International Journal of Biomass Utilization and Sustainable Energy (IJBUSE)
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The International Journal of Biomass Utilization and Sustainable Energy (IJBUSE) aim is to engage and disseminate knowledge in all the related areas of utilization of biomass, waste to wealth conversion, bioenergy, biotransformations and bioresource systems analysis, and technologies associated with conversion or production. For Bioenergy Processes, fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes are also discussed. Types of papers published are: Full-length original research papers; Short communications; Review articles; Letters to the Editor.
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PublicationAsam gelugur-based carbon aerogels for highly recyclable oils adsorption( 2023-07)Rapid development of the oil industries and improper oil management caused a huge amount of oil pollutant released into the water environment. Oil pollutant is toxic and may harm aquatic biodiversity. The present work highlights the facile preparation of carbon aerogels based from Asam Gelugur (CA@Ga) for oil remediation from aqueous. Analysis on the structure of CA@Ga using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirmed the successful preparation of CA@Ga through hydrothermal carbonization. The main parameters affecting the adsorption of oil such as the sorption time, pH and mass of sorbent were screened and oil adsorption studies revealed that the optimum conditions were at contact time of 3 minutes, pH of solution at 7 and the adsorbent mass of 2 g with the highest adsorption capacity of 0.82 + 0.01 g/g. CA@Ga displayed a good stability towards thermal treatment and exhibited good adsorption ability towards several types of oil. Recyclability study depicts that CA@Ga could be regenerated by simple physical treatments and retained a high sorption after 10 cycles with adsorption capacity of 0.80 + 0.01 g/g. Therefore, the prepared CA@Ga has potential in application of oil recovery and environmental protection.
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PublicationOptimization of natural dye extraction from coconut husk( 2023-07)This work aims to optimize the extraction of natural dye from coconut husks for use in the textile industry. The optimization process was carried out using the One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) approach. Before optimization, different parts of the coconut husk i.e., endocarp, exocarp, mesocarp, and a mixture of mesocarp and exocarp were screened for their potential to be used as dye. It was found that the combination of mesocarp and exocarp has the highest potential in terms of physicochemical and phytochemical properties as it resulted in the best yield of extract, pH and colour intensity, and the highest Total Flavonoid Content, Total Phenolic Content, and Total Tannin Content. The optimal parameters to extract dye from coconut husk (combination of mesocarp and exocarps) are particle size of 2 mm, sample to solvent ratio of 1:100, extraction time of 60 min, and a temperature of 100 °C. The dye extract was tested for use on cotton fabric. It was found that regardless of the mordanting method, acetic acid is the best mordant to use. It resulted in a brighter and more intense colour than alum. The usage of acetic acid as the mordant combined with the pre-mordant method was found to be the best for colour fixation of the natural dye from coconut husk on cotton fabric.
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PublicationSynthesis and optimization study of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) through acid hydrolysis from confiscated cigarette( 2023-07)Tobacco is a type of plant which is used to make some products such as cigarettes and cigarettes are known to have a lot of harmful effects. There are few factors which causes the Royal Malaysian Custom Department to confiscate cigarettes which are white smuggled cigarette, contraband and false while storing the confiscated cigarettes for long time does not give any benefits. Therefore, cigarette butts which are chosen for this research study come from these confiscated cigarettes to utilize the waste. The tobacco was first undergoing alkaline pretreatment followed by bleaching process. Finally, hydrolysis process was done to synthesize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). In this research, various acids (hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and nitric acid) were used for the hydrolysis process. It was found that the best acid to synthesize MCC was nitric acid where the highest percentage of MCC yield was 76.83%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the surface morphology of MCC which is observed to be like rod-like structure, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the crystalline and crystalline size of MCC was 74.28% and 4.61nm, respectively. FTIR spectra shows a successful removal of lignin structure from raw cigarette butts after hydrolysis process. Besides that, optimization of acid hydrolysis using Design of Expert software (DOE) were conducted where three independent variables were chosen which are hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature and acid concentration (nitric acid). Through this study, the highest yield of MCC obtained was 78% and the optimum conditions of parameters are 60 minutes, 60°C and 1.25M of nitric acid. The results of this study can be used to eliminate the hazards of the cigarette butts scattered in the environment and create the added value for the overall process.
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PublicationInvestigation of the white-rot fungus biomass extraction conditions and their impact on phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities( 2023-07)White-rot fungus are known as natural source of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic, and other enzymes through extraction processes. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Panus tigrinus biomass were subjected into different extraction conditions to determine the best optimal level for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. P. chrysosporium produced high yield of phenolic (0.7041 mg/mL) and flavonoids (0.0286 mg/mL) compared to P. tigrinus; 0.3755 mg/mL and 0.0109 mg/mL of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, respectively. P. chrysosporium has higher antioxidant activity (70.31%) compared with P. tigrinus (25.30%). Therefore, P. chrysosporium was selected to determine the optimum condition for extraction method of phenolic and flavonoids compounds using aquoues-two phase system. The conditions used in the extraction was time within the range of 30 min to 180 min and temperature range from 250°C to 650°C. The conditions were optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM) under Central Composite Design. The best optimum condition was 105 min and 450°C, this condition produced the highest concentrations of phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (AA%) at 0.4269 mg/mL, 0.0695 mg/mL, and 76.13% respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the presence of phenolic and flavonoids in the sample. The Rf value from P. chrysosporium was 0.98 closed to the Rf values of gallic acid and 3,4-hydroxybenzoic acid at 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that P. chrysosporium have gallic acid, 3,4 hydroxybenzoic acid and small amount of quercetin.
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PublicationEffects of steam pretreated rice biomass condensate containing soluble solid inhibitors on disruption of Pomacea Canaliculata egg( 2023-07)Pomacea canaliculata is an invasive freshwater snail species that has become a serious pest of rice in irrigation and paddy fields and is popularly known as the golden apple snail. They are species that are capable of surviving and spreading rapidly, causing significant changes in the ecosystem. The application of natural by-products of a physicochemical method of biomass steam pre-treated condensate is one option for disrupting Pomacea Canaliculata egg. This experiment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of steam pre-treated rice biomass condensate which contained soluble solid inhibitors as a biopesticide to eradicate Pomacea canaliculata. Rice straw, rice husk, and a combination of rice straw and rice husk (1:1) were pre-treated by the saturated steam pre-treatment in a batch reactor at high temperatures (190°C and 210°C) for 10 min. The steam condensate produced from this system was analysed for major degraded products or inhibitors such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and phenol. The steam condensate which contained soluble solid inhibitors was then analysed for solubility test on P. canaliculata eggs. The effect of soluble solid inhibitors on the eggs was structurally examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that rice husk which was pre-treated at 210°C reflected the highest contents of furfural (0.300 g/L), HMF (1.670 g/L), and phenol (0.087 g/L). However, the combination of rice biomass sample (1:1) condensate at 210°C demonstrated the greatest solubility percentage (11.51%) when treated to the eggs P. canaliculata eggs. The image of the egg structure examined by SEM clearly displayed the fractures forming on the cuticle layer of the eggs. SEM results demonstrated that the condensate from saturated steam pre-treated rice biomass has the possibility to be used as a biopesticide to disrupt the eggs and eventually could prevent the snails’ invasion.
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