Zarina Zakaria
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Preferred name
Zarina Zakaria
Official Name
Zarina, Zakaria
Alternative Name
Zakaria, Zarina
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Researcher ID
36459339400

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 18
  • Publication
    Protein extraction of Momordica Charantia seed assisted by ultrasound extraction
    (Springer, 2023)
    Muhamad Ikmal Sirozi
    ;
    Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Mohd Amin Zainal Abidin
    ;
    Norhidayah Abd Aziz
    ;
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    The Momordica charantia is a tropical and subtropical plant with high nutritional value that has been implemented in traditional folk medicine as an antifungal, antimutagenic, Anthelmintic, anticancer, antifertility, and antidiabetic agent. The seeds contain rich source of antifungal protein that can be explored to be used against various fungus disease. In this study, the antifungal protein was extracted by using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) via one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique with following the parameter sodium chloride, NaCl concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 M), solute ratio (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/mL) and extraction time (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min). After extraction, the extract was further centrifuged and assayed by standard Bradford method before analysing the protein content at 595 nm. The result shows the optimum conditions for protein content is 6.445 mg/mL achieved after treatment with 1.5 M NaCl, 1w;10v (g/mL) in 10 min with p-value < 0.01 from each of parameter. Results showed that Momordica charantia seed had desired protein source with optimal parameter and promising antifungal bioresources with prospective applications in food and other industries.
  • Publication
    Optimization of an ultrasound-assisted extraction method for phenolic content in Momordica Charantia seeds and its antifungal activity against Pleurotus Ostreatus Green Mold Pathogen
    (Springer, 2023-09)
    Norhidayah Abd Aziz
    ;
    Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Nur Umi Masjida Ahmad Fauzi
    ;
    Azlina Harun Kamaruddin
    ;
    Muhamad Ikmal Sirozi
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Amira Farzana Samat
    Phenolic compounds from fruits and plant parts showed several biological properties such as antifungal activity. This study reports the optimized conditions for total phenolic content (TPC) extraction from Momordica charantia seeds using ultrasound-assisted extraction and its antifungal activity against Pleurotus pulmonarius green mold (GM) pathogens. Using water as solvent, a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed involving three independent factors including liquid to solid ratio (LSR) (10:1–60:1), pH (3.0–9.0), and extraction time (2–8 min). ANOVA suggested only parameters of pH and LSR were significant to produce TPC yield of 166.7 mg GAE/g, at optimized conditions of pH9.0 and LSR 10:1. The antifungal activity of optimized momordica seed extract (MSE) was tested against P. pulmonarius GM pathogens; Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. MSE presented antifungal activities against all tested strains, in a dose and strain-dependent manner. The highest growth inhibition was achieved when using 2.5 ml of extract for both Trichoderma sp. and P. citrinum with 63.1% and 89.2% inhibition, respectively. Meanwhile, 3.5 ml of extract was needed to achieve 79% inhibition on A. flavus. Conclusively, the use of non-toxic green solvent such as water, assisted with ultrasound power, is useful to produce MSE with antifungal activities as an alternative approach to chemical fungicides for the protection of grey oyster mushroom from GM pathogen.
  • Publication
    The Optimization of Protease Enzyme Extraction from Streblus Asper (Kesinai)
    ( 2020-12-18)
    Seow Yen Yi
    ;
    Rozaini Abdullah
    ;
    Lee Yen Fong
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Huzairy Hassan
    ;
    Sharifah Zati Hanani Syed Zuber
    ;
    Mohd Ruslan, Mahfuz Affif
    Protease from Streblus asper (Kesinai) is an interesting rennet substitute and yet very few studies had been conducted so far. In the present study, the leaf extract of Kesinai had been discovered to investigate the ability of this milk coagulating enzyme. The development of the optimized conditions for enzyme extraction was analyzed by using Central Composite Design (CCD). The studied factors were ratio of sample to buffer, weight of sample (g) and homogenization time (min). It was found that a 30 g of S. asper leaves sample with the ratio of the sample to buffer of 1:1 and at a mixing rate of 2 minutes established the most desirable conditions for serine proteases extraction from the S. asper leaves sample.
