Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
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Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
Official Name
Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid , Said Ahmed
Alternative Name
Ahmed, Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said
Said Ahmed, Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid
Elobaid, Mohamed Elshaikh
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57190012447
Researcher ID
R-7502-2019

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  • Publication
    Real-time drowsiness detection system for driver monitoring
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    M Arunasalam
    ;
    Naimah Yaakob
    ;
    Amiza Amir
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    N F Azahar
    Nowadays, the rate of road accidents due to microsleep has been alarming. During microsleep, people might doze off without realizing it. For many decades, drowsiness detection system for vehicles was not among the major concerns though it turns out as one of imperative features that could have avoid microsleep and thus should be implemented in all vehicles in order to ensure safety of drivers and other vehicles on the road. To the best of our knowledge, enforcements on driving restriction during drowsiness state is yet to be implemented. The absence of such system in the current transportation systems expose drivers to great danger especially at night because accidents are highly likely to happen at night due to drowsy and fatigue drivers. Therefore, this project proposes a real-time drowsiness detection system for vehicles, featuring ignition lock to reduce accidents. An eye blink sensor is embedded in a wearable glasses and heart beat sensor is used to detect drowsiness level of drivers. The system also includes SMS notification system to relatives or friends with location details of the drowsy driver. This project is able to detect and react based on 3 levels of drowsiness by alerting the driver through buzzer. Ignition lock will be applied when high level of drowsiness is detected. Consequently, the vehicle will be slowed down and eventually stopped when dangerous level of drowsiness is detected as a safety precaution.
  • Publication
    High-performance data throughput analysis in wireless ad hoc networks for smart vehicle interconnection
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025)
    Alaa Kamal Yousif Dafhalla
    ;
    Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed
    ;
    Nada Mohamed Osman Sid Ahmed
    ;
    Ameni Filali
    ;
    Lutfieh S. Alhomed
    ;
    Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali
    ;
    Asma Ibrahim Gamar Eldeen
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks play a crucial role in enabling Smart City applications by facilitating seamless communication between vehicles and infrastructure. This study evaluates the throughput performance of different routing protocols, specifically AODV, AODV:TOM, AODV:DEM, GPSR, GPSR:TOM, and GPSR:DEM, under various city and highway scenarios in complex networks. The analysis covers key parameters including traffic generation, packet sizes, mobility speeds, and pause times. Results indicate that TOM and DEM profiles significantly improve throughput compared to traditional AODV and GPSR protocols. GPSR:TOM achieves the highest throughput across most scenarios, making it a promising solution for high-performance data transmission in Smart Cities. For instance, GPSR:TOM achieves an average throughput of 3.2 Mbps in city scenarios compared to 2.8 Mbps for GPSR, while in highway scenarios, the throughput increases to 3.6 Mbps. Additionally, AODV:DEM records a throughput of 3.4 Mbps for high traffic generation, outperforming AODV:TOM at 3.1 Mbps and baseline AODV at 2.7 Mbps. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing data throughput to ensure reliability and efficiency in complex vehicle interconnection systems, which are critical for traffic management, accident prevention, and real-time communication in smart urban environments
  • Publication
    AI-optimized electrochemical aptasensors for stable, reproducible detection of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and coronavirus
    (Elsevier, 2025)
    Amira Elsir Tayfour Ahmed
    ;
    Th.S. Dhahi
    ;
    Tahani A. Attia
    ;
    Fawzia Awad Elhassan Ali
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Tijjani Adam
    ;
    Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
    AI-optimized electrochemical aptasensors are transforming diagnostic testing by offering high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response times. Leveraging data-driven AI techniques, these sensors provide a non-invasive, cost-effective alternative to traditional methods, with applications in detecting molecular biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and coronavirus. The performance metrics outlined in the comparative table illustrate the significant advancements enabled by AI integration. Sensitivity increases from 60 to 75 % in ordinary aptasensors to 85–95 %, while specificity improves from 70-80 % to 90–98 %. This enhanced performance allows for ultra-low detection limits, such as 10 fM for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and 20 fM for mucin-1 (MUC1) using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and 1 pM for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Similarly, Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) and potentiometric sensors have detected alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at 5 fM and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) at 100 fM, respectively. AI integration also enhances reproducibility, reduces false positives and negatives (from 15-20 % to 5–10 %), and significantly decreases response times (from 10-15 s to 2–3 s). These advancements improve data processing speeds (from 10 to 20 min per sample to 2–5 min) and calibration accuracy (<2 % margin of error compared to 5–10 %), while expanding application scope to multi-target biomarker detection. This review highlights how these advancements position AI-optimized electrochemical aptasensors as powerful tools for personalized treatment, point-of-care testing, and continuous health monitoring. Despite a higher cost ($500-$1,500/unit), their enhanced portability and diagnostic performance promise to revolutionize healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety, ultimately improving public health outcomes.
