Norsuria Mahmed
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Norsuria Mahmed
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Norsuria, Mahmed
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Mahmed, Norsuria
Mahmed, N.
Norsuria, Mahmed
Norsuria, M.
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Scopus Author ID
24802694300
Researcher ID
FOC-8505-2022

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  • Publication
    Charge recombination in zinc oxide-based dye-sensitized solar cell: a mini review
    ( 2021-12)
    Kaiswariah Magiswaran
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Siti Norhafizah Idris
    ;
    Sharizal Ahmad Sobri
    Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been studied widely due to its efficiency and the simplicity of manufacturing technology. Much research has been performed to improve the photovoltaic output parameters in DSSC by modifying the photoanode layers. The efforts to investigate DSSC mainly focus on how to increase light absorption, speed electron transport in circuits, and reduce charge recombination. This review discusses the process of charge recombination and the paths of occurrence in a DSSC. Recombination occurs when the electrons in the conduction band fall into the valance band holes and is considered an unnecessary process in DSSC. Due to the recombination process, the photocurrent and the photovoltage are reduced, leading to lower power conversion efficiency. Hence, the ways to overcome the charge recombination process were also discussed.
  • Publication
    Adsorption efficiency and photocatalytic activity of silver sulphide-activated carbon (Ag₂S-AC) composites
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
    Siti Norsaffirah Zailan
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Aissa Bouaissi
    ;
    Zahra Ramadlan Mubarokah
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Nurfina Yudasari
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Siti Salwa Mohammad Shirajuddin
    Background: This study investigates the adsorption efficiency and photocatalytic activity of silver sulphide-activated carbon (Ag₂S-AC) composites derived from ground coffee waste (GCW). Methods: In this work, GCW was preceding to carbonized at 500 ± 2°C for hours and formed biochar. Then, GCW was subjected to activation using hydrochloric acid (HCl), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The mixture was left to soak for 24 h at room temperature, followed by carbonization at 350 and 500˚C. In the meantime, the silver sulphide (Ag₂S) was synthesized by using an ion exchange method. Sodium sulphide (Na₂S) was used as sulphur source and mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) and sodium citrate (NaCit) for two hours, then dried in oven at 50 ± 2°C for 10 h. Next, the carbonized AC was subsequently combined with synthesized silver sulphide, resulting in the creation of Ag₂S-activated carbon composites that functioned both as adsorbent and photocatalyst. Their capabilities as adsorbents and photocatalyst were studied by using copper ions (Cu2+) and methylene blue (MB) solution. Significance findings: Based on results, GCW and all the prepared activated carbons are in the amorphous phase, except for the Ag₂S-AC composites, where the Ag₂S peak reflection can be observed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. GCW shows rough and dense surface morphology. The AC shows different pore sizes and structures depending on the chemical activators used, where AC-KOH shows the largest pore size (165.31 μm). The existence of micropores can be observed in all the activated carbon samples. For the adsorption of Cu2+, all samples show more than 99 % of the removal efficiency. While for photocatalytic testing, the Ag₂S-H₃PO₄ sample shows the highest degradation rate (97.7 %) of MB solutions.
  • Publication
    Electrical Performance of Curcuma longa Extract Dye using SnO2-Based Photoanode Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
    ( 2022-12-01)
    Siti Norhafizah Idris
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Magiswaran K.
    ;
    Abas Z.A.
    Due to their low output costs, straightforward manufacturing, and high effectiveness, dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has a large following interest in the solar energy industry. Furthermore, due to its outstanding properties, tin oxide (SnO2) is an appealing semiconducting material suitable as a photoanode in DSSCs. In this research, the photoelectrodes of DSSC were fabricated using commercial SnO2 nanoparticles and sensitized with inorganic and organic dyes, N719 and Curcuma longa (turmeric) extract dye. On top of that, a platinum (Pt) counter electrode, iodide electrolyte and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate were used to fabricate the DSSC. The crystallographic structure and surface morphology of the SnO2 nanopowder were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations respectively. In addition, UV-Visible and current density-voltage curves were used to analyze the optical properties of the photoanodes and the cell’s electrical performance. As a result, it was found that the DSSC fabricated with N719 dye exhibited higher efficiency in contrast with the turmeric extract dye with SnO2 photoanodes.
      1
  • Publication
    Enhancement of Power Conversion Efficiency with Zinc Oxide as Photoanode and Cyanococcus, Punica granatum L., and Vitis vinifera as Natural Fruit Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
    ( 2022-11-01)
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Jamalullail N.
    ;
    Dewi Suriyani Che Halin
    ;
    Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Sandu A.V.
    ;
    Baltatu M.S.
    ;
    Vizureanu P.
