Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
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Preferred name
Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
Official Name
Mohd Khairuddin , Md Arshad
Alternative Name
Md. Arshad, M. K.
Arshad, Mohd K.M.
Arshad, M. K.M.
Khairuddin Md Arshad, Mohd
Arshad, M. K.Md
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57211870224
Researcher ID
L-5830-2013

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  • Publication
    Selective detection of amyloid fibrils by a dipole moment mechanism on dielectrode – Structural insights by in silico analysis
    ( 2023-03-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Kumarevel T.
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Adam T.
    ;
    Zaliman Sauli
    ;
    Subramaniam S.
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Chen Y.
    Amyloid fibrils are associated with different neurodegenerative diseases, a final product of several protein aggregation pathways. Parkinson's disease is a type of amyloidosis, characterized by the accumulation and propagation of amyloid fibrils of alpha-synuclein. The detection of fibrils at low concentrations is critical for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. We report a novel technique for the selective detection of amyloid fibrils through a dipole moment on a dielectrode surface. A sensitive dielectrode sensor for detecting aggregation of alpha synuclein and works by interacting an antibody on two-electrode surface functionalized gold interdigitated electrode. For the physical characterization of the sensing surface and finger electrodes, high-power microscope, scanning electron microscope, and 3D-profilormeter were used. Electrical characterization was performed on the sensing surface by using Keithley 6487 picoammeter. Based on the stability analysis with various electrolytes solutions, the sensor was found to be stable from pH 3. Further, under optimal circumstances, a linear range of alpha synuclein fibril detection was from 100 aM to 100 pM [y = 5E-06x + 5E-06; R² = 0.9724], and the limit of detection was estimated to be 100 aM based on S/N = 3. This study was further anchored by molecular docking analysis with synuclein peptide (47−56). We predict that advancements in this direction will assist in clarifying the complex process posed by Parkinson's disease.
      2
  • Publication
    Distinguishing normal and aggregated alpha-synuclein interaction on gold nanorod incorporated zinc oxide nanocomposite by electrochemical technique
    ( 2021-02-28)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Nor Azizah Parmin
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    Misfolding and accumulation of the protein alpha synuclein in the brain cells characterize Parkinson's disease (PD). Electrochemical based aluminum interdigitated electrodes (ALIDEs) was fabricated by using conventional photolithography method and modified the surfaces with zinc oxide and gold nanorod by using spin coating method for the analysis of PD protein biomarker. The device surface modified with gold nanorod of 25 nm diameter was used. The bare devices and the surface modified devices were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope, 3D-Profilometer, Atomic Force Microscope and high-power microscope. The above measurement was also performed to measure the interaction of antibody with aggregated alpha-synuclein for normal, aggregated and aggregated alpha synuclein in human serum and distinguished against 3 control proteins (PARK1, DJ-1 and Factor IX). The detection limit for normal alpha synuclein was 1 f. with the sensitivity of 1 f. on a linear regression (R2 = 0.9759). The detection limit for aggregated alpha synuclein was 10 aM with the sensitivity of 1 aM on a linear regression (R2 = 0.9797). Also, the detection limit of aggregated alpha synuclein in serum was 10 aM with the sensitivity of 1 aM on a linear regression (R2 = 0.9739). These results however indicate that, serum has only minimal amount of alpha synuclein.
      35  5
  • Publication
    Integration of microfluidic channel on electrochemical-based nanobiosensors for monoplex and multiplex analyses: An overview
    ( 2023-05-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Zaliman Sauli
    ;
    Fakhri M.A.
    ;
    Subramaniam S.
    ;
    Chen Y.
    ;
    Sasidharan S.
    ;
    Wu Y.S.
    Background: Microfluidic devices have evolved into low-cost, simple, and powerful analytical tool platforms. Herein, an electrochemically-based microfluidic nanobiosensor array for monoplex and multiplex detection of physiologically relevant analytes is reviewed. Unlike other analyte detection methods, microfluidics-based embedded electrochemical nanobiosensors are portable, custom electrochemical readers for signal reading. Methods: Microfluidic devices and electrochemical sensors can be integrated into monoplex or multiplex systems. The integrated system is simple to use and sensitive, and so has great potential as a powerful tool for profiling immune-mediated treatment responses in real time. It may also be developed further as a point-of-care diagnostic device for conducting near-patient tests using biological samples. Therefore, using mutiplex analysis, a biosensor array may detect multiple analytes in a sample solution and provide different outputs for each analyte. A microfluidic electrochemical nanobiosensor, for example, can detect urine glucose, lactate, and uric acid. The microfluidic array of integrated nanobiosensors and electrochemical sensors enables fast and cost-effective selection of high-quality and statistically significant diagnostic data at the point of care. The multiplex analytical test is an important molecular tool for academic research as well as clinical diagnosis. Although key approaches for analysing numerous analytes have been developed, none of them are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, especially in situations with limited resources. Significant findings: In this study, monoplex and multiplex microfluidic assays for rapid measurement of single and multiple analytes at the point of care are presented. Since this test can analyse both single and multiple analytes, it is exceptionally specific, easy to use, and inexpensive. The ability of integrated electrochemical-based microfluidic devices with single channel and multiple channels systems to perform monoplex and multiplex analysis simultaneously and independently is the novelty of this review.
