Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
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Preferred name
Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
Official Name
Subash Chandra Bose, Gopinath
Alternative Name
Gopinath, S.
Gopinath, S. C.B
Subash Gopinath, C. B.
Subash, Gopinath
Subash C. B. Gopinath
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
7006558013
Researcher ID
D-2953-2015

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  • Publication
    Impedimetric transduction from a single-step thin film nanoporous aluminum oxide as a DNA sensing electrode
    ( 2024-02-01)
    Shamsuddin S.A.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Nazree Derman
    ;
    Jasni I.
    ;
    Ibau C.
    ;
    Muhammad Faheem Mohd. Tahir
    A two-step anodization process has been widely used to grow a perfectly arranged Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) nanoporous with high regularity and circularity. However, this method requires more time and electricity cost since the second step anodization will be conducted more than a couple of hours up to 24 h to obtain a perfect hexagonally arranged AAO. Besides, the usage of toxic chromic acid to remove the rough surface after the first anodization is not recommended. To solve this issue, a single-step of anodization method to grow AAO at 15 °C in 0.3 M of oxalic acid at 40 V for 1 h has been proposed. In this study, the growth AAO thin film will be tested as a DNA biosensor electrode. Prior to that, instead of using toxic chemicals, couple of drops of phosphoric acid solutions were used to treat the rough, uneven surfaces by promoting hydroxyl groups while at the same time widening and revealed the underneath pores. The AAO thin film is ready for the next step of surface modification without a second anodization step. Surface chemical functionalization using 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde is performed to immobilize the aminated-ssDNA probe on the surface. The electrochemical impedance technique is employed to monitor the changes in each layer of surface modifications. The charged transfer resistance (Rct) values are linearly increased with each new additional layer on the AAO surfaces during each step of surface modification and with the increase in ssDNA complementary target concentrations (10 fM-10 μM). From the performance test, the single-step AAO thin film electrode has shown great results in functioning as a DNA biosensor through a selectivity test. It has the capability to differentiate the complementary sequences from the single mismatched target with 3-fold.
  • Publication
    Immuno-probed graphene nanoplatelets on electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor for stable cortisol quantification in serum
    ( 2020-12-01)
    Nur Nasyifa M.M.
    ;
    Ruslinda A. Rahim
    ;
    Abdul Halim N.H.
    ;
    Zainol Abidin A.S.
    ;
    Mohd Faudzi F.N.
    ;
    Ahmad N.A.
    ;
    Lockman Z.
    ;
    Rezek B.
    ;
    Kromka A.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    Physiological and emotional stress affects the regulation of cortisol secretion, a routine process in circadian rhythm. Regular monitoring of cortisol level as a biomarker in the blood stream becomes vital to determine cortisol-related diseases. This study reports immuno-probed graphene nanoplatelets on electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor (EGFET) biosensor for cortisol determination in human serum. Solution-processed graphene nanoplatelets were evidenced on the surface by Raman spectroscopy analysis and utilized as the transducing element on the field-effect transistor. Further, confirmed the binding events of the antibody on graphene nanoplatelets using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and characterized the electrostatic gating effect of cortisol and intermediate functionalization on graphene nanoplatelets-EGFET. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity of 72.30 µA.(g/mL)−1 in a linear range between 1.00 pg/mL to 10.00 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.85 pg/mL. Confirmation with binding events on the biosensor was done using the relevant molecules, progesterone, cortisone, and corticosterone, and found to be selective towards cortisol. Cortisol was also successfully detected with interference by the human serum, suggesting the capability of graphene nanoplatelets-EGFET sensor for determining cortisol in a complex matrix.
  • Publication
    Isolation, screening and optimization of alkaliphilic cellulolytic fungi for production of cellulase
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Zainuddin N.
    ;
    Makhtar M.M.Z.
    ;
    Gunny A.A.N.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Ahmad A.A.
    ;
    Pusphanathan K.
    ;
    Siddiqui M.R.
    ;
    Alam M.
    ;
    Rafatullah M.
    This study concerns with the production and partial characterization of alkaline cellulase from alkaliphilic cellulolytic (AC) fungi isolated fromsoil in Perlis, Malaysia. The best fungi strain was selected on the basis of producing the highest cellulase at high pH conditions. Cellulase from the selected fungi strain was further characterized under saccharification but varies in operating parameters. Finally, the kinetic model describing the growth of the AC fungi strain was studied by employing the logistic model. Among the tested fungi strains, Basidiomycetes strain (BK1) showed high potentiality for the production of maximum alkaline cellulase production at pH 9 after 72 h of incubation at 30°C containing 6 g·L-1 carboxyl methyl cellulose. The saccharification process showed that the enzyme favour high alkaline condition and proves thermotolerant properties, while 15% (v/v) enzyme loading and 1% substrate concentration recorded the highest glucose production at about 1.2-1.3 mg·mL-1. The novelty of the study is to identify and optimize a unique indigenous fungi that emit alkaliphilic cellulase as alternative usage in biotechnology industries due to its capacity to adapt to the extreme conditions of specific industrial processes. There are revolutionary options for use in biotechnological businesses that involve high pH and therefore have substantial biotechnological promise.