      9  36
  • Publication
    Evaluation of various lignocellulosic biomass and cereal grains as potential spawn materials for wild Schizophyllum commune cultivation
    ( 2020-12-18)
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Sam Sung Ting
    ;
    Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria
    ;
    Norhidayah Abd Aziz
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Nurfatirah N.
    ;
    Azhar M.
    Rapid mycelium growth in spawn production and on growth substrate could suppress contamination, which is significant in mushroom industry. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of lignocellulosic biomass waste as new materials alternative to common cereal grains in producing spawn for wild S. commune cultivation on rice husk, paddy straw, and rubber wood sawdust. The fastest mycelium growth among lignocellulosic biomass was found on rice husk spawn (1.27 cm/day) and 1.98 cm/day for wheat grain. The shortest duration for substrate colonization for both lignocellulosic and grain spawn is on paddy straw, followed by rice husk, and rubber wood sawdust.
      3  44
  • Publication
    Morphological variability identification of Harumanis Mango (Mangifera indica L.) harvested from different location and tree age
    (Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2020-08)
    Siti Nur Arina Yusuf
    ;
    Ahmad Mukhlis Abdul Rahman
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Vijay Kumar Subbiah
    ;
    Maz Jamilah Masnan
    ;
    Zakaria Wahab
    Harumanis is one of the main signatures of Perlis with regards to its delightful taste, pleasant aroma and expensive price. Harumanis authenticity and productivity had become the remarks among the farmers, entrepreneurs, consumers and plant breeders due to the existence of morphological characteristics variation among the fruits and high production cost. Assessment of Harumanis morphological characteristics of natural population and different tree ages may represent a possible source of important characteristics for development and breeding purposes of Harumanis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphological variation of Harumanis collected from different location in Perlis and tree age. A total of 150 Harumanis fruits from 50 trees with three different stages of development (young, middle-aged and old) were characterised using 11 traits; 10 quantitative and one qualitative morphological trait. The ANOVA analyses in combination with Dunn’s pairwise and Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test able to point out the existence of environmental factor and age influence towards the significant different of identified morphological traits except for Total Soluble Solid (TSS) and pulp percentage. Five clusters of 50 Harumanis accessions reflect a grouping pattern which not according to neither geographical region nor age. The result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using the first two principal components (PCs) provided a good approximation of the data explaining 84.09% of the total variance which majorly contributed by parameters of weight, fruit dimensional characteristics, peel percentage and hue angle, h. Preliminary screening of important morphological characteristics which contribute to the phenotypic diversity of Harumanis is successfully achieved. The findings can be employed by the plant breeders and farmers for the establishment of standard grading of Harumanis and advancement of breeding crop of Harumanis in future.
      1  7
  • Publication
    Momordica charantia fruit mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
    ( 2015)
    Mst Kamrun Nahar
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Md Fazlul Bari
    The synthesis of nanoparticles (NP) is in the spotlight of modern nanotechnology. In recent years, the development of competent green chemistry methods for the synthesis of metal NPs has become the main focus of research. The biological synthesis of NPs using plant extract is currently under exploitation. For the first time, in this paper, we report the green synthesis of silver nan-oparticles (AgNPs) by reduction of silver nitrate, using fruit extracts of Momordica charantia Linn (bitter melon), a commonly found plant in southeast Asia. The reaction process for the synthesis of AgNPs is simple, cost-effective, novel, rapid and an eco-friendly route using the fruit extracts of M. charantia plant, which acts simultaneously as a reducing and tabilizing agent at room temperature. The formation of the AgNPs was confirmed by surface Plasmon spectra using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and an absorbance peak at 440 nm. To optimize the biosynthesis of AgNPs, the effect of the process variables such as contact time, silver ion concentration and fruit extract quantity were also investigated. The prepared NPs properties were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier trans-formed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and TEM analysis.
