UniMAP RIS :: Browsing International Journal of Biomass Utilization and Sustainable Energy (IJBUSE) by Issue Date

An improved classification of Orthosiphon stamineus using a data fusion technique is presented. Five different commercial sources along with freshly prepared samples were discriminated using an electronic nose (e-nose) and an electronic tongue (e-tongue). Samples from the different commercial brands were evaluated by the e-tongue and then followed by the e-nose. Applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) separately on the respective e-tongue and e-nose data, only five distinct groups were projected. However, by employing a low level data fusion technique, six distinct groupings were achieved. Hence, this technique can enhance the ability of PCA to analyze the complex samples of Orthosiphon stamineus. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was then used to further validate and classify the samples. It was found that the LDA performance was also improved when the responses from the e-nose and e-tongue were fused together. © 2010 by the authors.

Publication

Epoxy layered-silicates filled with fly ash based geopolymer: Compressive properties

( 2015-01-01)

Daud Y.M.

;

Kamarudin H.

;

Ruzaidi C.M.

;

Osman A.F.

;

Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

The effect of fly ash based geopolymer in epoxy layered silicates nanocomposites was studied using a compressive test. A series of nanocomposites with fly ash based geopolymer 1-7phr content was prepared. Qualitative evaluation of the three-dimensional shape of a fly ash based geopolymer surface and the origin was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the addition of fly ash at the beginning with lower content are showing lower compressive strength than nanocomposites without fly ash filled. However, compressive properties suddenly increased at 3phr of fly ash geopolymer content compared to nanocomposites without fly ash. This indicated the blending of fly ash geopolymer in nanocomposites system have the ability for further studies.

Publication

Random subspace oracle (RSO) ensemble to solve small sample-sized classification problems

( 2019-01-01)

Ooi B.P.

;

Abdul Rahim N.

;

Zakaria A.

;

Masnan M.J.

;

Abdul Shukor S.A.

Under certain situations, researchers were forced to work with small sample-sized (SSS) data. With very limited sample size, SSS data have the tendency to undertrain a machine learning algorithm and rendered it ineffective. Some extreme cases in SSS problems will have to deal with large feature-To-instance ratio, where the high number of features compared to small number of instances will overfit the classification algorithm. This paper intends to solve small sample-sized classification problems through hybrid of random subspace method and random linear oracle ensemble by utilizing binary feature subspace splitting and oracle selection scheme. Experimental results on artificial data indicate the proposed algorithm can outperform single decision tree and linear discriminant classifiers in small sample-sized data, but its performance is identical to k-nearest neighbor classifier due to both shared similar selection approach. Results from real-world medical data indicate the proposed method has better classification performance than its corresponding single base classifier especially in the case of decision tree.

Publication

Erratum: Reconstruction of medical images using artificial bee colony algorithm (Mathematical Problems in Engineering (2018) 2018 (8024762) DOI: 10.1155/2018/8024762)

( 2020-01-01)

Rusdi N.A.

;

Yahya Z.R.

;

Roslan N.

;

Wan Muhamad W.Z.A.

In the article titled “Reconstruction of Medical Images Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm” [1], the Acknowledgments section should be corrected as follows. $is study was fully supported by Research Development Grant Scheme (RAGS) (Ref: RAGS/1/2015/SG0/UNIMAP/ 03/2) and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (Ref: FRGS/1/2017/STG06/UNIMAP/03/2.

Publication

Study of gauss–newton and total variation image reconstruction approach in imaging the phantom in concrete using electrical resistance tomography

( 2020-01-01)

Ang V.

;

Rahiman M.H.F.

;

Rahim R.A.

This paper is to evaluate different imaging method to reconstruct the image of phantom located in a concrete medium. This research uses three types of image reconstruction technique such as NOSER prior, Laplace prior and Total Variation (TV) to image the different numbers and sizes of steel in concrete. The reconstructed images undergo image quality assessment using Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM) to evaluate the similarity compared to the reference image. The TV algorithm is found most superior after comparing with all the cases stated to reconstruct the better image for Electrical Resistance Tomography system in concrete structure application.

