Advanced and Sustainable Technologies (ASET)

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/1841

ADVANCED AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES (ASET) is an engineering technology journal with scholarly open-access and published two issues per year (in June and December) by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Press. ASET is an international journal initiated by the Malaysian Technical University Network. This journal was launched by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, in September 2021. ASET focuses on articles that contribute new knowledge and application in Advanced and Sustainable Technology and publishing original research articles. ASET covers all areas of Advanced Applied Mechanics and Electronics (Mechanical and Manufacturing, Electrical and Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Technologies), Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (Construction and Infrastructure, Chemical and Biotechnologies, Industrial Safety, and Sustainable Technologies). is an engineering technology journal with scholarly open-access and published two issues per year (in June and December) by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Press. ASET is an international journal initiated by the Malaysian Technical University Network. This journal was launched by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, in September 2021. ASET focuses on articles that contribute new knowledge and application in Advanced and Sustainable Technology and publishing original research articles. ASET covers all areas of Advanced Applied Mechanics and Electronics (Mechanical and Manufacturing, Electrical and Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Technologies), Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (Construction and Infrastructure, Chemical and Biotechnologies, Industrial Safety, and Sustainable Technologies).

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A Parametric Study on The Performance of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Muhammad Haziq Akmal bin Mohd Ridzuan
;
Mohamad Syafiq Abdul Khadir
;
Adel Nasser
;
Masniezam Ahmad
;
Mohd Haidiezul Jamal Ab Hadi
;
Muhamad Nur Misbah
;
Abdul Syafiq Abdull Sukor

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems play a crucial role in sustainable energy management by storing excess energy for later use, improving overall efficiency, reducing emissions, and enhancing grid reliability. Among TES technologies, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems are particularly attractive due to their high energy storage capacity and ability to operate at nearly constant temperatures. However, the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) remains a significant challenge, limiting the rate of heat transfer and overall system performance. This study explores the performance of an LHTES system by examining the effects of inlet temperature, mass flow rate, and flow direction, with a particular focus on horizontal flow configurations. The aim is to identify optimal parameter settings that enhance heat transfer efficiency and improve system performance. Using ANSYS Fluent, numerical simulations were conducted with paraffin wax RT82 as the PCM and copper as the triplex tube heat exchanger material. The results showed that an optimized parameter combination reduced the melting time to 232.8 minutes, a 51.44% improvement over the baseline case. These findings highlight the potential for strategic parameter optimization to significantly enhance LHTES efficiency by accelerating PCM melting and improving thermal distribution. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing LHTES system performance, contributing to the development of more effective energy storage solutions that minimize energy losses and improve thermal management.

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AI Assisted and IOT Based Fertilizer Mixing System

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2024-06-03)
Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Nik
;
Shahrul Fazly Man@Sulaiman
;
Muhammad Imran Ahmad
;
Shafie Omar
;
Tan Shie Chow
;
Mohd Nazri Abu Bakar
;
Fadhilnor Abdullah
;
Muhammad Khamil Akbar

Agriculture techniques, particularly fertilizer mixing, have significant impacts on crop productivity. Introducing IoT technology to agriculture can enhance productivity, and machine learning offers a mechanism to gain insights from data, making agricultural practices more efficient. This research aims to design an AI-assisted and IoT-based fertilizer mixing system for greenhouses. This system utilizes sensor data and AI algorithms, specifically the Support Vector Machine (SVM), to optimize fertilizer application. Results from the SVM classifier showed a 100% accuracy rate for temperature and humidity, 65% accuracy for phosphorus, 86% for nitrogen, and 100% for potassium. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed system to improve fertilizer efficiency while reducing labor and resource waste.

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Assessing changes in soil moisture distribution for before and after irrigation in a Harumanis Greenhouse

( 2024-03)
Arravinthen Nagarajah
;
Fathin Ayuni Azizan
;
Fatnin Nazifa Mohamad Zalani

Soil moisture is an essential factor in determining the quality of crop production in farming areas, particularly in a greenhouse. It is important to ensure that the irrigation in the greenhouse can provide ample water needed by trees. This study aims to assess the status of soil moisture and map its distribution in a greenhouse following the irrigation supply. Soil samples were collected at forty randomly chosen locations at two different intervals of before and after irrigation supply. The soil moisture content is determined by the gravimetric method in the laboratory. Two soil moisture distribution maps were developed using soil moisture data and the coordinates of the sample locations. Based on the maps, the soil moisture distribution of before irrigation was classified into two classes: low and moderate at about 50% coverage each, while 100% of the greenhouse area was within the high soil moisture class for after irrigation. The statistical results demonstrate that both soil moisture data before and after irrigation are different, with the mean soil moisture content increased by 8.73%, thus proving that irrigation systems installed in the greenhouse work effectively by providing ample water to the soil to achieve high soil moisture content in the greenhouse.