      4  26
  • Publication
    Evaluation of various lignocellulosic biomass and cereal grains as potential spawn materials for wild Schizophyllum commune cultivation
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Sam Teek Ling
    ;
    N Z I Zakaria
    ;
    Norhidayah Abd Aziz
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    N Nurfatirah
    ;
    M Azhar
    Rapid mycelium growth in spawn production and on growth substrate could suppress contamination, which is significant in mushroom industry. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of lignocellulosic biomass waste as new materials alternative to common cereal grains in producing spawn for wild S. commune cultivation on rice husk, paddy straw, and rubber wood sawdust. The fastest mycelium growth among lignocellulosic biomass was found on rice husk spawn (1.27 cm/day) and 1.98 cm/day for wheat grain. The shortest duration for substrate colonization for both lignocellulosic and grain spawn is on paddy straw, followed by rice husk, and rubber wood sawdust.
      6  20
  • Publication
    Influence of pH and temperature on in vitro mycelial growth performance of wild edible Schizophyllum commune of northern Malaysia
    (AIP Publishing, 2020)
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Sam Sung Ting
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    The mycelial growth performance of wild isolated Schizophyllum commune of Northern Malaysia on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) was first compared in order to be further used in the study. A total of 7 and 13 days was required by the mycelial to fully colonized MEA and PDA in the petri dish respectively. Hence MEA was selected in investigating mycelial growth rate at different pH (5 to 10) and different temperature (20, 25, 30, and 35?). Results showed that wild S. commune growth rate was the highest (10.91±0.37mm/day) on MEA at pH 6 with incubation temperature of 30?. Biomass dry weight, pellets diameter, and final pH in Malt Extract Broth (MEB) at different pH were examined under optimal growth temperature (30?) after 14 days of liquid state fermentation. High biomass dry weight was obtained from culture incubated at pH 5 (4.84g/L) and 6 (4.87g/L) and the longest pellet diameter was obtained at pH 6 (45.6mm). There were decrements in pH value observed after end of the liquid state fermentation. It was expected that the growth data gathered in the study can be utilized later to design optimal pH and temperature conditions for artificial cultivation of S. commune.
      36  10
  • Publication
    Role of carrier agent in spray drying method for stickiness prevention and suitability in Pleurotus pulmonarius liquid spawn application: a review
    (AIP Publishing, 2023)
    Nur Fatihah Amanda Nazwa
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Mohd Sharizan Md Sarip
    Spray drying (SD) is one of important technique mostly applied in the food industry and pharmaceuticals sector. However, an issue of stickiness during operation resulted in deposition of materials on the dryer surface that decreased product quality, frequent plant shutdowns, increased cleaning requirements, and safety hazards. Besides, application of spray drying in mushroom liquid cultures is limited hence requires further review. Low molecular weight sugars and organic acids with a low glass transition temperature are factors responsible for the sticky behavior. The common solution for this problem is by adding high molecular weight drying aids to raise the feed mixture’s glass transition temperature (Tg). Among drying aids, maltodextrin was found the most effective polymer with high Tg for helping the stickiness problem.
      19  3
  • Publication
    Effect of photodegradation on chemical characteristics and enzymatic digestibility of chicken feather keratin
    ( 2024-03-21)
    Aziz F.
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Syazwani Mahmad Puzi
    ;
    Huzairy Hassan
    The rapid development of poultry industry has correlated with increased production of keratin containing wastes that possessed complex morphology which difficult to degrade. UV irradiation pretreatment provide an initial stage of degradation before they are further degrade using fermentation process into ready to use protein. Untreated and treated with UV light chicken feathers morphology of fibers and cuticle cells were observed using SEM. A feather protein hydrolysate was produced by keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis under submerged fermentation. Keratinolytic kinetic is study using Michealis-Menten kinetics where Km value for treated chicken feathers with UV was 22.4591 M which is smaller compare to untreated chicken feathers, 42.3065 M. The smaller Km value shows tightly binding of keratinase and chicken feathers powder. Chicken feathers that were treated with UVC has the highest protein content about 3.19 mg/mL of protein while untreated chicken feathers only contains 2.29 mg/mL of protein.
      2  28