  • Publication
    Impedimetric cardiac biomarker determination in serum mediated by epoxy and hydroxyl of reduced graphene oxide on gold array microelectrodes
    ( 2021-08-01)
    Steven Taniselass
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil
    ;
    Ibau C.
    ;
    Anbu P.
    A label-free chemical bonding strategy mediated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) basal plane functional groups has been developed for cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) detection. Four different chemical strategies on respective electrode sensing surface were precedingly examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impedimetric assessment was carried out by sweeping frequency at the range 0.1–500 kHz perturbated at a small amplitude of AC voltage (25 mV). The chemical strategy-4 denoted as S-4 shows a significant analytical performance on cTnI detection in spiked buffer and human serum, whereby the pre-mixture of rGO and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) creates a large number of amine sites (−NH2), which significantly enhanced the antibody immobilization without excessive functionalization. The as-fabricated immunosensor exhibited an ultra-low limit of detection of 6.3 ag mL−1 and the lowest antigen concentration measured was at 10 ag mL−1. The immunosensor showed a linear and wide range of cTnI detection (10 ag mL−1–100 ng mL−1) in human serum with a regression coefficient of 0.9716, rapid detection (5 min of binding time), and stable and highly reproducible bioelectrode response with RSD < 5%. Hence, the demonstrated S-4 strategy is highly recommended for other downstream biosensors applications. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
  • Publication
    Designing DNA probe from HPV 18 and 58 in the E6 region for sensing element in the development of genosensor-based gold nanoparticles
    ( 2022-10-01)
    Jaapar F.N.
    ;
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    Nur Hamidah Abdul Halim
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Halim F.S.
    ;
    Ruslinda A. Rahim
    ;
    Voon Chun Hong
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Afnan Uda
    ;
    Nadzirah S.
    ;
    Rejali Z.
    ;
    Afzan A.
    ;
    Zakaria I.I.
    The E6 region has higher protuberant probability annealing than consensus probe focusing on another region in the human papillomavirus (HPV) genome in terms of detection and screening method. Here, we designed the first multiple virus single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) for multiple detections in an early phase of screening for cervical cancer in the E6 region and became a fundamental evolution of detection electrochemical HPV biosensor. Gene profiling of the virus ssDNA sequences has been carried by high-end bioinformatics tools such as GenBank, Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST), and Clustal OMEGA in a row. The output from bioinformatics tools resulted in 100% of similarities between our virus ssDNA probe and HPV complete genome in the databases. The cross-validation between HPV genome and our designed virus ssDNA provided high specificity and selectivity during screening methods compared with Pap smear. The DNA probe for HPV 18, 5′ COOH-GAT CCA GAA GGT ACA GAC GGG GAG GGC ACG 3′, while 5′COOH-GGG CGC TGT GCA GTG TGT TGG AGA CCC CGA3′ as DNA probe for HPV 58 designed with 66.77% guanine (G) and cytosine (C) content for both. Our virus ssDNA probe for the HPV biosensor promises high sensitivity, specificity, selectivity, repeatability, low fluid consumption, and will be useful in mini-size diagnostic devices for cervical cancer detection.
  • Publication
    Essential semiconductor films in micro-/nano-biosensors: Current scenarios
    ( 2021-10-01)
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Ramanathan S.
    ;
    Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin
    ;
    Shapiai M.I.
    ;
    Ismail Z.H.
    ;
    Subramaniam S.
    Background: Engineering nanoscale matter in a controlled functional system has expanded the area of science in the state-of-art of nanotechnology. The urgency in introducing real-time health monitoring sensors and rapid diagnostic tools in medical health is indeed high and crucial to date. The efforts are accompanied by nanotechnology to improve the sensors performances. In this line, semiconductor materials (Silicon/Silica) have been in well-focus to develop micro-/nano-sensors. Methods: Further, additional layering such as metal oxide and graphene material have elevated the current scenario in biosensor developments. Among these, two-dimensional graphene nanomaterial owns its remarkable mechanical, electronic, electrochemical, and optical properties, has excited the medical field to develop graphene-based biosensors for human health diagnosis and monitoring. The oxygen rich graphene materials enhance the bio-functionalization of recognition bio-elements for excellent graphene-based biosensor development. Significance: This review encloses the excellence of semiconductor materials in conjunction with biosensors for monitoring health and diagnosis. The advances and challenges encountered with developing semiconductors for nanobiosensors from laboratory set-up to the novel hand-held device for rapid and accurate human health care are outlined.