      2
  • Publication
    Integration of microfluidic channel on electrochemical-based nanobiosensors for monoplex and multiplex analyses: An overview
    ( 2023-05-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Adam T.
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Zaliman Sauli
    ;
    Fakhri M.A.
    ;
    Subramaniam S.
    ;
    Chen Y.
    ;
    Sasidharan S.
    ;
    Wu Y.S.
    Background: Microfluidic devices have evolved into low-cost, simple, and powerful analytical tool platforms. Herein, an electrochemically-based microfluidic nanobiosensor array for monoplex and multiplex detection of physiologically relevant analytes is reviewed. Unlike other analyte detection methods, microfluidics-based embedded electrochemical nanobiosensors are portable, custom electrochemical readers for signal reading. Methods: Microfluidic devices and electrochemical sensors can be integrated into monoplex or multiplex systems. The integrated system is simple to use and sensitive, and so has great potential as a powerful tool for profiling immune-mediated treatment responses in real time. It may also be developed further as a point-of-care diagnostic device for conducting near-patient tests using biological samples. Therefore, using mutiplex analysis, a biosensor array may detect multiple analytes in a sample solution and provide different outputs for each analyte. A microfluidic electrochemical nanobiosensor, for example, can detect urine glucose, lactate, and uric acid. The microfluidic array of integrated nanobiosensors and electrochemical sensors enables fast and cost-effective selection of high-quality and statistically significant diagnostic data at the point of care. The multiplex analytical test is an important molecular tool for academic research as well as clinical diagnosis. Although key approaches for analysing numerous analytes have been developed, none of them are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, especially in situations with limited resources. Significant findings: In this study, monoplex and multiplex microfluidic assays for rapid measurement of single and multiple analytes at the point of care are presented. Since this test can analyse both single and multiple analytes, it is exceptionally specific, easy to use, and inexpensive. The ability of integrated electrochemical-based microfluidic devices with single channel and multiple channels systems to perform monoplex and multiplex analysis simultaneously and independently is the novelty of this review.
      2  24
  • Publication
    Integration of microfluidic channel on electrochemical-based nanobiosensors for monoplex and multiplex analyses: An overview
    ( 2023-05-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Zaliman Sauli
    ;
    Fakhri M.A.
    ;
    Subramaniam S.
    ;
    Chen Y.
    ;
    Sasidharan S.
    ;
    Wu Y.S.
    Background: Microfluidic devices have evolved into low-cost, simple, and powerful analytical tool platforms. Herein, an electrochemically-based microfluidic nanobiosensor array for monoplex and multiplex detection of physiologically relevant analytes is reviewed. Unlike other analyte detection methods, microfluidics-based embedded electrochemical nanobiosensors are portable, custom electrochemical readers for signal reading. Methods: Microfluidic devices and electrochemical sensors can be integrated into monoplex or multiplex systems. The integrated system is simple to use and sensitive, and so has great potential as a powerful tool for profiling immune-mediated treatment responses in real time. It may also be developed further as a point-of-care diagnostic device for conducting near-patient tests using biological samples. Therefore, using mutiplex analysis, a biosensor array may detect multiple analytes in a sample solution and provide different outputs for each analyte. A microfluidic electrochemical nanobiosensor, for example, can detect urine glucose, lactate, and uric acid. The microfluidic array of integrated nanobiosensors and electrochemical sensors enables fast and cost-effective selection of high-quality and statistically significant diagnostic data at the point of care. The multiplex analytical test is an important molecular tool for academic research as well as clinical diagnosis. Although key approaches for analysing numerous analytes have been developed, none of them are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, especially in situations with limited resources. Significant findings: In this study, monoplex and multiplex microfluidic assays for rapid measurement of single and multiple analytes at the point of care are presented. Since this test can analyse both single and multiple analytes, it is exceptionally specific, easy to use, and inexpensive. The ability of integrated electrochemical-based microfluidic devices with single channel and multiple channels systems to perform monoplex and multiplex analysis simultaneously and independently is the novelty of this review.
