Azwan Iskandar Azmi
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Preferred name
Azwan Iskandar Azmi
Official Name
Azwan Iskandar, Azmi
Alternative Name
Iskandar Azmi, Azwan
Azmi, Azwan Iskandar
Azmi, Azwan I
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57202737293
Researcher ID
G-7831-2012

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  • Publication
    Roles of eco-friendly non-edible vegetable oils in drilling Inconel 718 through minimum quantity lubrication
    (MDPI, 2022-09-01)
    Safie N.S.S.
    ;
    Muhamad Nasir Murad
    ;
    Tan Chye Lih
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Wan Hamzah W.A.
    ;
    Danish M.
    Metal cutting fluids (MCFs) have played a principal role as coolants and lubricants in the machining industry. However, the wide use of mineral-based oil MCFs has contributed to an adverse effect on humans and the environment. Thus, to overcome the adverse effects of mineral-based oil MCFs, eco-friendly vegetable oil, which is non-edible oil, has been implemented to overcome the issues related to edible oil such as manufacturing costs and food shortages. This study investigated the performance of three different types of non-edible oil, namely castor, neem, and rice bran oils in drilling Inconel 718 using a coated titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) carbide drill towards tool life, tool wear, surface integrity, dimensional accuracy, and chip thickness. The MCFs were implemented under the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition at a 50 mL/h flow rate using different cutting speeds (10, 20 m/min) and a constant feed (0.015 mm/rev). The results showed that castor oil minimizes the rapid growth of tool wear and prolongs the tool life by 50% at 10 m/min as compared to rice bran oil. At 20 m/min, castor oil obtained the lowest values of average surface roughness (1.455 µm) and chip thickness (0.220 mm). It was also found that different cutting speeds did not contribute to any significant trend towards hole diameter and roundness for all MCFs. The outstanding performance of castor oil proved that the oil is a potential alternative as an eco-friendly MCF for a cleaner machining environment. Castor oil was determined to be optimum in terms of tool life, tool wear, surface roughness, and chip thickness.
      2  5
  • Publication
    Evaluation of thickness variation of recast layer formation on nitinol from electrical discharge coatings process
    ( 2020-06-17)
    Ahmad Fairuz Mansor
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Zain M.Z.M.
    ;
    Jamaluddin R.
    Nitinol is an intermetallic alloy with outstanding properties that suitable as biomaterial. This alloy is capable of recovering to its initial shape after external loading through transformation of the crystalline structure. Unfortunately, excessive exposure of nickel element from this alloy is harmful to human body if released. Thus in this study, the alloy surface was deposited with an oxide layer via electrical discharge coating (EDC) process. The process was performed in deionized water and pure titanium as the electrode. The variation thickness of the recast layer formation was examined by analysing the effects of polarity, gap voltage and erosion depth. Single crater images and electrical waveforms were captured and utilised to elucidate the aforementioned effects. The results exhibited a significant change of layer thickness variation due to different polarity conditions. It was also confirmed that the single crater formation at different polarity was influenced by discharge energy. On other hand, the increase in the open gap voltage can expand the recast layer thickness in lower variation of reverse polarity condition. Finally, erosion depth attributed to a constant layer thickness but in low thickness variation when reverse polarity was employed.
      32  3
  • Publication
    Electrical discharge coating of NiTi alloy in deionized water
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Jamaluddin R.
    ;
    Tan Chye Lih
    ;
    Roshaliza Hamidon
    ;
    Ahmad Fairuz Mansor
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    Shape memory alloys, specifically nickel-titanium (NiTi), exhibit excellent technical properties that suited them for biomedical applications. However, the release of nickel ions into human body is a drawback because it results in severe adverse health effects as well as degrades the biocompatibility of the alloys. In this work, surface modification through adaptation of electrical discharge machining was used to develop a deposition layer of titanium oxide on NiTi alloy surface. The adaptation was through electrical discharge coatings (EDC) parameters such as polarity, gap voltage, and erosion depth that were set up to study their effects on the experimental performance. The experiment was parameterized by implementing 2 level of full factorial design with ANOVA analysis to measure the surface roughness of that machined surface. One-factor-at-a-time, OFAT method is applied for XRD analysis by adopting the previous parameters approach. The EDC process was aided with deionized water and pure titanium rod as the dielectric fluids and electrodes, respectively. It was determined that the high level of gap voltage provided some major constituents on the surface of NiTi alloy based on XRD analysis. As apparent, this substantiated the presence of the tool materials and their oxide layer phases. The interaction of polarity and gap voltage also indicated a significant effect towards the surface roughness.
