Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
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Preferred name
Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
Official Name
Subash Chandra Bose, Gopinath
Alternative Name
Gopinath, S.
Gopinath, S. C.B
Subash Gopinath, C. B.
Subash, Gopinath
Subash C. B. Gopinath
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
7006558013
Researcher ID
D-2953-2015

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  • Publication
    Revealing glycoproteins in the secretome of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
    ( 2015)
    Aik-Aun Tan
    ;
    Wai-Mei Phang
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Onn H. Hashim
    ;
    Lik Voon Kiew
    ;
    Yeng Chen
    Breast cancer is one of the major issues in the field of oncology, reported with a higher prevalence rate in women worldwide. In attempt to reveal the potential biomarkers for breast cancer, the findings of differentially glycosylated haptoglobin and osteonectin in previous study have drawn our attention towards glycoproteins of secretome from the MCF-7 cancer cell line. In the present study, further analyses were performed on the medium of MCF-7 cells by subjecting it to two-dimensional analyses followed by image analysis in contrast to the medium of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEpC) as a negative control. Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin (HP), and HSC70 were detected in the medium of MCF-7, while only CPA4 and osteonectin (ON) were detected in HMEpC medium. In addition, CPA4 was detected as upregulated in the MCF-7 medium. Further analysis by lectin showed that CPA4, AAT, HP, and HSC70 were secreted as N-glycan in the medium of MCF-7, with HP also showing differentially N-glycosylated isoforms. For the HMEpC, only CPA4 was detected as N-glycan. No O-glycan was detected in the medium of HMEpC but MCF-7 expressed O-glycosylated CPA4 and HSC70. All these revealed that glycoproteins could be used as glycan-based biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer
  • Publication
    Biomass-derived graphene and metal–organic frameworks for sustainable sensing applications
    (Springer, 2025)
    Narendra B. Patil
    ;
    Vemula Madhavi
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Santheraleka Ramanathan
    ;
    Sharangouda J. Patil
    ;
    Ajay Bhalkar
    Across the world, biomass serves as a natural and plentiful carbon source. It comes in several forms such as plant leaves, grasses, rice husks, coffee grounds, biomolecules, and wastes from agriculture, food production, and municipal sources. Consequently, the exploration of sustainable and preferably affordable assets for creating high-efficiency materials remains a key objective. Nowadays, there is a notable advancement in the development of biomass-derived graphene-based nanomaterials and MOFs, due to their stable, renewable, and economically viable nature. Additionally, it contributes to effective waste management. In this sense, graphene-based nanomaterials and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn considerable interest in sensing applications due to their remarkable features, including characteristics like extensive surface area, optical and electrical qualities, biocompatibility, and reliable stability. This review focuses on the research conducted to date and the advancements made in the potential application of graphene-based nanomaterials and MOF probes in sensing technologies. Initially, the review discusses the basic and chemical properties of biomass, the characteristics of graphene and MOFs, and green synthesis techniques for graphene-based nanomaterials and MOFs derived from biomass. Following this, the latest developments in graphene-based nanomaterials and MOFs from biomass are explored. Lastly, the future prospects of graphene-based nanomaterials and MOF probes are discussed. Finally, graphene-based nanomaterials and MOFs emerge as novel probes with a range of benefits, including high sensitivity, strong selectivity, remarkable stability, and quick response times in sensing applications. Therefore, this study aims to provide insights for emerging researchers to design advanced graphene-based nanomaterials and MOF probes for sensing applications in the future.