      3  27
  • Publication
    Magnetic Induction Tomography for Brain Tissue Imaging Based on Conductivity Distribution for Parkinson’s disease Diagnosis
    ( 2023-10-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    Parkinson's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative complication defined by the accumulation of alpha synuclein lewy bodies in the brain. Misdiagnosis results widespread of Parkinson’s disease because clinical diagnosis is challenging, underlining a need of a better detection technique, such as non-invasive magnetic induction tomography (MIT) technique. Non-invasive techniques for biological tissues imaging are becoming popular in biomedical engineering field. Therefore, MIT technology as a non-invasive technique has been encouraged in a medical field due to its advancement of technology in diagnosing diseases. The measurement parameters in MIT are passive electromagnetic properties (conductivity, permittivity, permeability) for biological tissue and the most dominant parameter in MIT is conductivity properties. It is uses a phase shift between a primary magnetic field and an induced field caused by a target object's conductivity. As a function of conductivity, the phase shift between the applied and secondary fields is expressed. Thus, the phase shift can be used to characterize the conductivity of a target object. The phase shift between the excitation and induced magnetic fields (EMF and IMF) reflects the change in conductivity in biological tissues. This paper focuses on the virtual simulation by using COMSOL Multi-physics for the design and development of MIT system that emphasizes on single channel magnetic induction tomography for biological tissue (bran tissue) imaging based on conductivity distribution for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. The develop system employs the use of excitation coils to induce an electromagnetic field (e.m.f) in the brain tissue, which is then measured at the receiving side by sensors. The proposed system is capable of indicating Parkinson’s disease based on conductivity distribution. This method provides the valuable information of the brain abnormality based on differences of conductivities of normal brain and Parkinson’s disease brain tissues.
      1  19
  • Publication
    Analysis on Parkinson's disease through Faradaic Detection
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Fakhri M.A.
    ;
    Salim E.T.
    ;
    Perumal V.
    ;
    Gunny A.A.N.
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    Parkinson's disease is a neurological condition affecting the motor system, causing dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra, leading to reduced dopamine levels and motor function deficits. Given the complex nature of Parkinson's disease, relying solely on motor symptoms for diagnosis may not be sufficient. To address this limitation, researchers have turned their attention to the identification and quantification of biomarkers that can serve as indicators of Parkinson's disease. Faradaic detection is a promising method for Parkinson's disease research, using electrochemical processes to detect and quantify biomarker like alpha synuclein. This approach helps monitor surface resistance, binding processes, and electrolyte resistance in the system. Quantification of biomarkers plays a crucial role in detecting early stages of the disease and tracking its progression. Through Faradaic detection methods, this study was able to measure the levels of specific biomarkers that are associated with Parkinson's disease. This approach allows for a more sensitive and accurate detection of Parkinson's disease, even in its early stages, which can improve the chances of early intervention and effective treatment.
      4  2
  • Publication
    An Update on Parkinson’s Disease and its Neurodegenerative Counterparts
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Adam H.
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    ;
    Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Subramaniam S.
    ;
    Uda Hashim
    Introduction: Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of diseases that cause nerve cell degeneration in the brain, resulting in a variety of symptoms and are not treatable with drugs. Parkinson's disease (PD), prion disease, motor neuron disease (MND), Huntington's disease (HD), spinal cerebral dyskinesia (SCA), spinal muscle atrophy (SMA), multiple system atrophy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) (ALS), pantothenate kinase-related neurodegeneration, and TDP-43 protein disorder are examples of neurodegenerative diseases. Dementia is caused by the loss of brain and spinal cord nerve cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Background: Even though environmental and genetic predispositions have also been involved in the process, redox metal abuse plays a crucial role in neurodegeneration since the preponderance of symptoms originates from abnormal metal metabolism. Methods: Hence, this review investigates several neurodegenerative diseases that may occur symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease to understand the differences and similarities between Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders based on reviewing previously published papers. Results: Based on the findings, the aggregation of alpha-synuclein occurs in Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Other neurodegenerative diseases occur with different protein aggregation or mutations. Conclusion: We can conclude that Parkinson's disease, Multiple system atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy bodies are closely related. Therefore, researchers must distinguish among the three diseases to avoid misdiagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy and Dementia with Lewy bodies with Parkinson's disease symptoms.
      3  22