the influence of key process parameters on the moisture content of energy pellets derived from Khaya senegalensis, a promising biomass feedstock in Malaysia. With a focus on unlocking the relationship between process variables and pellet moisture, a systematic experimental approach was adopted. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of raw material moisture, feedstock particle size, compression pressure, and pelletization temperature on the manufactured biomass energy pellet's moisture content. By employing a comprehensive design of experiments and statistical analysis, the nuanced effects of these parameters are revealed on the moisture content of Khaya senegalensis energy pellets. The results illuminate the complex interplay between these process variables and the final moisture characteristics of the pellets. Understanding how these parameters impact moisture content is crucial for optimizing pellet quality, combustion efficiency, and storage stability. The study found a quadratic relationship between particle size, compression pressure, and pelletization temperature, indicating that larger particle sizes correlate with higher moisture content. Excessive pressure led to elevated levels while increasing temperature showed a decreasing trend. This research contributes valuable insights that advance the knowledge frontier of biomass pelletization, paving the way for enhanced utilization of Khaya senegalensis as a renewable energy resource.

6 38
Demographic disparities in 5G technology adoption among paddy farmers in Kedah: a comprehensive study

( 2024-03)
Nurul Hazwani Abdul Hamid
;
Noormaizatul Akmar Ishak
;
Ahmad Tajudin Baharin
;
Evawaynie Valquis Md. Isa
;
Mohd Fisol Osman

This research aims to investigate the adoption of 5G technology within the agricultural sector, specifically among rice farmers in Kedah, Malaysia, and understand the demographic disparities in 5G adoption. It also addresses the challenge of equitable 5G technology adoption and explores how demographic factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and income levels influence adoption patterns. A mixed-methods approach, comprising surveys, interviews, and field observations, is employed to collect data from a diverse sample of farmers. The study utilizes theoretical frameworks related to automation, productivity, and connectivity to analyze the impact of 5G technology on agricultural practices. Only descriptive analysis of demographic characteristics will be reported after the survey is conducted using a questionnaire through the What'sApp application. The research reveals significant gender imbalances in adoption rates, with implications for equitable access to technological advancements. It also highlights the influence of age and income on adoption patterns. The study underscores the importance of tailored strategies to ensure the adoption of inclusive 5G technology in the agricultural sector.

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Demographic disparities in 5G technology adoption among paddy farmers in Kedah: a comprehensive study

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2024-03)
Nurul Hazwani Abdul Hamid
;
Noormaizatul Akmar Ishak
;
Ahmad Tajudin Baharin
;
Evawaynie Valquis Md. Isa
;
Mohd Fisol Osman

This research aims to investigate the adoption of 5G technology within the agricultural sector, specifically among rice farmers in Kedah, Malaysia, and understand the demographic disparities in 5G adoption. It also addresses the challenge of equitable 5G technology adoption and explores how demographic factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and income levels influence adoption patterns. A mixed-methods approach, comprising surveys, interviews, and field observations, is employed to collect data from a diverse sample of farmers. The study utilizes theoretical frameworks related to automation, productivity, and connectivity to analyze the impact of 5G technology on agricultural practices. Only descriptive analysis of demographic characteristics will be reported after the survey is conducted using a questionnaire through the What'sApp application. The research reveals significant gender imbalances in adoption rates, with implications for equitable access to technological advancements. It also highlights the influence of age and income on adoption patterns. The study underscores the importance of tailored strategies to ensure the adoption of inclusive 5G technology in the agricultural sector

17 3
Design and fabrication of automatic temperature control for chicken shade

( 2024-03)
M.H.H. Asaad
;
Nur Lailina Makhtar
;
R. I. Ismail
;
Lee Yit Leng
;
Norawanis Abdul Razak
;
Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Draman

One of the most crucial sectors to explore in Malaysia are agriculture and poultry. Indeed, there is a strong correlation between agricultural growth and economic growth. The inconsistent weather in Malaysia will cause the temperature to increase and decrease, and this problem will affect the health of the chicken. Small-sector farmers cannot afford the high cost of installing and maintaining the temperature control system. Therefore, new effective technological approaches were required to continuously improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of major farming systems. An automatic temperature control system was designed to control the temperature in the chicken shade. This system was controlled by Arduino UNO, which was programmed using Arduino IDE software. The system started to operate when the sensor detected the temperature in the chicken shade above 28oC. The exhaust fan, pump, and water sprinkler are the main components in this system that control the temperature in the chicken shade. The system reduced the temperature in the chicken shade by 1oC to 3oC. The system also affects the rate of chicken growth. By lowering the temperature in the chicken shade, the rate of the chicken growth increases. The chicken starts to grow faster in week 3 at 5 weeks. Starting in week 3, the chicken in controlled room temperature was 46g heavier than the average chicken weight in a normal room. In week four, the average chicken weight in a controlled room was 116.25g heavier than in a normal room. In week six, the average weight of chicken in the controlled room was 884.5, while in normal room conditions, it was 732g. The initial bar graph and week six bar graph for both conditions show significant differences in the chicken's growth rate.