  • Publication
    Selective detection of alpha synuclein amyloid fibrils by faradaic and non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopic approaches
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025-02)
    Hussaini Adam
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Hemavathi Krishnan
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Makram A. Fakhri
    ;
    Evan T. Salim
    ;
    A. Shamsher
    ;
    Sreeramanan Subramaniam
    ;
    Yeng Chen
    This study utilized faradaic and non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to detect alpha synuclein amyloid fibrils on gold interdigitated tetraelectrodes (AuIDTE), providing valuable insights into electrochemical reactions for clinical use. AuIDE was purchased, modified with zinc oxide for increased hydrophobicity. Functionalization was conducted with hexacyanidoferrate and carbonyldiimidazole. Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been extensively explored in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research, providing information on the performance and stability of electrochemical biosensors. This understanding can help develop more sensitive, selective, and reliable biosensing platforms for the detection of clinically relevant analytes like biomarkers, proteins, and nucleic acids. Non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measures the interfacial capacitance at the electrode–electrolyte interface, eliminating the need for redox-active species and simplifying experimental setups. It has practical implications in clinical settings, like real-time detection and monitoring of biomolecules and biomarkers by tracking changes in interfacial capacitance. The limit of detection (LOD) for normal alpha synuclein in faradaic mode is 2.39-fM, The LOD for aggregated alpha synuclein detection is 1.82-fM. The LOD for non-faradaic detection of normal alpha synuclein is 2.22-fM, and the LOD for nonfaradaic detection of aggregated alpha synuclein is 2.40-fM. The proposed EIS-based AuIDTEs sensor detects alpha synuclein amyloid fibrils and it is highly sensitive.
  • Publication
    Augmented sensitivity in electrolyte determination for sweat analysis: Rapid amperometric quantification by self-induced gold nanorods aggregation
    (Elsevier, 2025-03)
    Jia-Chun Lim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Sing-Mei Tan
    ;
    Emily M.Y. Chow
    ;
    Yeng Chen
    Background: In this research, different strategies for leveraging gold nanorods (GNRs) were proposed to augment the sensitivity of a fabricated aluminum interdigitated electrodes (IDE) biosensor for detecting sodium chloride (NaCl) at millimolar concentrations. Methods: The sensitivity of the electronic biosensor in detecting NaCl was evaluated by examining the linear relationships between current changes and salt concentrations established at specific voltages. Significant Findings: The results presented that current signals were enhanced when incorporating the catalysts into the detection. At 2.0 V, the biosensor whose surface was functionalized with immobilized GNRs generated prominent electrical responses, with a sensitivity value of 0.0596 mA mM−1 cm−2. However, the performance of NaCl quantification recorded a further enhancement of 87.92 % when the mixture consisting of aggregated GNRs induced by the NaCl sample was pipetted onto the bare biosensor. The mechanisms for both application strategies of GNRs were introduced and discussed. This study provides insight into the detection of low concentrations of NaCl and potentially contributes to the ‘sweat test’ for screening health complications, such as cystic fibrosis (CF)
  • Publication
    Elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane polymer on conductive interdigitated electrode for analyzing skin hydration dynamics
    ( 2020-09-01)
    Santheraleka Ramanathan
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Hasliza A Rahim @ Samsuddin
    ;
    Mohamed Nasrun Osman
    ;
    Wahab Y.A.
    With an approach towards generating a wearable skin hydration detecting system, simple, cheap, and flexible skin hydration sensing strategy was demonstrated here using an interdigitated electrode (IDE) coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Aluminium IDE with a 400 Âµm gap and 250 Âµm electrode sizes were fabricated using a photolithography method. Morphological characterizations were performed using a high power microscope, 3D-profilometer, and scanning electron microscope. The dimensions of electrodes and gaps measured through electron microscopic analysis affirmed the exactness of IDE and the fabrication process. After coated with PDMS polymer, the IDE/PDMS surface was examined under a high power microscope and 3D-profilometer. The optical characterization revealed the polymer was coated on IDE through the color-shade changes and smooth surface observed under an optical microscope and the respective 3D-visualization. IDE/PDMS was also analyzed by an atomic force microscope, revealing the smoothness of the IDE surface. Electrical characterizations were performed using different pH and urea solutions and the sweat to investigate the influence of real-time and artificial sweat on IDE/PDMS. As the device showed appropriate results with real-time sweat and no effect with artificial interferences, it is highly encouraged and recommended for detecting skin hydration and the related illnesses with the point-of-care concept.