Publication

Influence of Twin Tunnel Depth in Numerical Ground Movement Prediction Using Mohr Coulomb and Hardening Soil Model

( 2020-01-01)

Govindasamy D.

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Ismail M.A.M.

;

Zaki M.F.M.

In urban area tunnel construction growing rapidly due to urbanization and increase in population rate. Tunnels are excavated at different depths from ground surface, but this will cause ground settlement in the excavation area which impact the surrounding structures. This paper is focused on effects of the surface ground movement prediction using numerical approach at various depth with Mohr Coulomb (MC) model and Hardening Soil (HS) model. Kenny Hill Formation used as the study area particularly chainage NB 1960. In this paper, the shape and pattern of the ground movement that obtained from simulation in PLAXIS 2D using MC model was compared with HS model output. Various tunnel depth location was used in the analysis such as real site condition tunnel depth and the relationship of 1d, 2d, 3d and 4d where d is the diameter of the tunnel. From this study, it can be seen that when tunnel depth increases the surface settlement decreases for both MC and HS model. But, the MC model’s ground surface settlements were undoubtedly lower than HS model.

Publication

Friction Stir Welding on AA5083 Tee Joint in 1F Position

( 2020-01-01)

Ismail A.

;

Awang M.

;

Zuhir M.S.M.

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Rahman F.A.

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Baharudin B.A.

;

Puteri Zarina M.K.

;

Hamid D.A.

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Rojan M.A.

;

Dahalan W.M.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a recent technique that exploits a non-consumable rotating welding tool to generate frictional heat and plastic deformation at the welding location. The principal advantages of FSW, being a solid-state process, are low distortion, absence of melt-related defects and high joint strength, even in those alloys that are considered non-weldable by conventional techniques. Hard materials such as steel and other important engineering alloys can now be welded efficiently using this process. The understanding has been useful in reducing defects and improving uniformity of weld properties and expanding the applicability of FSW to new engineering alloys. This project focuses mainly on the experimental study of FSW on AA5083 T-joint in 1F position. This study investigates the jig fixture and tool pin design with effects of pin rotation speed on the macrostructure of the joint. The present work deals with an experimental campaign aiming on FSW on aluminium alloy 5083 T-joint. Tool pins are fabricated using material high tensile steel H13 with angle shoulder with heat treatment process for surface-hardened tools.

Publication

Properties of carbon nanotubes-calcium carbonate hybrid filled epoxy composites

( 2020-01-01)

Md Saleh S.S.

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Suhaimi S.M.

;

Md Akil H.

;

Mohammad N.F.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a great potential to be used as filler to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer composites due to excellent properties. However, CNTs have limitation of difficult to disperse in polymer matrix. The hybridization of CNTs and inorganic fillers can improve the dispersion and combine their properties in polymer composites. In the present work, the properties of the epoxy composites filled with carbon nanotube-calcium carbonate (CNTs-CaCO3) hybrid, at various filler loading (i.e., 1-5 wt.%) were studied. The CNTs-CaCO3 hybrid fillers were prepared by physically mixing (PHY) method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The tensile properties and hardness of both composites were investigated at different weight percentages of filler loading. The CNTs-CaCO3 CVD hybrid composites showed higher tensile strength and hardness than the CNTs-CaCO3 PHY hybrid composites. This increase was associated with the homogenous dispersion of CNT–CaCO3 particle filler. The morphological studies of fracture surfaces after tensile test by means of SEM showed homogenous dispersion of CNTs-calcium carbonate CVD hybrid in epoxy matrix. The result shows that the CNTs-calcium carbonate CVD hybrid composites are capable in increasing tensile strength by up to 116.4%, giving a tensile modulus of 40.3%, and hardness value of 39.2% as compared to a pure epoxy.

Publication

Flexible RFID Tag Antenna Design

( 2020-01-01)

Wee F.H.

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Abdul Malek M.F.

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Yew B.S.

;

Lee Y.S.

;

Ibrahim S.Z.

;

Rahim H.A.

