Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
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Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
Official Name
Abdulah, Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri
Alternative Name
Abdullah, M.M.A.
M.M.A. Abdullah
Mustafa Al Bakri, A. M.
Albakri Abdullah, M. M.
Main Affiliation
CeGeoGTech UniMAP
Scopus Author ID
53164519100

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  • Publication
    Image analysis of surface porosity mortar containing processed spent bleaching earth
    ( 2021)
    Beng Wei Chong
    ;
    Rokiah Othman
    ;
    Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
    ;
    Doh Shu Ing
    ;
    Xiaofeng Li
    ;
    Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Bartosz Płoszaj
    ;
    Janusz Szmidla
    ;
    Tomasz Stachowiak
    Image analysis techniques are gaining popularity in the studies of civil engineering materials. However, the current established image analysis methods often require advanced machinery and strict image acquisition procedures which may be challenging in actual construction practices. In this study, we develop a simplified image analysis technique that uses images with only a digital camera and does not have a strict image acquisition regime. Mortar with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% pozzolanic material as cement replacement are prepared for the study. The properties of mortar are evaluated with flow table test, compressive strength test, water absorption test, and surface porosity based on the proposed image analysis technique. The experimental results show that mortar specimens with 20% processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) achieve the highest 28-day compressive strength and lowest water absorption. The quantified image analysis results show accurate representation of mortar quality with 20% PSBE mortar having the lowest porosity. The regression analysis found strong correlations between all experimental data and the compressive strength. Hence, the developed technique is verified to be feasible as supplementary mortar properties for the study of mortar with pozzolanic material.
  • Publication
    Design of experiment on concrete mechanical properties prediction: A critical review
    ( 2021)
    Beng Wei Chong
    ;
    Rokiah Othman
    ;
    Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
    ;
    Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Marcin Nabiałek
    ;
    Bartłomiej Jeż
    ;
    Paweł Pietrusiewicz
    ;
    Dariusz Kwiatkowski
    ;
    Przemysław Postawa
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    Concrete mix design and the determination of concrete performance are not merely engineering studies, but also mathematical and statistical endeavors. The study of concrete mechanical properties involves a myriad of factors, including, but not limited to, the amount of each constituent material and its proportion, the type and dosage of chemical additives, and the inclusion of different waste materials. The number of factors and combinations make it difficult, or outright impossible, to formulate an expression of concrete performance through sheer experimentation. Hence, design of experiment has become a part of studies, involving concrete with material addition or replacement. This paper reviewed common design of experimental methods, implemented by past studies, which looked into the analysis of concrete performance. Several analysis methods were employed to optimize data collection and data analysis, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression, Taguchi method, Response Surface Methodology, and Artificial Neural Network. It can be concluded that the use of statistical analysis is helpful for concrete material research, and all the reviewed designs of experimental methods are helpful in simplifying the work and saving time, while providing accurate prediction of concrete mechanical performance.
  • Publication
    Assessment of the suitability of ceramic waste in geopolymer composites: an appraisal
    ( 2021)
    Ismail Luhar
    ;
    Salmabanu Luhar
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Marcin Nabiałek
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Janusz Szmidla
    ;
    Anna Jurczyńska
    ;
    Rafiza Abdul Razak
    ;
    Ikmal Hakem A Aziz
    ;
    Noorina Hidayu Jamil
    ;
    Laila Mardiah Deraman
    Currently, novel inorganic alumino-silicate materials, known as geopolymer composites, have emerged swiftly as an ecobenevolent alternative to contemporary ordinary Portland cement (OPC) building materials since they display superior physical and chemical attributes with a diverse range of possible potential applications. The said innovative geopolymer technology necessitates less energy and low carbon footprints as compared to OPC-based materials because of the incorporation of wastes and/or industrial byproducts as binders replacing OPC. The key constituents of ceramic are silica and alumina and, hence, have the potential to be employed as an aggregate to manufacture ceramic geopolymer concrete. The present manuscript presents a review of the performance of geopolymer composites incorporated with ceramic waste, concerning workability, strength, durability, and elevated resistance evaluation.