      3  29
  • Publication
    Separation and identification of bioactive peptides from stem of tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers
    (Public Library of Science, 2018-03-01)
    Raman Pachaiappan
    ;
    Ekant Tamboli
    ;
    Aurovind Acharya
    ;
    Chia-Hung Su
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Yeng Chen
    ;
    Palaniyandi Velusamy
    Enzyme hydrolysates (trypsin, papain, pepsin, α-chymotrypsin, and pepsin-pancreatin) of Tinospora cordifolia stem proteins were analyzed for antioxidant efficacy by measuring (1) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging activity, (2) 2,20-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging capacity, and (3) Fe2+ chelation. Trypsin hydrolysate showed the strongest DPPH• scavenging, while α-chymotrypsin hydrolysate exhibited the highest ABTS+ scavenging and Fe2+ chelation. Undigested protein strongly inhibited the gastrointestinal enzymes, trypsin (50% inhibition at enzyme/substrate ratio = 1:6.9) and α-chymotrypsin (50% inhibition at enzyme/substrate ratio = 1:1.82), indicating the prolonged antioxidant effect after ingestion. Furthermore, gel filtration purified peptide fractions of papain hydrolysates exhibited a significantly higher ABTS+ and superoxide radical scavenging as compared to non-purified digests. Active fraction 9 showing the highest radical scavenging ability was further purified and confirmed by MALDI- TOF MS followed by MS/MS with probable dominant peptide sequences identified are VLYSTPVKMWEPGR, VITVVATAGSETMR, and HIGININSR. The obtained results revealed that free radical scavenging capacity of papain hydrolysates might be related to its consistently low molecular weight hydrophobic peptides.
      2  5
  • Publication
    Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in environment: current surveillance and effective data management of COVID-19
    (Taylor & Francis, 2023)
    Sh. Nadzirah
    ;
    Noraziah Mohamad Zin
    ;
    Arif Khalid
    ;
    Nur Faizah Abu Bakar
    ;
    Siti Syafiqah Kamarudin
    ;
    Siti Shahara Zulfakar
    ;
    Ken Wong Kon
    ;
    Nor Azila Muhammad Azami
    ;
    Teck Yew Low
    ;
    Roharsyafinaz Roslan
    ;
    M. Nizar Hadi M Nassir
    ;
    Anis Amirah Alim
    ;
    P. Susthitha Menon
    ;
    Norhayati Soin
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Huda Abdullah
    ;
    Jahariah Sampe
    ;
    Hafzaliza Erny Zainal Abidin
    ;
    Siti Nurfadhlina Mohd Noor
    ;
    Ahmad Ghadafi Ismail
    ;
    Chang Fu Dee
    ;
    Azrul Azlan Hamzah
    Since diagnostic laboratories handle large COVID-19 samples, researchers have established laboratory-based assays and developed biosensor prototypes. Both share the same purpose; to ascertain the occurrence of air and surface contaminations by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the biosensors further utilize internet-of-things (IoT) technology to monitor COVID-19 virus contamination, specifically in the diagnostic laboratory setting. The IoT-capable biosensors have great potential to monitor for possible virus contamination. Numerous studies have been done on COVID-19 virus air and surface contamination in the hospital setting. Through reviews, there are abundant reports on the viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through droplet infections, person-to-person close contact and fecal-oral transmission. However, studies on environmental conditions need to be better reported. Therefore, this review covers the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in airborne and wastewater samples using biosensors with comprehensive studies in methods and techniques of sampling and sensing (2020 until 2023). Furthermore, the review exposes sensing cases in public health settings. Then, the integration of data management together with biosensors is well explained. Last, the review ended with challenges to having a practical COVID-19 biosensor applied for environmental surveillance samples.