    Ruthenium N719 is a well-known material used as the dye in commercial dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices. However, it poses risks to human health and the environment over time. On the other hand, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has low electron mobility and high recombination losses when used as a photoanode in this photovoltaic technology device. In addition, using Ruthenium as the dye material harms the environment and human health. As an alternative sensitizer to compensate Ruthenium on two different photoanodes (TiO2 and ZnO), we constructed DSSC devices in this study using three different natural dyes (blueberry, pomegranate, and black grape). In good agreement with the anthocyanin content in the fruits, black grape, with the highest anthocyanin content (450.3 mg/L) compared to other fruit dyes (blueberry—386.6 mg/L and pomegranate—450.3 mg/L), resulted in the highest energy conversion efficiency (3.63%) for the natural dye-based DSSC. Furthermore, this research proved that the electrical performance of natural dye sensitizer in DSSC applications with a ZnO photoanode is better than using hazardous Ru N719 dye with a TiO2 photoanode owing to the advantage of high electron mobility in ZnO.
      1  31
  • Publication
    The Effect of Spinacia oleracea Dye Absorption Time on ZnO-based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells’ Electrical Performance
    ( 2022-12-01)
    Magiswaran K.
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Idris S.N.
    ;
    Abas Z.A.
    Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have attracted much attention over the past 20 years due to their significance in energy conversion. However, the dye soaking time may significantly impact the efficacy of the photoanode semiconductor to carry the electronic charge to which the dye molecules adhere. An optimized dye soaking time may prevent the recombination of photo-excited electrons that are injected into the semiconductor of the DSSC. This study scrutinized the dependence of the zinc oxide (ZnO) photoanode soaking time of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) dye on the photocurrent-voltage characteristics. The ZnO film layer (photoanode) was prepared with commercial ZnO nanopowder and applied onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate using the doctor blade method. The prepared DSSCs’ were subjected to a variety of characterizations, including current density-voltage (J-V) characterization, UV-visible characterization, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Comparing four variations of dye soaking time, ZnO-based DSSC photoanode soaked in the dye for an hour achieved an optimum efficiency of 0.03 %. This study proved that the efficiency of a DSSC can be improved by optimizing the dye soaking time.
      1
  • Publication
    Near-Infrared (NIR) Silver Sulfide (Ag₂S) Semiconductor Photocatalyst Film for Degradation of Methylene Blue Solution
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Mubarokah Z.R.
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Błoch K.
    ;
    Nabiałek M.
    ;
    Baltatu M.S.
    ;
    Sandu A.V.
    ;
    Vizureanu P.
    A silver sulfide (Ag2S) semiconductor photocatalyst film has been successfully synthesized using a solution casting method. To produce the photocatalyst films, two types of Ag2S powder were used: a commercialized and synthesized powder. For the commercialized powder (CF/comAg2S), the Ag2S underwent a rarefaction process to reduce its crystallite size from 52 nm to 10 nm, followed by incorporation into microcrystalline cellulose using a solution casting method under the presence of an alkaline/urea solution. A similar process was applied to the synthesized Ag2S powder (CF/syntAg2S), resulting from the co-precipitation process of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and thiourea. The prepared photocatalyst films and their photocatalytic efficiency were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The results showed that the incorporation of the Ag2S powder into the cellulose films could reduce the peak intensity of the oxygen-containing functional group, which indicated the formation of a composite film. The study of the crystal structure confirmed that all of the as-prepared samples featured a monoclinic acanthite Ag2S structure with space group P21/C. It was found that the degradation rate of the methylene blue dye reached 100% within 2 h under sunlight exposure when using CF/comAg2S and 98.6% for the CF/syntAg2S photocatalyst film, and only 48.1% for the bare Ag2S powder. For the non-exposure sunlight samples, the degradation rate of only 33–35% indicated the importance of the semiconductor near-infrared (NIR) Ag2S photocatalyst used.