      38  1
  • Publication
    Thermophysical Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) in Bio-based Coconut Oil Hybrid Nanolubricant for Cleaner Metalworking Cutting Fluid Applications
    ( 2023-06-01)
    Faudzi S.M.
    ;
    Ahmad Nabil Mohd Khalil
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Sowi S.A.
    Green metalworking fluids have increasingly gained pivotal relevance as environmentally compatible lubricant with equivalent performance since conventional lubricant poses significant threat. This study performs experimental and theoretical discovery on the new approach to metalworking fluid; a bio-based coconut oil nanolubricant with hybrid nanoparticles of Al2O3/MoS2 regarding the thermophysical properties. The colloid was produced by suspending Al2O3 and MoS2 nanoparticles in coconut-based oil at different volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 but equal volumetric concentrations of 0.3 vol%. The thermal conductivity of bio-based lubricants increased up to 4.3% with the addition of hybrid nanoparticles which was ascertained using KD2 Pro thermal analyzer. A contact angle goniometer was used to obtain the water drop profile and the maximum wettability of bio-based hybrid nanolubricant was obtained at 27.76° (Al2O3:MoS2 (1:1)) which indicates that incorporating both nanoparticles into the base system improved lubricant spreadability. The kinematic viscosity was evaluated through the viscometer and hybrid nanofluid possessed a remarkable increase in viscosity index of at least 49.6% (Al2O3:MoS2 (2:1)) among other samples. The stability test revealed that the nanolubricant (Al2O3:MoS2 (1:1)) was more stable than others. The experimental outcomes showed that the ratio of hybrid nanoparticles in base fluid has a significant role in enhancing thermophysical properties.
      1  28
  • Publication
    The Effect of Parameters of Electrical Discharge Coatings on the Tool Electrode Erosion and Maximum Height Roughness on NiTi Alloy
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Ahmad Fairuz Mansor
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Zain M.Z.M.
    ;
    Jamaluddin R.
    This paper presents the influence of electrical discharge coatings parameters on the material loss due to the tool electrode erosion (MLTE) and the maximum height roughness, Rz on the NiTi alloy substrate. Five parameters were investigated; namely polarity, discharge duration, peak current, pulse interval and gap voltage. The experimental study was carried out using 2-level factorial design and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis results showed that the discharge duration dominates the effect on MLTE and Rz up to 39.39 and 72.41%, respectively. Then, this followed by the peak current at 15.52 and 4.63%, respectively. Furthermore, several interactions between discharge duration with other parameters were also significant on the model for both responses. Higher MLTE and Rz were recorded during high discharge duration and peak current due to the impact of increasing the discharge energy.
      1  32
  • Publication
    A Review of Surgical Bone Drilling and Drill Bit Heat Generation for Implantation
    ( 2022-11-01)
    Islam M.A.
    ;
    Nur Saifullah Kamarrudin
    ;
    Ruslizam Daud
    ;
    Mohd Noor S.N.F.
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar bin Azmi
    ;
    Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan
    This study aims to summarize the current state of scientific knowledge on factors that contribute to heat generation during the bone drilling process and how these aspects can be better understood and avoided in the future through new research methodologies. Frictional pressures, mechanical trauma, and surgical methods can cause thermal damage and significant micro-fracturing, which can impede bone recovery. According to current trends in the technical growth of the dental and orthopedic industries’ 4.0 revaluation, enhancing drill bit design is one of the most feasible and cost-effective alternatives. In recent years, research on drilling bones has become important to reduce bone tissue damage, such as osteonecrosis (ON), and other problems that can happen during surgery. Reviewing the influence of feed rate, drill design, drill fatigue, drill speed, and force applied during osteotomies, all of which contribute to heat generation, was a major focus of this article. This comprehensive review can aid medical surgeons and drill bit makers in comprehending the recent improvements through optimization strategies for reducing or limiting thermal damage in bone drilling procedures used in the dental and orthopedic industries.
      25  5
  • Publication
    Mechanical and physical properties of recycled-carbon-fiber-reinforced polylactide fused deposition modelling filament
    (MDPI, 2022-01-01)
    Omar N.W.Y.