This research is to design a radio frequency identification (RFID) high sensitivity tag antenna which operates at UHF frequency band (919–923 MHz). The major problem in designing the tag antenna is that it needs to be designed for long-range transmission with a miniaturized size. However, reducing the size of the tag antenna can cause the gain to be decreased. Another challenge in designing RFID passive tag is to ensure no huge change occurs on the resonant frequency when the tag antenna is being bent. This research had provided two methods in overcoming those problems that include the construction of a meander line structure to reduce the antenna size that can be applied to a small device. In addition, flexible substrate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had been chosen for tag antenna. Thus, the expected result shows high gain (1.55 dB) with a small size of flexible tag antenna.

Publication

Development of a machine vision system for rice seed inspection system

( 2020-01-01)

Ruslan R.

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Khairunniza-Bejo S.

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Rukunudin I.H.

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Jahari M.

;

Ibrahim M.F.

Rice seed production in Malaysia is greatly dependent on the purity of the cultivated paddy seed produced through the government certified paddy seed program. The seeds to be marketed by the seed processors must undergo quality control protocol where the seed lots are sampled from the seed farms and seed processing plants for purity analysis by the enforcing agency at the Seed Testing Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture (DoA). The current inspection conducted by the laboratory is based on a manual process, which is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, a prototype (Patent ID: PI2018500018) of a machine vision-based rice seed inspection system (RiSe-IViS) was developed to explore the possibility of replacing the existing manual method in distinguishing the weedy rice and cultivated rice seeds under the Standard Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia (SJPM) standard protocol with a modern, effective and efficient technique using an image processing approach. The developed RiSe-IViS prototype consists of two parts i) hardware configuration and ii) software development. This paper discussed the criteria to be established, challenges and limitation encountered in developing the hardware prototype involving the image acquisition setup, lighting configuration and seed plate design. The importance of each criterion to ensure its reproducibility are also discussed. A software programme was developed to assist the user for image acquisition and analysis. The image processing steps undertaken in the programme are also discussed. The RiSe-IViS is expected to classify major rice seed varieties available in Malaysia against the weedy rice variants with superior accuracy.

Publication

Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of euphorbia hirta leaves crude extract

( 2020-01-01)

Gunny A.A.N.

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Carmen T.

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Mat M.H.C.

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Nordin A.A.

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Nasir A.M.

Today, exposure to free radicals and gout cases have been a concern, showing several health effects from synthetic medications and clinical drugs for antioxidant effect and xanthine oxidase inhibition effect, respectively; all of which lead to the discovery of natural inhibitors from medicinal plants. In this study, a green solvent known as the deep eutectic solvent is synthesised to replace conventional solvents for the extraction of free radical inhibitors and xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a medicinal plant that has shown many health benefits and is widely used in traditional medicine, the Euphorbia hirta. The leaves extract from Euphorbia hirta showed the highest inhibition (87.95 ± 0.0061%) on free radical assays. The IC50 for free radical inhibition of the leaves extract is 10.56 ± 0.58 µg/mL. The IC50 value for xanthine oxidase inhibition of allopurinol was the lowest, which was at 6.94 ± 0.32 µg/mL; while the leaves extract of Euphorbia hirta exhibited value at 9.40 ± 0.13 µg/mL. The correlation value between the antioxidant effect and the xanthine oxidase inhibition of the leaves extract was 0.960, which indicated that there is a strong relationship between the two said parameters. From the Lineweaver-Burk plot and solver function analysis, the mode of enzyme inhibition was a non-competitive inhibition.

Publication

Qualitative root cause assessment approach to quantify the impact of flowline internal coating disbondment

( 2020-01-01)

Lai H.L.

;

Zakaria M.H.

;

Ho H.