  • Publication
    Effect of the sintering mechanism on the crystallization kinetics of geopolymer-based ceramics
    (MDPI, 2023)
    Nur Bahijah Mustapa
    ;
    Romisuhani Ahmad
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Ovidiu Nemes
    ;
    Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
    ;
    Petrica Vizureanu
    ;
    Christina Wahyu Kartikowati
    ;
    Puput Risdanareni
    This research aims to study the effects of the sintering mechanism on the crystallization kinetics when the geopolymer is sintered at different temperatures: 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, 1000 °C, and 1200 °C for a 3 h soaking time with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The geopolymer is made up of kaolin and sodium silicate as the precursor and an alkali activator, respectively. Characterization of the nepheline produced was carried out using XRF to observe the chemical composition of the geopolymer ceramics. The microstructures and the phase characterization were determined by using SEM and XRD, respectively. The SEM micrograph showed the microstructural development of the geopolymer ceramics as well as identifying reacted/unreacted regions, porosity, and cracks. The maximum flexural strength of 78.92 MPa was achieved by geopolymer sintered at 1200 °C while the minimum was at 200 °C; 7.18 MPa. The result indicates that the flexural strength increased alongside the increment in the sintering temperature of the geopolymer ceramics. This result is supported by the data from the SEM micrograph, where at the temperature of 1000 °C, the matrix structure of geopolymer-based ceramics starts to become dense with the appearance of pores.
  • Publication
    Development of geopolymer ceramic as a potential reinforcing material in solder alloy: short review
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Nadiah ‘Izzati Zulkifli
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Romisuhani Ahmad
    ;
    Nurul Aida Mohd Mortar
    Nowadays, the consumption of lead-free solder has been widely used around the world since the utilization of SnPb solder has been banned and restricted by European Union. Variety of studies have been conducted by the researchers to find an alternative to replace the usage of SnPb such as SnCu, SAC, SnAg and etc. However, the development of plain lead-free solder was declared to provide low mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties in terms of interfacial intermetallic compound and wettability towards its solder joint compare to the traditionally monolithic SnPb solder alloy. Mostly, previous studies stated that addition of some additives such as ceramic particles (Si 3 N 4, TiO 2, SiC, NiO and etc) may improves the solder joint reliability. At the same time, no major studies were done using geopolymer ceramic as reinforcing agent in plain matrix alloy. Therefore, this paper reviews the fabrication process of multiple geopolymer-based ceramic such as fly ash, kaolin, and slag as reinforcement in solder alloy. The development process includes the processing method of geopolymer ceramic and the characterization of geopolymer ceramic as reinforcing material consist of; i) chemical composition, and ii) phase identification.
  • Publication
    Solidification/stabilization technology for radioactive wastes using cement: an appraisal
    (MDPI, 2023)
    Ismail Luhar
    ;
    Salmabanu Luhar
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Petrica Vizureanu
    ;
    Rafiza Abdul Razak
    ;
    Dumitru Doru Burduhos-Nergis
    ;
    Thanongsak Imjai
    Across the world, any activity associated with the nuclear fuel cycle such as nuclear facility operation and decommissioning that produces radioactive materials generates ultramodern civilian radioactive waste, which is quite hazardous to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the development of effectual and commanding management is the need of the hour to make certain the sustainability of the nuclear industries. During the management process of waste, its immobilization is one of the key activities conducted with a view to producing a durable waste form which can perform with sustainability for longer time frames. The cementation of radioactive waste is a widespread move towards its encapsulation, solidification, and finally disposal. Conventionally, Portland cement (PC) is expansively employed as an encapsulant material for storage, transportation and, more significantly, as a radiation safeguard to vigorous several radioactive waste streams. Cement solidification/stabilization (S/S) is the most widely employed treatment technique for radioactive wastes due to its superb structural strength and shielding effects. On the other hand, the eye-catching pros of cement such as the higher mechanical strength of the resulting solidified waste form, trouble-free operation and cost-effectiveness have attracted researchers to employ it most commonly for the immobilization of radionuclides. In the interest to boost the solidified waste performances, such as their mechanical properties, durability, and reduction in the leaching of radionuclides, vast attempts have been made in the past to enhance the cementation technology. Additionally, special types of cement were developed based on Portland cement to solidify these perilous radioactive wastes. The present paper reviews not only the solidification/stabilization technology of radioactive wastes using cement but also addresses the challenges that stand in the path of the design of durable cementitious waste forms for these problematical functioning wastes. In addition, the manuscript presents a review of modern cement technologies for the S/S of radioactive waste, taking into consideration the engineering attributes and chemistry of pure cement, cement incorporated with SCM, calcium sulpho–aluminate-based cement, magnesium-based cement, along with their applications in the S/S of hazardous radioactive wastes.
