Advanced and Sustainable Technologies (ASET)

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/1841

ADVANCED AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES (ASET) is an engineering technology journal with scholarly open-access and published two issues per year (in June and December) by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Press. ASET is an international journal initiated by the Malaysian Technical University Network. This journal was launched by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, in September 2021. ASET focuses on articles that contribute new knowledge and application in Advanced and Sustainable Technology and publishing original research articles. ASET covers all areas of Advanced Applied Mechanics and Electronics (Mechanical and Manufacturing, Electrical and Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Technologies), Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (Construction and Infrastructure, Chemical and Biotechnologies, Industrial Safety, and Sustainable Technologies). is an engineering technology journal with scholarly open-access and published two issues per year (in June and December) by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Press. ASET is an international journal initiated by the Malaysian Technical University Network. This journal was launched by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, in September 2021. ASET focuses on articles that contribute new knowledge and application in Advanced and Sustainable Technology and publishing original research articles. ASET covers all areas of Advanced Applied Mechanics and Electronics (Mechanical and Manufacturing, Electrical and Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Technologies), Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (Construction and Infrastructure, Chemical and Biotechnologies, Industrial Safety, and Sustainable Technologies).

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Feasibility study of sustainable biomass water filtration material for fish tanks using fruit peels

( 2022-06)
Yu Ze Wong

Nowadays, aquaculture is searching for a sustainable and eco-friendly water filtration system for their fish farming tank. This paper presents the use of biomass as the filtration layer in the fish tank. Biomass from fruit peels (apple peels, pear peels, and orange peels) was prepared to add as the second layer, while filter sponge cartridges as a primary filtration system for the fish farming tank. Tilapia fish, a significant farming fish species worldwide, was chosen as a fish source. The temperature was controlled between 20-35 °C because suitable for Tilapia fish. The pH value suitable for Tilapia fish was pH 5.0-11.0. The results revealed that apple and pear peels have the potential to enhance nitrification for ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2) and finally to nitrate (NO3). The orange peels do not encourage the nitrification of ammonia. In addition, biomass efficiency still needs further research since 27.8g of fruit peels can only allow 2 hours of filtering the ammonia acid. The experimental results revealed that the pear peels are most suitable for filtration materials than other fruit peels. Thus, fruit peel is potentially helpful for a sustainable and eco-friendly water filtration system but still needs further improvement and development.
Parametric investigation on centrifugal pump impeller via finite element analysis

( 2022-06)
Kah Yee Lim

The centrifugal pump impeller is very important in the industry since its widely used functions. However, the impeller performance of centrifugal pumps varies since centrifugal pump impellers come in various designs. This study presents the parametric investigation of the centrifugal pump impeller to understand its mechanical aspects under various impeller parameters. The finite element analysis method was used in this study to simulate the loading acting on the impeller. The physical parameters of the impeller were considered based on the existing design of the centrifugal pump impeller. The simulation analysis revealed that the changes in physical parameters significantly influenced the mechanical aspects. It is believed that the simulation results can increase the understanding of centrifugal pump impeller design for engineers in the pump industry.

2 29
Plastic flow analysis of hand drill casing using injection moulding

( 2022-06)
Muhammad Azim Rosli

Injection moulding process is widely used in manufacturing and producing daily plastic products. The gate location and sprue significantly influence the stability of molten plastic flow, especially for complex products. Without the proper gate location and parameters, the plastic flow will cause insufficient filling and defects. This paper analyses the effect of gate location and sprue design during the filling and packing process through the simulation method. The simulation software was utilised in the current study. The plastic casing of the power tool hand drill was considered for the injection moulding process. The molten plastic behaviour was visualised via the filling contour. The pressure, shear stress, and volumetric shrinkage were also analysed. The result obtained shows that the molten plastic flow behaviour depends on the selected parameters. The selected parameter significantly changes a few variables chosen where gate locations are the most significant to the plastic flow.

4 17
Optimisation of pipe fitting in the injection moulding process using the Taguchi Method

( 2022-06)
Mohamad Fitri Mohamad Sani

This paper presents the optimisation of the injection moulding process on a pipe fitting using the Taguchi method. This study optimises the injection moulding parameters that yield minimum sink marks and volumetric shrinkage in the injected pipe fitting. Five parameters: cooling time, melting temperature, packing time, packing pressure, and injection pressure, were considered in the simulation. Taguchi method with L27 Orthogonal array was employed to construct the Design of Experiment (DOE) for the simulation analysis. The main responses are sink marks and volumetric shrinkage. The main effect and ANOVA analysis were also studied. The results revealed that melting temperature was the most significant factor influencing sink mark response. However, packing pressure crucially affects the volumetric shrinkage of the injected pipe fitting part. The optimal injection moulding process can be achieved with a cooling time of 26.52 s, a melt temperature of 218 ℃, an injection pressure of 36.23 MPa, a packing pressure of 60 MPa and a packing time of 5 s.

