Zarina Zakaria
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Preferred name
Zarina Zakaria
Official Name
Zarina, Zakaria
Alternative Name
Zakaria, Zarina
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Researcher ID
36459339400

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  • Publication
    Evaluation of various lignocellulosic biomass and cereal grains as potential spawn materials for wild Schizophyllum commune cultivation
    ( 2020-12-18)
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Sam Sung Ting
    ;
    Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria
    ;
    Norhidayah Abd Aziz
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Nurfatirah N.
    ;
    Azhar M.
    Rapid mycelium growth in spawn production and on growth substrate could suppress contamination, which is significant in mushroom industry. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of lignocellulosic biomass waste as new materials alternative to common cereal grains in producing spawn for wild S. commune cultivation on rice husk, paddy straw, and rubber wood sawdust. The fastest mycelium growth among lignocellulosic biomass was found on rice husk spawn (1.27 cm/day) and 1.98 cm/day for wheat grain. The shortest duration for substrate colonization for both lignocellulosic and grain spawn is on paddy straw, followed by rice husk, and rubber wood sawdust.
  • Publication
    Spent Mushroom Medium Compost as a Soil Conditioner for the Initial Stage of Paddy Growth
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Siti Nazrah Zailani
    ;
    Ong J.J.
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Zabidi K.A.A.
    Spent mushroom medium (SMM) is one of the agricultural wastes that produce daily from the cultivation of mushroom and is usually disposed by burning or landfilling, which is a waste of biological resources. The composted SMM has the potential physico-chemical properties that can be utilized as organic soil conditioner to improve soil fertility in paddy field. Conventionally, paddy field is usually fertilized by granular urea (GU) as nitrogen (N) fertilizer. The excessive use of GU had caused several environmental problems such as soil acidification and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. To evaluate the feasibility of organic SMM compost used as soil conditioner in paddy field, analysis was carried out to measure the physico-chemical properties. Pot experiment has been conducted, and the paddy growth was evaluated after 21 days of plantation. The soil sample was applied with GU and SMM compost with the same N fertilizer rate. Soil properties were measured before and after treated with soil conditioner. The paddy growth was evaluated with plant height and root:shoot (R/S) ratio. From the result obtained, SMM compost improved both physical and chemical properties of paddy soil, significantly increased WHC and soil porosity that help reduce nitrate (NO3−) leaching and reduce NH3 volatilization. As a whole, the application of SMM compost was successfully improved the soil fertility and had the potential to replace GU as the soil conditioner, but further improvement in the management practices should be performed to achieve better plant growth.
  • Publication
    Influence of pH and temperature on in vitro mycelial growth performance of wild edible Schizophyllum commune of northern Malaysia
    (AIP Publishing, 2020)
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Sam Sung Ting
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    The mycelial growth performance of wild isolated Schizophyllum commune of Northern Malaysia on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) was first compared in order to be further used in the study. A total of 7 and 13 days was required by the mycelial to fully colonized MEA and PDA in the petri dish respectively. Hence MEA was selected in investigating mycelial growth rate at different pH (5 to 10) and different temperature (20, 25, 30, and 35?). Results showed that wild S. commune growth rate was the highest (10.91±0.37mm/day) on MEA at pH 6 with incubation temperature of 30?. Biomass dry weight, pellets diameter, and final pH in Malt Extract Broth (MEB) at different pH were examined under optimal growth temperature (30?) after 14 days of liquid state fermentation. High biomass dry weight was obtained from culture incubated at pH 5 (4.84g/L) and 6 (4.87g/L) and the longest pellet diameter was obtained at pH 6 (45.6mm). There were decrements in pH value observed after end of the liquid state fermentation. It was expected that the growth data gathered in the study can be utilized later to design optimal pH and temperature conditions for artificial cultivation of S. commune.
  • Publication
    Evaluation of various lignocellulosic biomass and cereal grains as potential spawn materials for wild Schizophyllum commune cultivation
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan
    ;
    Sam Teek Ling
    ;
    N Z I Zakaria
    ;
    Norhidayah Abd Aziz
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    N Nurfatirah
    ;
    M Azhar
    Rapid mycelium growth in spawn production and on growth substrate could suppress contamination, which is significant in mushroom industry. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of lignocellulosic biomass waste as new materials alternative to common cereal grains in producing spawn for wild S. commune cultivation on rice husk, paddy straw, and rubber wood sawdust. The fastest mycelium growth among lignocellulosic biomass was found on rice husk spawn (1.27 cm/day) and 1.98 cm/day for wheat grain. The shortest duration for substrate colonization for both lignocellulosic and grain spawn is on paddy straw, followed by rice husk, and rubber wood sawdust.
  • Publication
    Role of carrier agent in spray drying method for stickiness prevention and suitability in Pleurotus pulmonarius liquid spawn application: a review
    (AIP Publishing, 2023)
    Nur Fatihah Amanda Nazwa
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Mohd Sharizan Md Sarip
    Spray drying (SD) is one of important technique mostly applied in the food industry and pharmaceuticals sector. However, an issue of stickiness during operation resulted in deposition of materials on the dryer surface that decreased product quality, frequent plant shutdowns, increased cleaning requirements, and safety hazards. Besides, application of spray drying in mushroom liquid cultures is limited hence requires further review. Low molecular weight sugars and organic acids with a low glass transition temperature are factors responsible for the sticky behavior. The common solution for this problem is by adding high molecular weight drying aids to raise the feed mixture’s glass transition temperature (Tg). Among drying aids, maltodextrin was found the most effective polymer with high Tg for helping the stickiness problem.