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Automatic monitoring of class A pan evaporation using the Internet of Things (IoT)

( 2024-03)
Mohd Fauzie Jusoh
;
Muhammad Firdaus Abdul Muttalib
;
Nur Sakinah Saedin
;
Mohd Mahmud

This study aimed to assess suitable water level sensor types and implement the automated monitoring of water levels within a Class A pan evaporation system using the Internet of Things (IoT). Both analogue and ultrasonic water level sensors underwent testing in controlled laboratory conditions for performance analysis. The results showed that the analogue water level sensor exhibited suboptimal output sensor responses compared to the ultrasonic sensor, primarily due to its susceptibility to variations in solution types and immersion depths. In contrast, ultrasonic sensors demonstrated strong performance with acceptable error rates, as evidenced by the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.03, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.42, and Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.94 during laboratory testing. However, the ultrasonic sensor's performance was somewhat reduced during field testing, exhibiting accuracy levels ranging from 6.7% to 51.2% within a greenhouse environment during rock melon cultivation. These discoveries highlight the feasibility of using ultrasonic sensors with environmental calibration to automate real-time evaporation measurements towards precision irrigation practices.

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Automatic Monitoring of Class A Pan Evaporation using the Internet of Things (IoT)

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2024-03-01)
Mohd Fauzie Jusoh
;
Muhammad Firdaus Abdul Muttalib
;
Nur Sakinah Saedin
;
MohdMahmud

This study aimed to assess suitable water level sensor types and implement the automated monitoring of water levels within a Class A pan evaporation system using the Internet of Things (IoT). Both analogue and ultrasonic water level sensors underwent testing in controlled laboratory conditions for performance analysis. The results showed that the analogue water level sensor exhibited suboptimal output sensor responses compared to the ultrasonic sensor, primarily due to its susceptibility to variations in solution types and immersion depths. In contrast, ultrasonic sensors demonstrated strong performance with acceptable error rates, as evidenced by the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.03, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.42, and Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.94 during laboratory testing. However, the ultrasonic sensor's performance was somewhat reduced during field testing, exhibiting accuracy levels ranging from 6.7% to 51.2% within a greenhouse environment during rock melon cultivation. These discoveries highlight the feasibility of using ultrasonic sensors with environmental calibration to automate real-time evaporation measurements towards precision irrigation practices

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Bioconversion of agro-wastes by Black Soldier Fly larvae

( 2024-03)
Rashidah Ruslan
;
Hirun Azaman Ismail
;
Tay See Yee

The utilization of Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) in agro-waste bioconversion is becoming popular due to its potential to reduce waste volume and produce protein and lipids from the larvae. This research was carried out to evaluate the capacity of BSFL to biologically convert different types of selected plant and animal-based agro-wastes. The assessment of the BSFL growth (diameter, length, and weight) was recorded. Results indicated that BSFL were capable of digesting goat manure, banana, and cabbage, though the respective digestion rates differed. The waste reduction capacity ranged from 21.82 % - 36.74 %, with the highest achieved with banana and the lowest was goat manure. The highest growth rates of BSFL in terms of weight, diameter, and length were achieved by digesting cabbage waste, followed by banana and goat manure. There is a high potential to utilize BSFL in agro-waste management due to its eco-friendly and sustainable method.