5 29
Computational fluid dynamic analysis of thermal characteristics on the PLCC package: influence of velocity and heat flux

( 2022-06)
Frankey Anak Lintang

Thermal management is essential in electronic components and devices. Overheating of the component leads to malfunction. This study investigates the effects of velocity and heat flux on the Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC) during the thermal cooling process via simulation analysis. Computational fluid dynamics software simulated the cooling process of PLCC. The size of the PLCC used is 2.72 cm × 2.72 cm × 0.38 cm. The effect of heat flux and velocity on temperature distribution, flow pattern, and pressure distribution was studied. The findings indicated that as the approach air velocity increased, the temperature of the packages decreased. The result also shows that the static pressure decrease along with the package when the air velocity increases. The simulation results are expected to understand better the cooling process of PLCC in the thermal management of electronic components and devices.

4 42
Effects of Cutouts on energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled tube impacted under dynamic loading

( 2022-12)
M. H. Zikri
;
M. Ahmad
;
M. N. Misbah
;
M. H. M. Hazwan
;
A. H. M. Haidiezul
;
M.A.M. Nawi
;
W. M. Faizal

A thin-walled tube is an energy absorber device that is commonly used in automotive and locomotive applications. The function of this element is to convert the kinetic energy into other forms of energy during a collision that can minimize injuries to the passengers. Therefore, various studies have been reported previously to improve the thin-walled structure to decrease the damage and provide protection for the vehicle and occupant. This study aims to determine the effects of the cutout on the thin-walled tube when impacted under dynamic axial loading. The effects of sizes, shapes, locations, and the number of cutouts on the energy absorption characteristics have been analyzed by using the validated finite element model. The result indicates that a circular tube with a square cutout shape, larger cutout sizes, and near the top-end of the tube has more energy absorption characteristics. Furthermore, the results of energy absorption (EA), crush force efficiency (CFE), and specific energy absorption (SEA) are highest when applying four cutouts on the surface of the thin-walled tube. Research information provided in this study will serve as a guide in designing the cutout thin-walled tube for crashworthiness enhancements in the future.

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Finite element analysis of bicycle crank arm on the mechanical aspect

( 2022-12)
M.U. Rosli
;
S. Zulkifli

The demand for increased performance both in the professional and amateur sectors and the inclusion of the bicycle in the city as a clean, silent, inexpensive, and healthy personal transport, is responsible for the technological growth of the industry. This study aims to analyze the effect of the design parameters on the bicycle crank arm and to find the best design value within the range for minimal defects. The strength of the structure design is significant to ensure the performance of the bicycle crank arms. To solve this problem, several design structures and parameters were studied. The selected parameters in this study are crank arm length, width, thickness, number of cranks spider, and rib design. Von-misses stress, strain, and displacement are selected as dependent variables. Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 is the selected material in this study. The external load of 1000 N force was applied in the y-direction. The length analysis results show that 160 mm length, 30 mm width, and 10 mm thickness with five crank spiders and pocket design arm have the lowest stress, strain, and displacement. By bringing a new alternative to the crank's arm structure, the cost of the manufacture will be reduced. At the same time, it can help precisely improve the rigidity of producing complex 3D shapes.

5 131
Heat transfer analysis of insulation material for the reserve hot water tank

( 2022-12)
Shannon Ngooi Shao Neng

A domestic hot water tank represents a significant potential demand-side management asset in energy systems. The selection of insulation materials is crucial for maintaining the temperature of the hot water tank and preventing massive heat loss from the tank. This study aims to analyze the different combinations of insulation material for the reserve hot water tank. Several materials, such as plywood, white bricks, red bricks, plasticine, aluminum foil, styrofoam, fine sand, and glass, were used as the insulation layer in experiments. Seven combinations of insulation layers were made to insulate the mini reserve water tank in the experiment. The insulation layers covered the surface of the water tank, and the initial and final temperature of the hot water was measured. The heat loss from the hot water tank and the thermal resistivity of the insulators were also studied. The experimental results revealed that the combination of plastic, plasticines, styrofoam, and timber yields the lowest heat loss for the hot water tank. This finding indicated that the material with low thermal conductivity is the best insulator for preventing heat loss from the thermal system. Thus, this study is useful in designing and selecting the insulation materials for the reserve hot water tank for domestic and industrial use.