Objective and Scope (25-74 words): During High Speed Flushing (HSF) of two water injection flowlines (WIFL) located at offshore Sabah, Malaysia at water speed of 3.0m/s, internal Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) coating flakes were observed being ejected from end of flowline by ROV. There were concerns that the dis-bonded FBE flakes would block the wells during operation causing a reduction in the water injection performance. The objective of this qualitative root cause analysis is to determine the likelihood of further internal FBE coating disbondment during operation and assess whether the water injection flowlines internal FBE coating failure is localize or systemic. Systemic failure is defined as the location of the internal FBE coating disbondment has no specific pattern and is randomly distributed throughout the entire flowlines. Localize failure is defined as the failure pattern is discernible and limited to a few specific linepipe along the flowlines. Methods and procedures, process (75-100 words): The qualitative roots cause assessment of the internal FBE coating disbondment consists of the following work streams: i. Review of Shell Group past experience with internal FBE coated WIFL; ii. Review of Internal and external FBE Coating Manufacturing Record; iii. PLET's main piping video inspection; iv. Flowline in-line visual inspection; v. Laboratory testing on failed FBE flakes and internally FBE coated spare linepipe. Results, observations, conclusions (100-200 words): In conclusion, there is no evidence to suggest that the FBE disbondment in the water injection flowlines was a systemic failure or that further application of flow would cause more coating to detach from the flowlines. It is deemed that the internal FBE disbondment is high likely localized based on the following observations: • The total area of dislodged FBE coating from both the WIFLs is equivalent to approximately 30% of the internal FBE coated area of a single 12m long linepipe. • No indication that there were issues with the coating application process in factory. • The internal FBE coating application in the coating plant is a fully automated and continuous process. • Based on a review of the FBE coating manufacturing record, there is no evidence indicates that the linepipe internal FBE coating disbondment is due to external localized overheating during external FBE application. New/novel information (25-75 words): The water injection flowlines had started its operation since September 2015 and the wells performance is closely monitored by WRFM team. To date there is no decline in water injectivity being observed or reported for all water injection wells. Hence, the qualitative root cause analysis approach employed by the project team is deemed a workable analysis method in concluding the water injection flowlines internal FBE coating failure is localize and low likelihood of further disbondment during operation.

Publication

Grid connected microgrid with power offset synchronization using c2000 processor

( 2020-01-01)

Syahril M.

;

Roslan M.A.

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Ismail B.

;

Sengodan T.

Droop based technique are common in inverter based microgrid implementation since no communication lines are required. However, the technique gives poor and non-flexible PQ power sharing performances. The proposed microgrid structure implements a microgrid central controller which communicates with the inverters using a low bandwidth communication to provide PQ power references. This paper presents the implementation of the proposed microgrid control, communication and synchronization using c2000 processor in Matlab Simulink.

Publication

Chitosan/polyethylene oxide (Peo) filled carbonized wood fiber conductive composite film

( 2020-01-01)

Hanif M.P.M.

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Jalilah A.J.

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Anisah M.F.H.

;

Tilagavathy A.

Biopolymer-based conductive polymer composites (CPCs) would open up various possibilities in biomedical applications owing to ease of processing, renewable resource and environmentally friendly. However, low mechanical properties are a major issue for their applications. In this study, the investigated the conductivity of chitosan/ PEO blend films filled with carbonized wood fiber (CWF) prepared by solution casting. The effect of CWF was also investigated on tensile properties and their morphological surfaces. The tensile results from different ratios of chitosan/PEO blend films without CWF show that the tensile strength and modulus increased with the increase of chitosan content and chitosan/PEO blend film with 70/30 ratio exhibited the best combination of tensile strength and flexibility. However, a reduction of tensile strength was observed when CWF amount was increased while the modulus of the tensile shows an increment. The film also exhibited higher electrical conductivity as compared to low chitosan ratio. The addition of CWF greatly enhanced the conductivity three-fold from 10-10 to 10-6 S/cm. The electrical conductivity continued to increase with the increase of CWF up to 30 wt%. The surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) exhibits the absence of phase separation for the blends indicating good miscibility between the PEO and chitosan. Incorporation of CWF into the blend films at 5 wt% showed agglomeration. However, the increase of CWF created larger agglomerations that formed conductive pathways resulting in improved conductivity. FTIR analysis suggested that intermolecular interactions occurred between chitosan and PEO while CWF interacts more with the protons of PEO.

Publication

The impact of healthcare expenditure and healthcare sector growth on CO2 emission using dynamic panel data system GMM estimation model during COVID 19 crisis

( 2020-01-01)

Samah I.H.A.

;

Rashid I.M.A.

;

Husain W.A.F.W.

;

Ibrahim S.

;

Hamzah H.