  • Publication
    Densification behavior and mechanical performance of Nepheline geopolymer ceramics: preliminary study
    (Springer, 2023)
    Nur Bahijah Mustapa
    ;
    Romisuhani Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Christina Wahyu Kartikowati
    ;
    Puput Risdanareni
    ;
    Wan Hasnida Wan Mohamed Saimi
    Nepheline geopolymer ceramics have emerged as a promising sustainable alternative to traditional cementitious materials in various applications. As the sintering mechanism plays a crucial role in the densification and mechanical performance of ceramics, therefore, in this paper, a preliminary study was conducted to examine the effects of densification towards mechanical properties of geopolymer-based nepheline ceramics upon sintering. The said innovative geopolymer technology can convert raw materials of aluminosilicate activating with alkaline activator into ceramic-like materials requiring low temperatures. The experimental procedure includes the synthesis of nepheline geopolymer ceramics through the geopolymerization method, then sintered at different temperatures to explore the sintering behavior and its impact on the materials’ microstructure and mechanical performance. The densification behavior of nepheline geopolymer ceramics during sintering was analyzed by evaluating the changes in density, shrinkage, and porosity. The microstructural evolution and are determined by using SEM. The relationships between sintering conditions, microstructure, and mechanical performance were investigated to understand the underlying mechanisms affecting the material’s strength and durability. The geopolymer exhibited its highest flexural strength of 54.93 MPa when sintered at 1200 ℃, while the lowest strength of 6.07 MPa was observed at a sintering temperature of 200 ℃. The findings demonstrate a positive correlation between the sintering temperature and the flexural strength of the geopolymer ceramics, indicating that higher temperatures lead to increased strength. Ultimately, this knowledge can facilitate the broader utilization of nepheline geopolymer ceramics as sustainable materials in various engineering and construction applications.
  • Publication
    Poly-ferric sulphate as superior coagulant: a review on preparation methods and properties
    (De Gruyter Brill, 2023-09)
    Nurul Aqilah Mohamad
    ;
    Sofiah Hamzah
    ;
    Nur Hanis Hayati Hairom
    ;
    Mohd Salleh Amri Zahid
    ;
    Khairol Annuar Mohd Ali
    ;
    Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Petrica Vizureanu
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    Iron-based coagulants are widely used in wastewater treatment due to their high positively charged ion that effectively destabilise colloidal suspension, and thus contribute to the formation of insoluble flocs. Ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate, and poly-ferric sulphate (PFS) are examples of iron-based coagulants that are highly available, and are beneficial in producing denser flocs, thereby improving settling characteristics. This work aims to review the preparation methods of PFS and critically discuss the influence of these methods on the PFS properties and performance as a chemical coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. In polymeric form, PFS is one of the pre-hydrolysing metallic salts with the chemical formula [Fe2(OH) n (SO4)3-n/2] m (where, n < 2, m > 10) and has a dark brownish red colour as well as is more viscous and less corrosive. PFS has an amorphous structure with small traces of crystallinity, containing both hydroxyl and sulphate functional groups. It has been applied in many industries including water or wastewater treatment which is also discussed in this study. It has the ability to remove pollutants contained in water or wastewater, such as turbidity, colour, chemical and biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, and others. This study also provides a review on the combination of PFS with other chemical coagulants or flocculants in the coagulation/flocculation process, and also flocs formed after a more stable treatment process.
