This research investigates the effects of torrefaction on the characteristics of solid fuel made from palm kernel seed (PKS). The torrefaction process was conducted on raw PKS to improve its energy density and combustion efficiency. Torrefaction was carried out at 400°C at different durations (30, 40, and 50 minutes), with the goal of improving the energy density and combustion efficiency of raw PKS. The torrefied PKS was then ground and sieved into particle sizes of 150μm and 300μm. After being blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE), the torrefied PKS was compacted using hot press machine into solid fuel and tested for its physicochemical properties. The results indicated that PKS torrefied for 50 minutes with particle size of 300 μm exhibited optimal characteristics, with a high heating value (HHV) of 23.22 MJ/kg. The particle size plays a role, with finer particles (150μm) having lower HHV values compared to coarser particles (300μm). Additionally, the inclusion of HDPE affected the properties of the solid fuel. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy provided insights into its structural features.