;

Amlus M.H.

As huge consumers of water and energy, healthcare sector have a significant environmental impact. The healthcare sector is accountable for answering countless the most dangerous effects of climate change and pollution, deadly environmental emissions and other greenhouse gases itself. This study aims to observe empirically the effect of healthcare expenditure and heath sectors growth on CO2 during Covid 19 outbreak in Malaysia. As the world has awakened to the potential risks of Covid 19, there has been a massive effort to add capacity to the healthcare system rapidly. In Malaysia, apart from stressing the need for the public to strictly adhere to the Movement Control Order (MCO), the government an immediate boost in funding for healthcare services through initial stage fiscal policy response to Covid 19 outbreak. This research used Dynamic Panel Data Model also known as longitudinal study. This study explained Dynamic Panel Data System GMM Estimation model is fitting to interpret the outcome, indicate healthcare expenditure and healthcare growth on Covid-19, inflation rate and unemployment rate have significant relationship with CO2 emission. Empirical findings suggest that CO2 emissions policies reforms are required to channelize healthcare sector growth to a more government spending resulting from fiscal policy designed by the government of Malaysia. The regulators of other countries should pull out CO2 emissions policies to achieve sustainable economic growth and health sector growth development. The results provide important information to allow comparisons of the health-care sector with other economic sectors in Malaysia and the global healthcare sector in terms of CO2 emission. In particular, the results are intended to contribute to the understanding of the CO2 emission of national healthcare systems so that policymakers, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, can develop relevant CO2 emissions mitigation policies.

Publication

Rethinking tourism impact and development on local community in Perlis, Malaysia

( 2020-01-01)

Abd Rashid I.M.

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Mohd.yusof A.

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Abu Samah I.H.

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Wan Husain W.A.F.

;

Shafiai S.

;

Amlus M.H.

Tourism sector performance contributes to a large part of the Malaysian service economy (The World Factbook, 2013). In 2016, Malaysia faced an economic crisis, and it affects tourism sectors. Moreover, data from the Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Culture (MOTAC) have shown that the number of tourists is decreasing at 1.5% in March 2016. This scenario has become a severe issue for the government because the Tourism Sector is one of the government’s important agenda in the NKEAs through National Ecotourism Plan. According to the MOTAC (2013), the nation's tourism sector is now the sixth-largest contributor to the national economy in 2014. However, inappropriate tourism development can lead to adverse social impacts. This research attempts to investigate the social impacts of tourism development on the local community in Perlis, Malaysia. Intends to develop and enhance its tourism sector to attract tourists to make the state as a stopover location. Even though Perlis records about 2.5 million tourists annually, most of them only pass through the state to continue their journey to Langkawi, Kuala Lumpur or Singapore. Nevertheless, studies are still lacking, particularly those specifically investigating the perception of local residents towards tourism development. The perception of the locals is important since it could determine the extent of their support for tourism development. Findings reveal that the residents understand the tourism sector could strengthen the national economy, but they also want natural resources to be protected.

Publication

Drying performance evaluation of a commercial batch mixed-flow seed drying system

( 2020-01-01)

Azmi M.Z.

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Rukunudin I.H.

;

Ismail H.A.

;

Aznan A.I.

Information on the performance of commercial grain dryers in Malaysia especially for paddy seed drying in terms of published reports are still lacking. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the performance of a commercial, mixed-flow, batch type grain dryer at Loji Pemprosesan Benih Padi Sah (A) Telok Chengai, Kedah. Five type of performance indices under three different fan configurations were studied, namely drying efficiency (DE), heat utilization factor (HUF), effective heat efficiency (EHE), coefficient of performance (COP) and specific energy consumption (SEC). From the results obtained, the average values for the performance indices for the seed dryer measured as DE. HUF, EHE and COP were found to range between 0.521 to 0.596, 0.695 to 0.708, 0.477 to 0.515 and 0.292 to 0.305 respectively. Depending on the fan's configurations, the SEC values registered by the dryer ranged between 5.677 to 6.896 MJ/kg water removed. This study also showed that different performance indices are suited for different conditions of the drying. As for an instance, HUF, EHE and COP are more suited for in-field drying evaluation while DE is more suited for a comprehensive evaluation of a dryer. SEC, on the other hand provides the most comprehensible results among the methods.