  • Publication
    Shape Recognition of GPR Images using Hough Transform and PCA plus LDA
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Hasimah Ali
    ;
    Norfatihah Bahari
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Siti Nurul Aqmariah Mohd Kanafiah
    ;
    Amran T.S.T.
    ;
    Jusman Y.
    Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive test used for shallow subsurface investigation such as land mine detection, mapping and locating buried utilities. In practical applications, GPR images could be noisy due to system noise, the heterogeneity of the medium, and mutual wave interactions. Hence, it is a complex task to recognize the hyperbolic pattern from GPR B-scan images. Thus, this project proposes combined shape recognition of buried objects using Hough Transform (HT) and PCA plus LDA in GPR images. The use of HT is justified because it has the property of transforming global curve detection into efficient peak detection in the Hough parameter space. Whereas PCA plus LDA tries to maximize between-class scatter while minimizing within-class scatter. In this framework, the preprocessed GPR images were extracted using HT. The extracted HT features were subjected to PCA plus LDA to map them from high into lower dimensional features. Then, the reduced PCA+LDA features were used as input to the k-NN classifier to recognize four geometrical shapes cubic, disc, and spherical of the buried objects. Based on the results obtained, the average recognition rate of reduced HT features using PCA plus LDA was achieved 85.30% thus shows a promising result.
      1
  • Publication
    Imporved MPR selection algorithm-based WS-OLSR routing protocol
    ( 2024-05-01)
    Ahmed W.K.
    ;
    Mohd Nazri Mohd Warip
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Phak Len Al Eh Kan
    Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a viable technology to improve traffic flow and safety on the roads. Due to its effectiveness and scalability, the Wingsuit Search-based Optimised Link State Routing Protocol (WS-OLSR) is frequently used for data distribution in VANETs. However, the selection of MultiPoint Relays (MPRs) plays a pivotal role in WS-OLSR’s performance. This paper presents an improved MPR selection algorithm tailored to WS-OLSR, designed to enhance the overall routing efficiency and reduce overhead. The analysis found that the current OLSR protocol has problems such as redundancy of HELLO and TC message packets or failure to update routing information in time, so a WS-OLSR routing protocol based on improved-MPR selection algorithm was proposed. Firstly, factors such as node mobility and link changes are comprehensively considered to reflect network topology changes, and the broadcast cycle of node HELLO messages is controlled through topology changes. Secondly, a new MPR selection algorithm is proposed, considering link stability issues and nodes. Finally, evaluate its effectiveness in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and control message overhead. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of our improved MR selection algorithm when compared to traditional approaches.
      1
  • Publication
    Overview of chameleon mechanism in B-MAC protocol for WSN
    (Learning and Library Sciences (LLS), 2020-12-15)
    Dafhalla, Alaa K.Y.
    ;
    Sid Ahmed, Nada M.O.
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Isam, Hiba M.