4 16
Parametric investigation of mechanical aspect for TV wall mount bracket via finite element analysis

( 2022-12)
M.U. Rosli
;
S. Ahmad

Nowadays, most flat screen television (TV) come with a feature that allows users to mount the TV and it takes some effort on the user's part to attach the mount to the wall and the TV to the mount. Various TV wall mount designs available on the market with different dimensions, thicknesses, and materials may cause mechanical problems. This study aims to analyze the effect of the design parameters on the wall mounting bracket and evaluate the best design parameters for minimal mechanical defects. The validated 3D model is simulated using SolidWorks software. Different wall mount lengths, widths, thicknesses, and TV wall mount bracket designs are selected as factors in this study. Meanwhile, stress, displacement, and strain are selected as responses in this study. Statistical regression analysis analyzes the correlations between design parameters and mechanical defects. The analysis shows that 6 mm thickness, 430 mm length, and 160 mm width have the lowest stress, strain, and displacement. Design 3 is the best wall plate design to minimize stress and strain. To conclude, the results of this study could make the TV wall mount bracket a universal mounting for various weights of TVs.

5 118
Case study free space path loss for Mobile Network and WLAN

( 2022-12)
Yong Min Chiun Jourdan
;
Y.S. Lee

Wireless communication systems transmit and receive information through free space. Thus, there are other factors to consider when designing a wireless communication system. One of those factors is Free space Path Loss (FPSL), which refers to the loss of signal strength in the propagation of the signal in free space. In this study, the effects of obstruction and distance on the FSPL of the transmission in mobile networks and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) will be measured. The measured results show that the obstructions have a higher impact on the received signal compared to the distance. In the mobile network setting, the open area has an FPSL of 111 dB, whereas the obstructed office area has a significantly higher FSPL of 158 dB. Furthermore, in the WLAN setting, the FSPL of an obstructed area is 19 dB higher than the line-of-sight propagation. Thus, the layout of the area to implement a wireless communication system must be thoroughly analyzed for obstructions and distance to provide optimal wireless communication service to customers.

2 38
Multi-objective optimization of absorber piston rod design parameter using response surface methodology

( 2022-12)
Muhammad Zaki Zamri

Car absorbers provide a comfortable ride and improve ride handling by delivering road wheel contact. The typical car absorber problems are oil leakage and piston rod wear-out due to the lateral friction between the shell case and piston rod. The piston rod can bend and rupture when exposed to higher vibration exerting high impact force. This study focuses on optimizing car absorber piston rod design parameters via finite element analysis. The response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to create the design of the numerical experiment. The piston rod parameters (i.e., length of the piston rod, the piston rod diameter #1, and the piston rod diameter #2) were optimized to reduce the stress and displacement of the piston rod. The optimization results revealed that the optimum parameters were 254 mm in piston length, 24.79 mm in diameter #1, and 15 mm in diameter #2. With the optimized piston rod parameters, the stress and displacement of the piston were 1.65048E+007 and 0.007569 mm, respectively. The most significant factors that influence the responses were also studied. The suggested optimized factors and responses were validated in the finite element simulation.

2 40
Response surface optimization of car support jack bar on design parameter via finite element analysis

( 2022-12)
Muhammad Azzie Fitriamalikhwan Azhar

The optimized design parameter of the car support jack bar is crucial in ensuring the safety of maintenance activity. Improper design of the bar and pinhole could induce the jack bar's failure when enduring the high loading of the car. This paper presents the response surface optimization on the design parameter of the car jack bar using finite element analysis. Three factors: outer diameter (A), pinhole diameter (B), and bar thickness (C), and two responses which are Von Mises stress (Y1) and displacement (Y2) of the jack bar, were considered in the optimization study. The design of the numerical experiment was constructed using the central composite design (CCD). The results revealed that outer and pinhole diameters are the two most significant factors in the responses. The changes in outer and pinhole diameters crucially affected the Von Mises stress and displacement of the jack bar. The optimized factors suggested in the optimization software are 49.79 mm outer diameter, 21.70 mm pinhole diameter, and 5.85 mm bar thickness. The application of optimized factors yielded the minimum responses that are 45.23 MPa Von Mises stress and 0.022 mm of displacement for the car jack bar. The optimization findings are expected to be useful for the engineer in designing the high-reliability car jack bar.