Publication

Nanofluid stagnation-point flow using Tiwari and Das model over a stretching/shrinking sheet with suction and slip effects

( 2020-01-01)

Yashkun U.

;

Zaimi K.

;

Bakar N.A.A.

;

Ferdows M.

In this paper, we considered the stagnation point flow and heat transfer of nanofluid over the stretching/shrinking surface by utilizing of Tiwari and Das nanofluid model. Additionally, the impact of suction and the first order slip likewise have been taken into the account. The system of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) is changed into the system of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by means of similarity transformation. The resultant ODEs are solved by using BVP solver (bvp4c) in MATLAB software. The impact of some physical parameters, for example the suction parameter and the slip parameter on the skin friction coefficients and the local Nusselt number as well as the temperature and velocity profiles have been investigated, tabulated and graphically presented. These profiles and variations demonstrate that there exist dual solutions for a specific range of the stretching/shrinking parameter. Both suction and slip effects has enhance the local Nusselt number which represent heat transfer rate at the surface. It is also found that inclusion of both suction and slip effects expands the range of the dual solutions exist. The existence of the dual solutions only occurs in in the shrinking region. The flow separation in the boundary layer delay due to suction and slip effects imposed in the boundary condition.

Publication

Unsteady three-dimensional free convection flow near the stagnation point over a general curved isothermal surface in a nanofluid

( 2020-01-01)

Saidin N.A.

;

Admon M.A.

;

Zaimi K.

This study deals with an unsteady three-dimensional free convection flow near the stagnation point region over a general curved isothermal surface placed in a nanofluid. Nanofluids are great scientific interest because these new thermal transport phenomena surpass the fundamental limits of conventional macroscopic theories of suspensions. Since the heat and mass transfer are very extensive in the industry, the unsteady three-dimensional body near stagnation point can give a significant impact on the heat transfer process. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of some governing parameters on the skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt and local sheerwood numbers as well as related profiles of unsteady free convection in a nanofluid. The momentum equations in x-and y-directions, energy balance equation, and nanoparticle concentration equation are reduced to a set of four fully-coupled nonlinear differential equations under appropriate similarity transformations. The well-known technique Keller-box method is used numerically for different values of governing parameters entering these equations. Further, the present results have been compared with the previous published results for a particular case and the comparisons are found to be in good agreement. The skin friction, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number is increases with an increase in curvature parameter. Rising values of the Lewis number and Brownian motion parameter has enhanced the flow while rising values of the buoyancy and thermophoresis parameter will decelerate the flow. The temperature profile is increases when Brownian motion, buoyancy and thermophoresis parameter increases and concentration profile increase with an increases in buoyancy and thermophoresis parameter.

Publication

Dissipative-radiative micropolar fluid transport in a non-darcy porous medium with cross-diffusion effects

( 2020-01-01)

Ferdows M.

;

Shamshuddin M.D.

;

Zaimi K.

In this work, the micropolar fluid flow and heat and mass transfer past a horizontal stretching sheet through a porous medium are studied including the Soret-Dufour effect in the presence of viscous dissipation. A uniform magnetic field is applied transversely to the direction of the flow. The governing differential equations of the problem are transformed into a system of non-dimensional differential equations which are solved numerically by Nachtsheim-Swigert iteration technique along with the sixth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. The velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration profiles are presented for different parameters and interpreted at length. Results show that with an increase in vortex viscosity ratio parameter, suction parameter and radiation parameter, velocity is decreased whereas it increases with the increase of magnetic parameter, Darcy number and Eckert number. Angular velocity significantly elevated by increasing the suction parameter, surface nonlinearity parameter and magnetic parameter. Temperature gradient escalate with the increase of magnetic parameter and Dufour number, while a reverse trend is observed in case of increase of Darcy number, Eckert number and Soret number. Concentration gradient putrefies with Schmidt number and Dufour number. However, concentration grows with Soret number. The present problem finds significant applications in hydromagnetic control of conducting polymeric sheets and magnetic materials processing.

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