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Biogas production from the paddy straw pretreated with Sodium Hydroxide and co-digestion with cow manure

( 2024-03)
Tengku Roslina Tuan Yusof
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Muizz Zahari
;
Mariam Majid
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Abdul Syafiq Abdul Syukor
;
Mohd Riduan Jamalludin

Paddy straw waste (PS) is an organic waste that is disposed in open land after preparation of rice harvest that is generated in equal or greater quantities than the rice itself. Generally, it is disposed in open land, which increases anthropogenic gases. Converting it into useful energy or value-added products may reduce disposal problems and anthropogenic activity. In this study, PS with different treatments of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 2, 4, 6 , 8 and 10% was co-digested with cow dung (CD) for obtaining biogas by anaerobic digestion. For this purpose, PS was mixed with CD at different proportions, namely 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, and 0:100 percentages on a mass basis, the samples were used in five different anaerobic digesters. The samples were kept in different anaerobic digesters for the study. The effect of important input parameters like pH and Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the biogas production was studied. Maximum biogas production was obtained from the co-digestion of the substrate containing 30% ps and 70% Cd for a digestion time of 20 days, and d3 shows a max pH value of 7.16. Further, the biogas collected from the digesters was characterized to ensure suitability for use as a renewable fuel. Furthermore, the digested slurry was also analyzed for its use in agriculture. The results are presented in this paper.

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Bioinsecticidal Activity of Roots and Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus on Sitophyluz oryzae

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2024-12-02)
Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
;
Muhamad Ikmal Sirozi
;
Nor Hidawati Elias

Sitophilus oryzae is a storage pest of serious concern nowadays, which causes various losses by destroying large quantities of grains, legumes, and other food materials. Several methods have been utilized to overcome the infestation of this pest, including synthetic pesticides. However, this method somehow negatively impacted the surroundings, especially the non-targeting organism. Thus, biopesticides safe to nature and ecosystems can be applied as an alternative. The aim of this research was to study the bioinsecticidal activities of Cymbopogon citratus leaves and root extract against Sitophilus oryzae. The bioinsecticidal activity was assessed through repellency tests, contact activity, and phytochemical analysis. Roots and leaves were extracted using solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and chloroform. Extract concentration was varied to 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for repellency and contact activity tests. Based on the data obtained, it was best described that ethanolic extract of C. citratus root shows the highest repellency of 100% after 5 h exposure to 200 ppm extract concentration with a mean repellency of 80.7%. Both ethanolic extract of C. citratus root and leaves at 200 ppm show 100% mortality of S. oryzae after 24 h exposure. Based on phytochemical screening, saponin, phenols, and tannins were detected in both the root and leaves of C. citratus, which might be possible to contribute in the bioinsecticidal activity.

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Building Stronger Biomass : How Particle Size Affects the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Khaya senegalensis Fuel Pellets

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Ras Izzati Ismail
;
Khor Chu Yee
;
Alina Rahayu Mohamed

Biomass has gained significant attention as a renewable energy source due to its potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions. Among various biomass-derived fuels, pelletized biomass offers enhanced energy density, improved combustion efficiency, and ease of handling and storage. Khaya senegalensis, a fast-growing tree that thrives in suboptimal conditions, requires regular pruning, leading to significant biomass waste. This study examines the influence of feedstock particle size on the mechanical properties of Khaya senegalensis fuel pellets. Biomass trimmings from Khaya tree branches were collected, processed into wood chips, and ground into five particle sizes (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, and 2 mm) before pelletization. The pellets were produced under constant moisture content, pressure, temperature, and binder percentage. A one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was employed, with each process repeated three times to ensure consistency. The mechanical properties analyzed include unit density, durability, axial compressive strength, and diametral compressive strength. Experimental data are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine correlations between feedstock particle sizes and mechanical properties. This study establishes that particle size plays a crucial role in determining the physical and mechanical properties of Khaya senegalensis wood pellets. The results indicate that finer particles (0.15 mm) contribute to higher unit density and durability, whereas coarser particles (1.00 mm) enhance compressive strength.

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CFD Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Internal Cooling Channels for Turning Tool

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2024-12-02)
Nazmin Ikbar Mohd Piterah
;
Muhammad Syamil Zakaria

The internal-cooling approach emerged as an alternative in sustainable machining practices due to its multiple benefits. Cooling channels have been applied to cutting inserts to remove heat concentrated in a small area during machining. As a result, these cooling channels are critical in lowering tool temperatures and wear rates. The design of the cooling channel influences the effectiveness of heat management. In the present study, three types of cooling channel designs have been developed to investigate the cooling effect on the insert from the variety of cooling channel profiles. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is utilized to simulate the cooling effect for all profiles. A temperature reduction has been observed for the internally cooled cutting insert compared to the conventional tool without a cooling channel. The temperature difference is observed when the profile of the channel is varied. In addition, the coolant profile has been observed to be more effective in heat removal when the inlet pressure of the cutting fluid is increased. Through the velocity vector results, it has been determined that the heat transfer rate increases as the flow velocity of coolant within the channel increases. The Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) simulation's value shows that a heat transfer rate enhancement is attained by elevating the TKE value, which depends on the configuration of the coolant flow channel.