  • Publication
    Soil Macrofauna abundance in the intercropping of Mangifera Indica with aromatic plants
    ( 2023-12)
    Iqbal Usamah
    ;
    Lee Yit Leng
    ;
    Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Norawanis Abdul Razak
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Ras Izzati Ismail
    ;
    Nur Lailina Makhtar
    Soil macrofauna such as earthworms, beetles, ants, and centipedes are an important aspect of soil health as they help in the breakdown of plant residue to provide natural resources such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into the soil. Monocropping practice uses heavy machinery, pesticides, and herbicides to maintain farm productivity, which negatively impacts soil macrofauna abundance. Thus, intercropping is a sustainable practice for farmers to maintain soil health with the minimal use of external input, which can do more harm to the soil ecosystem over a long period of time. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of intercropping mango with pandan and lemongrass on soil macrofauna density compared to mango monocrop. The field experiment consisted of mango, mango-pandan intercrops, and mango-lemongrass intercrops. Soil macrofauna was assessed using the tropical soil biology and fertility (TSBF) monolith method. The result showed that intercropping of mango-lemongrass and mango-pandan had higher soil macrofauna density compared with mango monocrop due to the presence of intercrops providing more natural resources and a better soil environment for soil macrofauna to grow and reproduce. However, further long-term research is needed to reinforce these findings.
      10  12
  • Publication
    Effect of photodegradation on chemical characteristics and enzymatic digestibility of chicken feather keratin
    ( 2024-03-21)
    Aziz F.
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Syazwani Mahmad Puzi
    ;
    Huzairy Hassan
    The rapid development of poultry industry has correlated with increased production of keratin containing wastes that possessed complex morphology which difficult to degrade. UV irradiation pretreatment provide an initial stage of degradation before they are further degrade using fermentation process into ready to use protein. Untreated and treated with UV light chicken feathers morphology of fibers and cuticle cells were observed using SEM. A feather protein hydrolysate was produced by keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis under submerged fermentation. Keratinolytic kinetic is study using Michealis-Menten kinetics where Km value for treated chicken feathers with UV was 22.4591 M which is smaller compare to untreated chicken feathers, 42.3065 M. The smaller Km value shows tightly binding of keratinase and chicken feathers powder. Chicken feathers that were treated with UVC has the highest protein content about 3.19 mg/mL of protein while untreated chicken feathers only contains 2.29 mg/mL of protein.
      1
  • Publication
    Momordica charantia fruit mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
    ( 2015)
    Mst Kamrun Nahar
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Md Fazlul Bari
    The synthesis of nanoparticles (NP) is in the spotlight of modern nanotechnology. In recent years, the development of competent green chemistry methods for the synthesis of metal NPs has become the main focus of research. The biological synthesis of NPs using plant extract is currently under exploitation. For the first time, in this paper, we report the green synthesis of silver nan-oparticles (AgNPs) by reduction of silver nitrate, using fruit extracts of Momordica charantia Linn (bitter melon), a commonly found plant in southeast Asia. The reaction process for the synthesis of AgNPs is simple, cost-effective, novel, rapid and an eco-friendly route using the fruit extracts of M. charantia plant, which acts simultaneously as a reducing and tabilizing agent at room temperature. The formation of the AgNPs was confirmed by surface Plasmon spectra using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and an absorbance peak at 440 nm. To optimize the biosynthesis of AgNPs, the effect of the process variables such as contact time, silver ion concentration and fruit extract quantity were also investigated. The prepared NPs properties were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier trans-formed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and TEM analysis.
      8  10
  • Publication
    Chloroplast DNA sequence of trnR-N and trnL-F regions in Harumanis mango from different orchards in Perlis, Malaysia
    (IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020)
    Ahmad Mukhlis Abdul Rahman
    ;
    SFM Sabri
    ;
    Yusuf, Arbai
    ;
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    SV Kumar
    Harumanis is a premium mango cultivar widely known for its sweet taste, aroma and vibrant flesh colour. To date, the genetic identification of this mango based on multiple conserved DNA region using samples from different orchards has never been reported. The aim of this research is to identify the genetic signature of Harumanis mango at molecular level by analyzing chloroplast DNA sequences of the trnL-F and trnR-N regions. DNA samples were extracted from a total of 15 Harumanis samples collected from five selected orchards using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. The extracted DNA and the PCR-amplified products were analyzed through gel electrophoresis and were then subjected to DNA Sequencing and in silico analysis. The obtained sequences were compared with the sequences available in the GeneBank. BLAST search for both the trnR-N and trnL-F regions confirmed that all the 15 samples belong to Mangifera indica with a 99% sequence identity. In addition, the trnL-F sequences were 99% identical to a number of specific mango cultivars such as, Tommy and Arunika. However, the trnR-N sequences were less informative as it gave hits to only two mango accessions (e.g. Mangifera indica voucher PDBK 2014-0249). It is postulated that the plastid trnR-N may be a potential candidate region for the development of the Harumanis genetic signature. The results may be used to complement other molecular data for the development of a genetic barcode for Harumanis.
      1  3
  • Publication
    Introductory biochemistry for engineering and technology
    ( 2015)
    Zarina Zakaria
    ;
    Harbant Singh
    The textbook ‘Introductory Biochemistry for Engineering and Technology’ introduces to the students the basic concepts of chemistry viewed from the perspective of biology. It focuses on the engineering and technical point of view since this science has a broad spectrum coverage stretching across medical, industrial, agricultural, and other disciplines of science. The salient features in the text include cell evolution, water as a universal solvent, bio-molecules consisting of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins, nucleic acids, generic information as well as different metabolic pathways involved in daily life. This book is considered simple yet able to provide theoretical and applied knowledge in biochemistry and students will find the book user-friendly.
      1  154