2 14
Physical characteristic and in-vitro bioactivity property of sintered glasses made via sol-gel and powder sintering process

( 2022-12)
Syed Nuzul Fadzli Syed Adam
;
Firuz Zainuddin
;
Azlin Fazlina Osman
;
Hasmaliza Mohamad

In this work, ternary system (SiO2-CaO-P2O5) biocompatible glass with different compositions (CaO/P2O5 ratio) were prepared by sol-gel method and sintering process. The physical characteristic and bioactive properties of each different sample composition were analyzed using XRF, particle sizer, N2 adsorption-desorption, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM-EDX. The sintered glass pellets were subjected to immersion studies in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 14 days. All compositions of gel-glass particulates showed mesoporous-type structures and consisted of very high porosities with nano-pores in size. Different Ca/P ratios in gel-glass composition are affected by different porous characteristics. All compositions of sintered glass showed very good bioactive behavior by significant deposition of the carbonate apatite layer. Sintered glass with the Ca/P ratio = 2.33 showed very significant bioactive properties as it also comprised the highest pore volume and size. However, sintered glass with the lowest Ca/P ratio (Ca:P=1.50) showed a quite significant reduction in the bioactive property as it also consisted of the lowest pore volume and pore sizes. Hence, the in-vitro bioactivity property of sintered glass is significantly influenced by the increase in its porous characteristics due to differences in the Ca/P ratio.

3 44
Simulation analysis of injection moulding process for fidget spinner

( 2023-06)
Muhammad Faizul Azwan Mohamad Asri

The injection moulding process is a widely adopted manufacturing method for producing parts using thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. This investigation focuses on the moulding process of a fidget spinner. It aims to analyse the gate location to minimise defects in the final product. Simulation analysis using Autodesk Moldflow 2012 software is employed to achieve this objective. The 3-dimensional model of the fidget spinner is constructed using Solidwork. High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) was selected as the moulding material. Various aspects, including the volume shrinkage, air trap, sink marks and weld lines within the Moldflow software, visualise the results obtained. Through this investigation, valuable insights can be gained regarding the parameter settings for reducing defects and improving the overall quality of the fidget spinner during the injection moulding process.

7 75
Response surface optimisation of the mechanical shock testing for advanced ball grid array package

( 2023-06)
Muhammad Syahmi Ahmad Tamili

This research focuses on optimising mechanical shock testing for advanced ball grid array (BGA) packages using finite element analysis. This research aims to analyse the parameters in mechanical shock testing for advanced BGA packages and optimise their mechanical strength using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This research employs two methods: Finite Element Analysis and RSM. The methodology involves investigating three parameters: impact frequency, stand-off height, and solder ball diameter through numerical experimentation. Three responses, namely stress, strain, and displacement, are obtained to achieve an optimal result using RSM. The numerical experiments are conducted using finite element software, specifically on advanced BGA packages. The findings of this study contribute to result optimisation and provide an understanding of the most significant parameters and responses. High displacement affects neighbouring circuit board parts and solder joints, leading to broken links and connections. Besides, high acceleration could lead to loose bolts, relay chattering, and slipping of the variable resistor in integrated circuit (IC) packages. The validation process is performed to verify the results obtained from the numerical experiments

3 9
Mechanical design and analysis of new staircase climbing hand truck

( 2023-06)
Muhammad Ikman Ishak
;
Dir Fazly Pailin

The transportation of goods on a staircase could give challenges to the users, especially those stay in a high-rise building particularly when the elevators are not in service. There is a variation of existing staircase climbing hand truck designs has been developed; however, some problems were identified. The existing designs have a limitation in terms of wheel system configuration to be used on different staircase sizes. Besides, the designs also possess limited supporting structure areas to accommodate the goods and are less ergonomic for handling and downsizing. The objective of the study was to design a new staircase climbing hand truck that was completed with new functional and ergonomic features to improve the climbing process. Primary and secondary data were collected via observation, interview, and journal articles, followed by design concept development, three-dimensional modelling and analysis, and usability testing. Our findings showed that the proposed design of the hand truck is satisfactory in terms of developed features such as an adjustable wheel frame, foldable nose plate, safety compartments and cables, and adjustable handle. Further improvements might be necessary to enhance the design functionality of the hand truck for the transportation of goods on a staircase

1 13
Optimization of fuel pellet parameter from oil palm fronds by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