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Cracking the Code : Process Parameter Effects on Khaya senegalensis Energy Pellet Moisture Content

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2023-12)
Ras Izzati Ismail
;
Khor Chu Yee
;
Alina Rahayu Mohamed

The production of energy pellets from biomass sources holds immense potential for sustainable renewable energy generation. This study investigates the influence of key process parameters on the moisture content of energy pellets derived from Khaya senegalensis, a promising biomass feedstock in Malaysia. With a focus on unlocking the relationship between process variables and pellet moisture, a systematic experimental approach was adopted. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of raw material moisture, feedstock particle size, compression pressure, and pelletization temperature on the manufactured biomass energy pellet's moisture content. By employing a comprehensive design of experiments and statistical analysis, the nuanced effects of these parameters are revealed on the moisture content of Khaya senegalensis energy pellets. The results illuminate the complex interplay between these process variables and the final moisture characteristics of the pellets. Understanding how these parameters impact moisture content is crucial for optimizing pellet quality, combustion efficiency, and storage stability. The study found a quadratic relationship between particle size, compression pressure, and pelletization temperature, indicating that larger particle sizes correlate with higher moisture content. Excessive pressure led to elevated levels while increasing temperature showed a decreasing trend. This research contributes valuable insights that advance the knowledge frontier of biomass pelletization, paving the way for enhanced utilization of Khaya senegalensis as a renewable energy resource.

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Cracking the code: process parameter effects on Khaya senegalensis energy pellet moisture content

( 2023-12)
Ras Izzati Ismail
;
Khor Chu Yee
;
Alina Rahayu Mohamed

The production of energy pellets from biomass sources holds immense potential for sustainable renewable energy generation. This study investigates the influence of key process parameters on the moisture content of energy pellets derived from Khaya senegalensis, a promising biomass feedstock in Malaysia. With a focus on unlocking the relationship between process variables and pellet moisture, a systematic experimental approach was adopted. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of raw material moisture, feedstock particle size, compression pressure, and pelletization temperature on the manufactured biomass energy pellet's moisture content. By employing a comprehensive design of experiments and statistical analysis, the nuanced effects of these parameters are revealed on the moisture content of Khaya senegalensis energy pellets. The results illuminate the complex interplay between these process variables and the final moisture characteristics of the pellets. Understanding how these parameters impact moisture content is crucial for optimizing pellet quality, combustion efficiency, and storage stability. The study found a quadratic relationship between particle size, compression pressure, and pelletization temperature, indicating that larger particle sizes correlate with higher moisture content. Excessive pressure led to elevated levels while increasing temperature showed a decreasing trend. This research contributes valuable insights that advance the knowledge frontier of biomass pelletization, paving the way for enhanced utilization of Khaya senegalensis as a renewable energy resource.

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Demographic disparities in 5G technology adoption among paddy farmers in Kedah: a comprehensive study

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 2024-03)
Nurul Hazwani Abdul Hamid
;
Noormaizatul Akmar Ishak
;
Ahmad Tajudin Baharin
;
Evawaynie Valquis Md. Isa
;
Mohd Fisol Osman

This research aims to investigate the adoption of 5G technology within the agricultural sector, specifically among rice farmers in Kedah, Malaysia, and understand the demographic disparities in 5G adoption. It also addresses the challenge of equitable 5G technology adoption and explores how demographic factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and income levels influence adoption patterns. A mixed-methods approach, comprising surveys, interviews, and field observations, is employed to collect data from a diverse sample of farmers. The study utilizes theoretical frameworks related to automation, productivity, and connectivity to analyze the impact of 5G technology on agricultural practices. Only descriptive analysis of demographic characteristics will be reported after the survey is conducted using a questionnaire through the What'sApp application. The research reveals significant gender imbalances in adoption rates, with implications for equitable access to technological advancements. It also highlights the influence of age and income on adoption patterns. The study underscores the importance of tailored strategies to ensure the adoption of inclusive 5G technology in the agricultural sector

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Demographic disparities in 5G technology adoption among paddy farmers in Kedah: a comprehensive study