1 31
Effects of blue and green Light-Emitting Diode (LED) on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Black Jelly Mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae)

( 2024-03)
Roshita Ibrahim
;
Lim Yi Mao

Light is an essential source during the cultivation of mushrooms, which significantly affects the productivity of black jelly mushrooms (Auricularia auricula-judae) in both vegetative and reproductive growth. The application of a light-emitting diode (LED) is proven to be beneficial in several plants and mushroom cultivation. This study focused on the effects of blue and green LED treatments on the vegetative and reproductive growth of black jelly mushroom. During vegetative and reproductive stages, mushroom bags were exposed to three conditions, Control (without LED treatment), blue LED and green LED. The LED treated mushroom bags showed a slower vegetative growth rate compared to the control. However, exposure to Blue LED during the reproductive stage tends to be the most effective treatment among all the LED treatments as it took the least time for pinhead emergence (26.2 to 32.6 days), and green LED shortened the time for fruiting bodies formation (17.0 to 19.4 days). Based on the yield of fruiting bodies, exposure to blue LED during the reproductive stage also resulted in a maximum yield (302.4 g) with a larger mushroom size (13.56 cm). In conclusion, the application of LED during the vegetative stage is unnecessary, but the application of blue and green LEDs during the reproductive stage could improve the growth and yield of black jelly mushrooms.

2 16
Effects of Cutouts on energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled tube impacted under dynamic loading

( 2022-12)
M. H. Zikri
;
M. Ahmad
;
M. N. Misbah
;
M. H. M. Hazwan
;
A. H. M. Haidiezul
;
M.A.M. Nawi
;
W. M. Faizal

A thin-walled tube is an energy absorber device that is commonly used in automotive and locomotive applications. The function of this element is to convert the kinetic energy into other forms of energy during a collision that can minimize injuries to the passengers. Therefore, various studies have been reported previously to improve the thin-walled structure to decrease the damage and provide protection for the vehicle and occupant. This study aims to determine the effects of the cutout on the thin-walled tube when impacted under dynamic axial loading. The effects of sizes, shapes, locations, and the number of cutouts on the energy absorption characteristics have been analyzed by using the validated finite element model. The result indicates that a circular tube with a square cutout shape, larger cutout sizes, and near the top-end of the tube has more energy absorption characteristics. Furthermore, the results of energy absorption (EA), crush force efficiency (CFE), and specific energy absorption (SEA) are highest when applying four cutouts on the surface of the thin-walled tube. Research information provided in this study will serve as a guide in designing the cutout thin-walled tube for crashworthiness enhancements in the future.

3 49
Feasibility study of sustainable biomass water filtration material for fish tanks using fruit peels

( 2022-06)
Yu Ze Wong

Nowadays, aquaculture is searching for a sustainable and eco-friendly water filtration system for their fish farming tank. This paper presents the use of biomass as the filtration layer in the fish tank. Biomass from fruit peels (apple peels, pear peels, and orange peels) was prepared to add as the second layer, while filter sponge cartridges as a primary filtration system for the fish farming tank. Tilapia fish, a significant farming fish species worldwide, was chosen as a fish source. The temperature was controlled between 20-35 °C because suitable for Tilapia fish. The pH value suitable for Tilapia fish was pH 5.0-11.0. The results revealed that apple and pear peels have the potential to enhance nitrification for ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2) and finally to nitrate (NO3). The orange peels do not encourage the nitrification of ammonia. In addition, biomass efficiency still needs further research since 27.8g of fruit peels can only allow 2 hours of filtering the ammonia acid. The experimental results revealed that the pear peels are most suitable for filtration materials than other fruit peels. Thus, fruit peel is potentially helpful for a sustainable and eco-friendly water filtration system but still needs further improvement and development.
Finite element analysis of bicycle crank arm on the mechanical aspect