( 2023-06)
Ras Izzati Ismail
;
Khor Chu Yee
;
Alina Rahayu Mohamed
;
Nadiah Farzana Jamaludin
;
Adli Azimi Abdul Rahman
;
Mohd Riduan Jamalludin

The oil palm tree, which had been producing a plentiful supply of oil palm fronds, had simply been left to rot on the ground. As biomass is a loose substance, pelletization was undertaken so that it could be transported and stored with ease. High-quality pellet production was studied to maximize oil palm frond use. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of particle size and moisture content on fuel pellet quality. The response surface approach was utilized in this study to optimize the oil palm fronds pellet particle size and the moisture content on the durability, unit density, and calorific value. The particle sizes analyzed were 0.15 mm, 0.500 mm, and 1.00 mm, while the moisture content was 5%, 10.50%, and 16%. The pellets were manufactured using a hydraulic single pellet press, and their calorific value, unit density, and durability were evaluated using a bomb calorimeter, a density formula, and a sieve shaker, respectively. The optimization yielded the maximum desirability (0.5026) for particles with a 16% moisture content and a 0.500 mm particle size. The condition is ideal when the value of desirability is closest to 1.00. It may be concluded that the particle size and moisture content of oil palm fronds affect the durability, unit density, and calorific value of oil palm fronds pellet.

4 44
Influence of pressure drop on the performance of multi-stage fluidisation system

( 2023-06)
R.M.Z.R. Ibrahim
;
M.A.M. Nawi
;
M.A.R. Alias
;
M.S.M. Shabri
;
N.M. Musa

The term fluidisation refers to transforming a bed of particulate materials into a fluid by the action of a fluid passing across it. The use of an annular blade distributor known as a Swirling Fluidized Bed (SFB) in new applications may increase the efficacy of fluidisations on the bed. For this analysis, 30 blades were considered, and the results of varying the horizontal inclination angle of the blade distributors by 10, 12, and 15 degrees were analysed. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation study was carried out in order to evaluate the pressure drop of the multi-stage fluidisation system could be evaluated. This research shows that a multi-stage fluidisation system results in energy conservation and maintains a highly efficient performance system. This research demonstrates that a 15° blade inclination angle with 30 blades may lower pressure without affecting performance, and for the velocity profile, it indicates velocity uniformity in fluidisation systems.

3 15
Case study on thermal cycling analysis for different solder joint sizes using finite element analysis

( 2023-06)
Muhammad Izzuddin Badrol Hissam

This research uses finite element analysis to investigate the impact of different solder joint sizes on the mechanical aspects. Specifically, a three-dimensional model of a leadless solder joint for surface mount components was created in simulation software. The study analyses lead-free solder joint thermo-mechanical properties, such as maximum stress and strain. The simulation results indicate that the solder joints parameters significantly influence the thermo-mechanical behaviour during temperature cycling tests. The highest stress is observed at the interface between the solder and pad on the large-size solder joint, while the lowest stress (118MPa) is recorded when employing a small-size solder joint. This research contributes to a better understanding the thermo-mechanical characteristics of different solder joint parameters under temperature cycling conditions.

4 81
Soil Macrofauna abundance in the intercropping of Mangifera Indica with aromatic plants

( 2023-12)
Iqbal Usamah
;
Lee Yit Leng
;
Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
;
Norawanis Abdul Razak
;
Zarina Zakaria
;
Ras Izzati Ismail
;
Nur Lailina Makhtar

Soil macrofauna such as earthworms, beetles, ants, and centipedes are an important aspect of soil health as they help in the breakdown of plant residue to provide natural resources such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into the soil. Monocropping practice uses heavy machinery, pesticides, and herbicides to maintain farm productivity, which negatively impacts soil macrofauna abundance. Thus, intercropping is a sustainable practice for farmers to maintain soil health with the minimal use of external input, which can do more harm to the soil ecosystem over a long period of time. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of intercropping mango with pandan and lemongrass on soil macrofauna density compared to mango monocrop. The field experiment consisted of mango, mango-pandan intercrops, and mango-lemongrass intercrops. Soil macrofauna was assessed using the tropical soil biology and fertility (TSBF) monolith method. The result showed that intercropping of mango-lemongrass and mango-pandan had higher soil macrofauna density compared with mango monocrop due to the presence of intercrops providing more natural resources and a better soil environment for soil macrofauna to grow and reproduce. However, further long-term research is needed to reinforce these findings.

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