( 2024-03)
Nurul Hazwani Abdul Hamid
;
Noormaizatul Akmar Ishak
;
Ahmad Tajudin Baharin
;
Evawaynie Valquis Md. Isa
;
Mohd Fisol Osman

This research aims to investigate the adoption of 5G technology within the agricultural sector, specifically among rice farmers in Kedah, Malaysia, and understand the demographic disparities in 5G adoption. It also addresses the challenge of equitable 5G technology adoption and explores how demographic factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and income levels influence adoption patterns. A mixed-methods approach, comprising surveys, interviews, and field observations, is employed to collect data from a diverse sample of farmers. The study utilizes theoretical frameworks related to automation, productivity, and connectivity to analyze the impact of 5G technology on agricultural practices. Only descriptive analysis of demographic characteristics will be reported after the survey is conducted using a questionnaire through the What'sApp application. The research reveals significant gender imbalances in adoption rates, with implications for equitable access to technological advancements. It also highlights the influence of age and income on adoption patterns. The study underscores the importance of tailored strategies to ensure the adoption of inclusive 5G technology in the agricultural sector.

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Design and Development of a Spring-Type Fixture for Manufacturing Efficiency

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Mohd Uzair Mohd Rosli
;
Muhammad Syamil Zakaria
;
Masniezam Ahmad
;
Muhammad Syafiq Bin Bahanuddin

The development and design of a spring-type fixture play a critical role in enhancing the precision and efficiency of manufacturing processes that require repetitive assembly or testing. This research focuses on the design, and fabrication of a spring-loaded fixture aimed at improving workpiece positioning, alignment, and clamping accuracy in various industrial applications. By integrating a spring mechanism, the fixture provides adaptive flexibility, enabling consistent pressure and secure holding, thereby minimizing operator-induced errors and increasing production throughput. The study presents a detailed analysis of the fixture's mechanical design, including the selection of materials, and dimensions while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Cutting simulations are conducted using MasterCAM software to assess toolpath accuracy and detect potential collisions, optimizing the fixture’s functionality. The results demonstrate that the spring-type fixture achieves significant improvements in repeatability and precision, particularly in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics. This design contributes to the advancement of fixture technology by offering a solution that enhances both operational consistency and efficiency in high-precision manufacturing environments.

1 18
Design and Development of Single-Handed Kitchenware for Individuals with Hand Disabilities

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Muhammad Ikman Ishak
;
Muhamad Ikhmal Alif Abdullah
;
Ahmad Ramli Rashidi
;
Shahidah Arina Shamsuddin
;
Normah Kassim
;
Wan Nur A'tiqah Wan Draman
;
Noor Diyana Dahlan

Traditional kitchen equipment often poses significant challenges and risks for individuals with hand disabilities or impairments, increasing the likelihood of burns, cuts, and other injuries during food preparation. For people with physical disabilities or injuries affecting one hand, performing routine cooking tasks can be difficult and time-consuming. The reliance on traditional two-handed kitchen tools limits their ability to cook independently. This study aimed to design and develop innovative single-handed kitchenware equipped with multiple meal preparation tools and ergonomic features to enhance the cooking experience for individuals with hand disabilities. A combination of primary and secondary data was gathered through observations, interviews, and a review of journal articles. The research process involved concept development, three-dimensional modeling and analysis, and usability testing. The results demonstrated that the proposed single-handed kitchenware, made from PLA material, effectively integrates essential features such as a peeler, grater, cutting board, stopping rods, and a storage compartment into a single unit. While the design shows promise in improving meal preparation processes, achieving cutting and peeling speeds that are 51% and 65% faster, respectively, compared to conventional tools, further refinements are recommended. For instance, improvements in the grating function could optimize its overall performance and usability, particularly for individuals with hand impairments.