      1  2
  • Publication
    Molecular targets of aptamers in Gastrointestinal cancers: cancer detection, therapeutic applications, and associated mechanisms
    (Ivyspring International Publisher, 2023)
    Khang Wen Goh
    ;
    Annatasha Stephen
    ;
    Yuan Seng Wu
    ;
    Kalaivani Batumalaie
    ;
    Maw Shin Sim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Rhanye Mac Guad
    ;
    A. Kumar
    ;
    Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
    ;
    Shivkanya Fuloria
    ;
    Appalaraju Velaga
    ;
    Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
    ;
    Mahendran Sekar
    ;
    Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
    Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are among the most common cancers that impact the global population, with high mortality and low survival rates after breast and lung cancers. Identifying useful molecular targets in GI cancers are crucial for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes, however, limited by poor targeting and drug delivery system. Aptamers are often utilized in the field of biomarkers identification, targeting, and as a drug/inhibitor delivery cargo. Their natural and chemically modifiable binding capability, high affinity, and specificity are favored over antibodies and potential early diagnostic imaging and drug delivery applications. Studies have demonstrated the use of different aptamers as drug delivery agents and early molecular diagnostic and detection probes for treating cancers. This review aims to first describe aptamers' generation, characteristics, and classifications, also providing insights into their recent applications in the diagnosis and medical imaging, prognosis, and anticancer drug delivery system of GI cancers. Besides, it mainly discussed the relevant molecular targets and associated molecular mechanisms involved, as well as their applications for potential treatments for GI cancers. In addition, the current applications of aptamers in a clinical setting to treat GI cancers are deciphered. In conclusion, aptamers are multifunctional molecules that could be effectively used as an anticancer agent or drug delivery system for treating GI cancers and deserve further investigations for clinical applications.
      1  4
  • Publication
    Effective synthesis of silicon carbide nanotubes by microwave heating of blended silicon dioxide and multi-walled carbon nanotube
    ( 2017)
    Voo Chung Sung Tony
    ;
    Voon Chun Hong
    ;
    Lee Chang Chuan
    ;
    Lim Bee Ying
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Foo Kai Loong
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Ruslinda A. Rahim
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Nashaain Mohd Nordin
    ;
    Yarub Al-Douri
    Silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNTs) has been proven as a suitable material for wide applications in high power, elevated temperature and harsh environment. For the first time, we reported in this article an effective synthesis of SiCNTs by microwave heating of SiO2 and MWCNTs in molar ratio of 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7. Blend of SiO2 and MWCNTs in the molar ratio of 1:3 was proven to be the most suitable for the high yield synthesis of β-SiCNTs as confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern. Only SiCNTs were observed from the blend of MWCNTs and SiO2 in the molar ratio of 1:3 from field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging. High magnification transmission electron microscopy showed that tubular structure of MWCNT was preserved with the inter-planar spacing of 0.25 nm. Absorption bands of Si-C bond were detected at 803 cm-1 in Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that SiCNTs from ratio of 1:3 showed the lowest weight loss. Thus, our synthetic process indicates high yield conversion of SiO2 and MWCNTs to SiCNTs was achieved for blend of SiO2 and MWCNTs in molar ratio of 1:3.
      4  32
  • Publication
    Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric measurements on fibrils formation of alpha synuclein in Parkinson's disease by a gold interdigitated tetraelectrodes
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Adam Hussaini
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Krishnan Hemavathi
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Mohammed M.
    ;
    Perumal V.
    ;
    Fakhri M.A.
    ;
    Salim E.T.
    ;
    Raman P.
    ;
    Subramaniam, Sreeramanan
    ;
    Chen Y.
    ;
    Sasidharan S.
    Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation and deposition of alpha-synuclein protein, which are pathological hallmarks. To understand the fibril formation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, this study uses cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric measurements. These measurements analyze the electrochemical properties and behavior of alpha-synuclein during its fibril formation process. By applying a potential sweep or pulse to the alpha-synuclein sample, it is possible to gain insights into its redox activity and structural changes during fibril formation. This could lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent or disrupt this pathological event in Parkinson's disease. To detect Parkinson's disease, a 15 nm sized gold conjugated antibody was used as the probe and seeded on gold interdigitated tetraelectrodes (AuIDTE). Alpha synuclein variations (fibriled and non-fibriled) were detected using phosphate-buffer saline and glycine buffer based on cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Discriminated by Tau protein measurement that was employed as a control. The linear regression for detecting alpha synuclein aggregation using differential pulse voltammetry was R2 = 0.9987 [y = 9E-06x - 4E-07], with a limit of detection of 10 aM, on a linear range of 1 aM-1 pM. Cyclic voltammetry determined the limit of detection of aggregated alpha synuclein to be 100 aM, with a linear relationship of R2 = 0.9939 [y = 7E-06x - 2E-06]. The sensor has excellent analytical performance in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and stability.
      5  24