  • Publication
    Sustainable geopolymer adsorbents utilizing silica fume as a partial replacement for metakaolin in the removal of copper ion from synthesized copper solution
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025-07)
    Pilomeena Arokiasamy
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Eva Arifi
    ;
    Noorina Hidayu Jamil
    ;
    Md Azree Othuman Mydin
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Shafiq Ishak
    Biochar has great significance for controlling heavy metal pollution. Nevertheless, its application is impeded by certain shortcomings, such as a limited adsorption capacity, a slow adsorption rate, and poor reusability. Besides, the physical adsorption capacity of raw biochar to heavy metals is suboptimal. As a result, researchers prefer to use geopolymer-based adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals due to their excellent immobilization effect. However, no research has been done on the synthesis of geopolymer-based adsorbent using silica fume for heavy metal adsorption. Thus, the aim of this study is to partially replace metakaolin (MK) with silica fume (S1) (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) in geopolymer formulation at varied S:L ratio (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) to study the impact on the geopolymerization and its following properties in the removal efficiency of copper (Cu2 +). Characterization techniques such as Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to study the physicochemical properties of the developed geopolymer. The concentration of Cu2+ before and after adsorption was determined by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and the removal efficiency was calculated. Based on the experimental result, the geopolymer prepared with 25 % MK and 75 % S1 at S:L of 0.6 maintained the high removal efficiency of Cu2+ (99.62 %) with 100 % MK geopolymer (98.56 %). The generation of N-A-S-H gel with the 75 % replacement level of S1 producing more reactive Si and Al binding sites for Cu2+ adsorption. In addition, S1 contains exchangeable cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ which further promote the adsorption of Cu2+ by ion exchange. Moreover, the mechanisms such as chemical bonding and precipitation were involved in the adsorption of Cu2+. Hence, this research could serve as a basis for the development of solid waste based geopolymers that could remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.
  • Publication
    Strength development and elemental distribution of Dolomite/Fly Ash geopolymer composite under elevated temperature
    ( 2020)
    Emy Aizat Azimi
    ;
    Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
    ;
    Petrica Vizureanu
    ;
    Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Jitrin Chaiprapa
    ;
    Sorachon Yoriya
    ;
    Andrei Victor Sandu
    ;
    Kamarudin Hussin
    ;
    Ikmal Hakem Aziz
    A geopolymer has been reckoned as a rising technology with huge potential for application across the globe. Dolomite refers to a material that can be used raw in producing geopolymers. Nevertheless, dolomite has slow strength development due to its low reactivity as a geopolymer. In this study, dolomite/fly ash (DFA) geopolymer composites were produced with dolomite, fly ash, sodium hydroxide, and liquid sodium silicate. A compression test was carried out on DFA geopolymers to determine the strength of the composite, while a synchrotron Micro-Xray Fluorescence (Micro-XRF) test was performed to assess the elemental distribution in the geopolymer composite. The temperature applied in this study generated promising properties of DFA geopolymers, especially in strength, which displayed increments up to 74.48 MPa as the optimum value. Heat seemed to enhance the strength development of DFA geopolymer composites. The elemental distribution analysis revealed exceptional outcomes for the composites, particularly exposure up to 400 °C, which signified the homogeneity of the DFA composites. Temperatures exceeding 400 °C accelerated the strength development, thus increasing the strength of the DFA composites. This appears to be unique because the strength of ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and other geopolymers composed of other raw materials is typically either maintained or decreases due to increased heat.
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