  • Publication
    Integration of Aluminium Interdigitated Electrodes with Zinc Oxide as Nanocomposite for Selectively Detect Alpha-Synuclein for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis
    ( 2021-12-14)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    Parkinson's disease is associated with motor and non-motor symptoms, mostly a motor symptom such as tremor is said to be an early indication for Parkinson's disease development. Because of higher demands for faster and more precise diagnostic methods, it has sparked trends in the development of a biosensor for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this study has fabricated a biosensor that is capable of detecting a specific Parkinson's disease biomarker such as aggregation of alpha synuclein and this is crucial in reducing the burden of Parkinson's disease and to be able to detect the disease at the earlier stage. Finding the inconsistent aggregation of alpha-synuclein is a promising method for the early detection of Parkinson's disease. Using conventional photographic process, aluminium interdigitated electrodes (ALIDEs) have been fabricated and employed with sensitive electrochemical strategy for the specific detection of the Parkinson's disease antigen (alpha synuclein). The microelectrode was developed based on aluminium electrode sputtered on silicon substrate. Further, zinc oxide (ZnO) was deposited by sputtering on the working electrode of the ALIDEs using a spin-coating method. The ZnO nanocomposite onto aluminium microelectrode surface provides a favourable platform for efficient loading of antibody via binding with antigen alpha synuclein. The effective loading of the biomolecules (antibody and antigen) on the ZnO nanocomposite surface modified aluminium microelectrode was observed by SEM, AFM and 3D Profilometer. The current flow for each concentration of alpha synuclein was observed at 7.5×10−6 A (10 fM), 8.8×10−6 A (100 fM), and 8.5×10−6 A (1 pM) respectively.
  • Publication
    Potentials of MicroRNA in Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer by Analytical Electrical Biosensors
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Nadzirah S.
    ;
    Salimi M.N.
    ;
    Voon Chun Hong
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda
    ;
    Muhammad Nur Afnan Uda
    ;
    Rozi S.K.M.
    ;
    Rejali Z.
    ;
    Afzan A.
    ;
    Azan M.I.A.
    ;
    Yaakub A.R.W.
    ;
    Hamzah A.A.
    ;
    Dee C.F.
    The importance of nanotechnology in medical applications especially with biomedical sensing devices is undoubted. Several medical diagnostics have been developed by taking the advantage of nanomaterials, especially with electrical biosensors. Biosensors have been predominantly used for the quantification of different clinical biomarkers toward detection, screening, and follow-up the treatment. At present, ovarian cancer is one of the severe complications that cannot be identified until it becomes most dangerous as the advanced stage. Based on the American Cancer Society, 20% of cases involved in the detection of ovarian cancer are diagnosed at an early stage and 80% diagnosed at the later stages. The patient just has a common digestive problem and stomach ache as early symptoms and people used to ignore these symptoms. Micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) is classified as small non-coding RNAs, their expressions change due to the association of cancer development and progression. This article reviews and discusses on the currently available strategies for the early detection of ovarian cancers using miRNA as a biomarker associated with electrical biosensors. A unique miRNA-based biomarker detections are specially highlighted with biosensor platforms to diagnose ovarian cancer.
  • Publication
    Glycosylated biomarker sensors: advancements in prostate cancer diagnosis
    ( 2021-09-28)
    Siti Fatimah Abd Rahman
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil
    ;
    Sarry F.
    ;
    Ibau C.
    Prostate cancer is currently diagnosed using the conventional gold standard methods using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as the selective biomarker. However, lack of precision in PSA screening has resulted in needless biopsies and delays the treatment of potentially fatal prostate cancer. Thus, identification of glycans as novel biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer has attracted considerable attention due to their reliable diagnostic platform compared with the current PSA systems. Therefore, biosensing technologies that provide point-of-care diagnostics have demonstrated the ability to detect various analytes, including glycosylated micro- and macro-molecules, thereby enabling versatile detection methodologies. This highlight article discusses recent advances in the biosensor-based detection of prostate cancer glycan biomarkers and the innovative strategies for the conjugation of nanomaterials adapted to biosensing platforms. Finally, the article is concluded with prospects and challenges of prostate cancer biosensors and recommendations to overcome the issues associated with prostate cancer diagnosis.
  • Publication
    Formation of polypropylene nanocomposite joint using silicon carbide nanowhiskers as novel susceptor for microwave welding
    ( 2023-05-01)
    Foong P.Y.
    ;
    Voon Chun Hong
    ;
    Lim B.Y.
    ;
    Teh P.L.
    ;
    Mohd Afendi Rojan
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    Low F.W.
    ;
    Ruslinda A. Rahim
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    Up to present, no study has reported on the use of silicon carbide nanomaterials (SiCNMs) as susceptor for microwave welding of thermoplastics. Therefore, in this study, silicon carbide nanowhiskers (SiCNWs) was attempted as the microwave susceptor for the microwave welding of polypropylene (PP). It was observed that SiCNWs are capable of absorbing microwave and converting them into heat, leading to a sharp increase in temperature until it reaches the melting point of PP substrates. The microwave welded joint is formed after the molten PP at the interface between PP substrates is cooled under pressure. The effect of microwave heating duration and solid loading of SiCNWs suspension was studied and reported. The formation mechanism of SiCNWs reinforced PP welded joint was proposed in this study. With these remarkable advantages of microwave welding and enhanced mechanical properties of the welded joint, it is believed that this study can provide a new insight into welding of thermoplastic and material processing through short-term microwave heating.