      2
  • Publication
    Recent advances in synthesis of graphite from agricultural bio-waste material: a review
    ( 2023)
    Yee Wen Yap
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Midhat Nabil Ahmad Salimi
    ;
    Kamrosni Abdul Razak
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    Graphitic carbon is a valuable material that can be utilized in many fields, such as electronics, energy storage and wastewater filtration. Due to the high demand for commercial graphite, an alternative raw material with lower costs that is environmentally friendly has been explored. Amongst these, an agricultural bio-waste material has become an option due to its highly bioactive properties, such as bioavailability, antioxidant, antimicrobial, in vitro and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, biomass wastes usually have high organic carbon content, which has been discovered by many researchers as an alternative carbon material to produce graphite. However, there are several challenges associated with the graphite production process from biomass waste materials, such as impurities, the processing conditions and production costs. Agricultural bio-waste materials typically contain many volatiles and impurities, which can interfere with the synthesis process and reduce the quality of the graphitic carbon produced. Moreover, the processing conditions required for the synthesis of graphitic carbon from agricultural biomass waste materials are quite challenging to optimize. The temperature, pressure, catalyst used and other parameters must be carefully controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained. Nevertheless, the use of agricultural biomass waste materials as a raw material for graphitic carbon synthesis can reduce the production costs. Improving the overall cost-effectiveness of this approach depends on many factors, including the availability and cost of the feedstock, the processing costs and the market demand for the final product. Therefore, in this review, the importance of biomass waste utilization is discussed. Various methods of synthesizing graphitic carbon are also reviewed. The discussion ranges from the conversion of biomass waste into carbon-rich feedstocks with different recent advances to the method of synthesis of graphitic carbon. The importance of utilizing agricultural biomass waste and the types of potential biomass waste carbon precursors and their pre-treatment methods are also reviewed. Finally, the gaps found in the previous research are proposed as a future research suggestion. Overall, the synthesis of graphite from agricultural bio-waste materials is a promising area of research, but more work is needed to address the challenges associated with this process and to demonstrate its viability at scale.
      15  22
  • Publication
    Magnetite (Fe₃O₄)-activated carbon composite from ground coffee waste for the removal of copper ions (Cu²⁺) from solution
    ( 2024-12)
    Siti Norsaffirah Zailan
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Nur Mawaddah Juzaini
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Aissa Bouaissi
    The influence of the magnetite addition on the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon (AC) synthesized using different activators was investigated. In this work, the activated carbon from ground coffee waste (GCW) was prepared via activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), followed by carbonization at 500˚C. The magnetite (Fe₃O₄)-activated carbon composites were prepared by mixing the activated carbon with Fe₃O₄ powders. From the X-ray diffraction analysis, both activated carbons produced by H₃PO₄, and KOH are in the form of amorphous structures. Magnetite peaks can be observed from the magnetite-activated carbon composites. KOH-treated activated carbon shows the formation of porous honeycomb-like structures with large pore size (average diameter ±43 𝛍m) compared to H3PO4-treated activated carbon where the smaller, non-uniform pore morphology with the average diameter ±32 𝛍m was formed. The copper ions removal efficiency is the highest for biochar (almost 100%). For treated activated carbon, AC-KOH and MAC-KOH shows the highest adsorption removal efficiency (99.7%) compared to the acid-treated carbon (91.9%). Magnetite itself has good adsorption behaviour (93.6% efficiency) due to its nanocrystalline structure (high surface area) and functional groups.
      18  2
  • Publication
    Magnetic-Based Coreshell Nanoparticles as Potential Adsorbents for the Removal of Cu2+ under Ultraviolet (UV) Light
    ( 2021-11-12)
    Husni H.N.
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Ge Y.
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Dewi Suriyani Che Halin
    ;
    Kamrosni Abdul Razak
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    The magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (gFe2O3) nanoparticles, magnetite-silica-silver chloride (Fe3O4-SiO2-AgCl) and maghemite-silica-silver chloride (gFe2O3-SiO2-AgCl) coreshell structures have successfully been synthesized by using a simple wet chemistry method. The efficiency of these particles as the adsorbents for the removal of copper ion, Cu2+ in aqueous solution under UV light was investigated. Two different parameters were studied, namely the adsorbents contact time (60, 120, 180, 240 and 300s) and the solution-stirring rate (100, 200 and 300 rpm). From the results, the removal percentage of the copper ions from the solution were above 90% after 5 hours of adsorption process at 300 rpm by using Fe3O4 (94%) and gFe2O3 (92%) nanoparticles. The maximum removal of copper ions was nearly 100% when gFe2O3-SiO2-AgCl & Fe3O4-SiO2-AgCl coreshell particles were used. The samples that were prepared without magnetic core such as AgCl-SiO2, AgCl and SiO2 particles, showed lower percentage of the copper ions removal (78%, 60% and 20%, respectively). This situation shows that the magnetic nanoparticles plays and important role during the adsorption process due to their large active sites for the adsorption to occur.
      2
  • Publication
    Synthesis Methods of Tin Oxide as Photoanode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Performance: A Short Review
    ( 2021-12-01)
    Idris S.N.
    ;
    Mohd Natashah Norizan
    ;
    Ili Salwani Mohamad
    ;
    Norsuria Mahmed
    ;
    Magiswaran K.
    ;
    Sobri S.A.
    This review focused on the synthesis methods of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles as a photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and how it impacts the performance. There are many different techniques and various nanoparticles were produced and usually characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine crystalline structure of SnO2, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology and size details and J-V solar simulator to verify current-voltage characteristics. In summary, considering all the methods reviewed, sol-gel is reported as the best method to produce SnO2 nanoparticles for DSSC fabrication with the highest efficiency recorded of 3.96%.
      38  4