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Design and fabrication of automatic temperature control for chicken shade

( 2024-03)
M.H.H. Asaad
;
Nur Lailina Makhtar
;
R. I. Ismail
;
Lee Yit Leng
;
Norawanis Abdul Razak
;
Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Draman

One of the most crucial sectors to explore in Malaysia are agriculture and poultry. Indeed, there is a strong correlation between agricultural growth and economic growth. The inconsistent weather in Malaysia will cause the temperature to increase and decrease, and this problem will affect the health of the chicken. Small-sector farmers cannot afford the high cost of installing and maintaining the temperature control system. Therefore, new effective technological approaches were required to continuously improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of major farming systems. An automatic temperature control system was designed to control the temperature in the chicken shade. This system was controlled by Arduino UNO, which was programmed using Arduino IDE software. The system started to operate when the sensor detected the temperature in the chicken shade above 28oC. The exhaust fan, pump, and water sprinkler are the main components in this system that control the temperature in the chicken shade. The system reduced the temperature in the chicken shade by 1oC to 3oC. The system also affects the rate of chicken growth. By lowering the temperature in the chicken shade, the rate of the chicken growth increases. The chicken starts to grow faster in week 3 at 5 weeks. Starting in week 3, the chicken in controlled room temperature was 46g heavier than the average chicken weight in a normal room. In week four, the average chicken weight in a controlled room was 116.25g heavier than in a normal room. In week six, the average weight of chicken in the controlled room was 884.5, while in normal room conditions, it was 732g. The initial bar graph and week six bar graph for both conditions show significant differences in the chicken's growth rate.

2 54
Design and Fabrication of Jig and Fixture for Panel Pin Assembly in Power Motor Side Mirror

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Vinoth Baskaran
;
Radhwan Hussin
;
Mohd Fidzwan Md Amin Hamzas

This research focuses on the design and fabrication of a jig and fixture to optimize the assembly process of panel pins for a car side mirror power motor. The current manual assembly method is inefficient, time-consuming, prone to frequent errors, and results in material wastage. To address these challenges, the study aims to develop a jig and fixture that enhances efficiency, reduces cycle time, and improves ergonomics. The methodology encompasses data collection, concept generation, CAD modeling using SolidWorks, and precision machining for prototype fabrication. Key analyses include time study, cost evaluation, and ergonomic assessment. The results reveal a significant 50.82% reduction in cycle time, from 4:04 minutes to 2:00 minutes, resulting in improved productivity and streamlined operations. Ergonomic analysis highlights enhanced operator posture and minimized physical strain, while cost analysis estimates the total fabrication cost at RM 156.26, emphasizing the design’s cost-effectiveness. This project successfully demonstrates the potential of jigs and fixtures to address manual assembly inefficiencies, improve manufacturing outcomes, and serve as a practical model for broader industrial applications.
Determining the Potential of Layered Banana Fibre Weave Patterns for Enhanced Blast Resistance in Bomb Blankets

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Abdul Rashid Othman
;
Ahmad Humaizi Hilmi
;
Asna Rasyidah Abdul Hamid
;
Siti Aisyah Azman

The banana fibre is part of research aimed at creating materials for weaving bomb blankets. To determine whether plain and intra-ply woven banana fibre designs are feasible and effective in enhancing blast resistance, the primary purpose of this research is to analyse the practicability and efficiency of these designs. The method begins with extracting banana fibres, followed by applying an alkali treatment to enhance the mechanical properties of the fibres, and finally concludes with weaving the fibres into plain and intra-ply patterns. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was utilized to analyse the surface morphology and assess any damage that occurred as a result of the blast. Based on the findings, it was shown that plain woven banana fibres demonstrated greater tensile strength (7.39 MPa) and energy absorption (11,772 J) compared to intra-ply woven patterns. The SEM analysis indicated that plain woven fibres had a lower number of surface flaws, highlighting their increased resistance to explosive forces. In conclusion, plain woven banana fibres have significant potential to serve as an alternative to synthetic materials for blast-resistant applications. This alternative is not only cost-effective but also environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is possible for them to meet standards in terms of both environmental sustainability and security.

6 43
Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Tensile Properties of Low Density Polyethylene/Bean Sprout Skin Composites

(Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2025-06-10)
Tan Soo Jin
;
Foo Kai Loong
;
Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim

This study the effect of alkaline treatment on the tensile properties of LDPE/BSS and LDPE/BSSNaOH composites at various loadings (5–25 phr). The composites were fabricated through a Z-blade mixer and compressed at the temperature of 160oC. The tensile strength increased with filler loading up to 15 phr but decreased at 20 phr due to filler agglomeration. Alkali treatment enhanced filler-matrix adhesion, resulting in higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus for LDPE/BSSNaOH composites. Elongation at break decreased with filler content, indicating improved stiffness but reduced ductility. The findings highlight the role of filler loading and surface treatment in optimizing mechanical performance, offering insights for developing high-performance, sustainable polymer composites.

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