    ;
    Norshah Aizat Shuaib
    ;
    Mohd Haidiezul Jamal Ab Hadi
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Muhamad Nur Misbah
    Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic materials have attracted several applications, including the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process. As a cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternative to its virgin counterpart, the use of milled recycled carbon fiber (rCF) has received much attention. The quality of the feed filament is important to avoid filament breakage and clogged nozzles during the FDM printing process. However, information about the effect of material parameters on the mechanical and physical properties of short rCF-reinforced FDM filament is still limited. This paper presents the effect of fiber loading (10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%) and fiber size (63 µm, 75 µm, and 150 µm) on the filament’s tensile properties, surface roughness, microstructure, porosity level, density, and water absorptivity. The results show that the addition of 63 µm fibers at 10 wt% loading can enhance filament tensile properties with minimal surface roughness and porosity level. The addition of rCF increased the density and reduced the material’s water intake. This study also indicates a clear trade-off between the optimized properties. Hence, it is recommended that the optimization of rCF should consider the final application of the product. The findings of this study provide a new manufacturing strategy in utilizing milled rCF in potential 3D printing-based applications.
      2  4
  • Publication
    Performance study of biocompatible recast layer formation on Ti6Al4V by using electrical discharge coatings
    ( 2020-04-01)
    Ahmad Fairuz Mansor
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Zahiruddin M.
    ;
    Islam M.N.
    Long-term implantation of titanium-based alloy, Ti6Al4V can be harmful in human bodies due to the release of aluminium and vanadium elements. Thus, a biocompatible barrier coating can be applied towards corrosion and wear resistance of the implant. In this research, the surface of a biomedical grade of Ti6Al4V was coated with a thin film of biomaterial ceramic by the electrical discharge coatings (EDC) using a pure graphite electrode. Polarity, discharge duration and pulse interval were varied to investigate the formation of recast layer thickness (RLT) on the surface of titanium alloys. RLT was measured from cross-sectioned samples using a high magnification optical microscopy. From the statistical analyses of variance, the response was significantly influenced by the pulse interval, followed with electrode polarity. Additionally, the interaction of polarity to discharge duration and pulse interval also significantly affect the RLT. In order to obtain a more uniform recast layer formation, the process condition should be in reverse polarity with a low setting of pulse interval.
      1  28
  • Publication
    Black box modelling of infrared drying system for herbs dehydration
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Mohd Saifizi Saidon
    ;
    Mohd Muqri Syahmi Sulong
    ;
    Wan Azani Wan Mustafa
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Muhammad Faris Fauzi
    This study focused on development of infrared dryer system for Orthosiphon Stamineus leaves drying application. In any food technology, the dryer is the key component for quality drying food and herbs etc. An oven is modified to produce high technology drying system. A mathematical model is developed based on time response characteristics of the system. A second order model is found to adequately represent the system as it gives best fit with better properties than the first order model with error between measured data and simulation data is 0.44. Validation procedures show that the derived model is indeed a good enough representation of drying system. The infrared dryer system is highly non-linear and exhibits varying model parameters. An identification system is introduced to estimate the parameters and determine mathematical model of the system. ARMAX of na = 2, nb = 1 and nc = 1 polynomial model show best fit to experimental response of PRBS input.
      1  35
  • Publication
    Roles of new bio-based nanolubricants towards eco-friendly and improved machinability of Inconel 718 alloys
    ( 2020-04-01)
    Ali M.A.M.
    ;
    Azwan Iskandar Azmi
    ;
    Muhamad Nasir Murad
    ;
    Mohd Zahiruddin Md. Zain
    ;
    Ahmad Nabil Mohd Khalil
    ;
    Norshah Aizat Shuaib
    The adverse effects of mineral oil-based metal cutting fluid on environmental sustainability have led to increased industrial concerns. Alternatively, biodegradable lubricants such as vegetable oil has a more positive impact with equivalent performance, but insufficient research on their benefits demands further exploration. This work features extensive experimental investigations on machining of Inconel 718 using novel formulations of coconut bio-based oil with enhanced nanoparticles and coco-amido-propyl-betaine. Bio-based with 0.8 wt% of Al2O3 managed to minimise the rapid growth of tool wear and prolong the tool life by 40.17%. Conversely, bio-based with 0.5 wt% of Al2O3 yielded lower values of cutting force (64.32 N), spindle power (2070 kW), specific cutting energy (6.55 W/mm3), and surface roughness (0.29 μm). The outstanding performance of bio-based nanolubricants contributed to superior machinability efficiency and eco-friendly machining environments.
      2  39