( 2022-12)
M.U. Rosli
;
S. Zulkifli

The demand for increased performance both in the professional and amateur sectors and the inclusion of the bicycle in the city as a clean, silent, inexpensive, and healthy personal transport, is responsible for the technological growth of the industry. This study aims to analyze the effect of the design parameters on the bicycle crank arm and to find the best design value within the range for minimal defects. The strength of the structure design is significant to ensure the performance of the bicycle crank arms. To solve this problem, several design structures and parameters were studied. The selected parameters in this study are crank arm length, width, thickness, number of cranks spider, and rib design. Von-misses stress, strain, and displacement are selected as dependent variables. Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 is the selected material in this study. The external load of 1000 N force was applied in the y-direction. The length analysis results show that 160 mm length, 30 mm width, and 10 mm thickness with five crank spiders and pocket design arm have the lowest stress, strain, and displacement. By bringing a new alternative to the crank's arm structure, the cost of the manufacture will be reduced. At the same time, it can help precisely improve the rigidity of producing complex 3D shapes.

5 131
Heat transfer analysis of insulation material for the reserve hot water tank

( 2022-12)
Shannon Ngooi Shao Neng

A domestic hot water tank represents a significant potential demand-side management asset in energy systems. The selection of insulation materials is crucial for maintaining the temperature of the hot water tank and preventing massive heat loss from the tank. This study aims to analyze the different combinations of insulation material for the reserve hot water tank. Several materials, such as plywood, white bricks, red bricks, plasticine, aluminum foil, styrofoam, fine sand, and glass, were used as the insulation layer in experiments. Seven combinations of insulation layers were made to insulate the mini reserve water tank in the experiment. The insulation layers covered the surface of the water tank, and the initial and final temperature of the hot water was measured. The heat loss from the hot water tank and the thermal resistivity of the insulators were also studied. The experimental results revealed that the combination of plastic, plasticines, styrofoam, and timber yields the lowest heat loss for the hot water tank. This finding indicated that the material with low thermal conductivity is the best insulator for preventing heat loss from the thermal system. Thus, this study is useful in designing and selecting the insulation materials for the reserve hot water tank for domestic and industrial use.

4 16
Hot air drying of Brazilian spinach leaves

( 2024-03)
Norawanis Abdul Razak
;
Lim Teik Wei
;
Lee Yit Leng
;
Sriyana Abdullah

Brazilian spinach is one of the best leafy vegetables with tons of nutrients and has a range of health benefits. Its quality also determines the acceptance of customers to buy and consume it. The common method to extend the shelf life of the spinach is through drying treatment and preserving the color and texture quality of the leaves. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the drying characteristics of Brazilian spinach and investigate the effect of drying temperature on the color and texture quality of Brazilian spinach. Brazilian spinach leaves were dried using a hot air dryer under different temperatures (30, 50, 70 and 90C). Results showed that the drying rate increased when temperature increased. It was found that the Midili model gave the best fitting to the experimental moisture ratio for a specific drying treatment. Drying the Brazilian spinach leaves at 50C was the best condition for preserving their color and texture properties.

12 32
Impact of photo-treatment on tomato physiological qualities during storage and on-shelf display

( 2023-12)
Ubong Offiong
;
Diyana Jamaludin
;
Juju Nakasha
;
Nurulhuda Khairudin

Tomato's short shelf life and economic significance resulted in its classification as a model for studying the physiological behavior of fruits and vegetables. This study employs light treatment to investigate the effect of various light spectrums on tomatoes' physiological qualities. Four light treatments, white LED, 5R:1B LED, 5B:1R LED , and the control (without light treatment) were placed under a storage condition with a temperature of 5ºC and relative humidity of 88% for 5 days and an on-shelf display condition of 22ºC and relative humidity of 78%. Response variables were colour changes, firmness, total soluble solids, and pH. It was observed that 5R:1B LED significantly increase red colour development in tomatoes during storage and on-shelf display condition, promoting lycopene accumulation, while 5B:1R LED delays red colour accumulation during storage but rather prolong pale-yellow colour development during shelf display condition, promoting ζ- carotene and xanthophyll accumulation. Tomatoes treated with 5B:1R and white LED enhance tomato firmness more than the control samples during storage and on-shelf display. 5B:1R LED reduces the pH of tomatoes significantly, making them more acidic and resistance to microbes, while 5R:1B enhances the sugar accumulation of tomatoes. This makes photo-treatment a sustainable technique for tomato physiological quality preservation and senescence postponement.

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