      3  1
  • Publication
    A cascade hyperbolic recognition of buried objects using hybrid feature extraction in ground penetrating radar images
    ( 2021-08-27)
    Hasimah Ali
    ;
    Ahmad Firdaus Ahmad Zaidi
    ;
    Wan Khairunizam Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Mohd Shuhanaz Zanar Azalan
    ;
    Tengku Amran T.S.
    ;
    Ahmad M.R.
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been acknowledged as effective nondestructive technique for imaging the subsurface. But the process of recognizing hyperbolic pattern of buried objects is subjective and mainly relies upon operator's knowledge and experience. This project proposed a hyperbolic recognition of buried objects using hybrid feature extraction in GPR subsurface mapping. In this framework, a cascade hyperbolic recognition by means of Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are used as hybrid feature recognizing hyperbolic of buried objects. The rationale for an initial focus on cascade hyperbolic recognition is motivated by unique features exhibits by EMD and DWT behaviour in characterizing the hyperbolic pattern which make them particularly well suited to utilities detection in GPR. A series of experiments has been conducted on hyperbolic pattern based on hybrid features using four different geometrical shapes of cubic, cylindrical disc and spherical. Based on the results obtained, the hybrid features of IMF1+ wavelet transform (cH1) shows promising recognition rate in recognizing the hyperbolic that having different geometrical shapes of buried objects.
      1
  • Publication
    Illumination Effects on Facial Expression Recognition using Empirical Mode Decomposition
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Hasimah Ali
    ;
    Wan Khairunizam Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Muthusamy H.
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    Facial expression recognition (FER) has been acknowledged as a significant modality that could bring facial expression into human-machine interaction and make the interaction more efficient. However, the ability of FER tope rate in a fully automated and robust manner is still challenging. Illumination effects, for example, make the facial expression images always contaminated with different levels of ambient noise (such as brightness variation) in acluttered background. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the illumination effects (brightness variations) on facial expression recognition using empirical mode decomposition reconstruction techniques. In this framework, firstly, the noisy facial expression images were simulated with the illumination effects using different brightness levels of 30%,40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. Then, the EMD will decompose the noisy facial expression images into a small set of intrinsic mode functions (IMF), namely IMF1, IMF2, IMF3, and residue. Based on property held by EMD, the signals are decomposed into several IMF components, each with a different time scale. Because the last several IMFs represent the majority of illumination effects, various reconstruction techniques for IMFs have been investigated atvarious brightness levels. Feature reduction techniques Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) have been employed to reduce the high-dimensional space of IMF features into low-dimensional IMF features. The reduced IMF reconstructions were then used as input to the k-nearest neighbour classifier to recognise the seven facial expressions. A series of experiments have been conducted on the JAFEE database using various reconstruction IMFs together with PCA plus LDA. Based on the results obtained, the reconstruction of IMF1 + IMF2+ IMF3 shows the highest accuracy in high illumination conditions, which is 99.06%.
      1  22
  • Publication
    Drunken drive detection with smart ignition lock
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Muthukarpan S.L.A.
    ;
    Mohamed Nasrun Osman
    ;
    Muzammil Jusoh
    ;
    Thennarasan Sabapathy
    ;
    Rahim M.K.A.
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Khalib Z.I.A.
    Drink and drive issue have become solemnly that needs immediate attention. This is due to drivers’ ignorance towards road rules and regulations and their selfish attitude that caused loss of innocent lives. Although previously there is a drunk detecting mechanism using breathalyzer but it isn’t suitable for current fast-paced lifestyle. Therefore, to overcome these issues, this system is proposed. This system is fixed on vehicle’s steering to measure alcohol concentration reading using MQ-3 sensor from the driver’s exhaled breath. If the driver found to be drunk beyond the threshold level of 400 ppm, then ignition lock is activated and the car engine does not start till alcohol concentration falls to a safe level. Or, if the driver consumes an alcoholic drink while driving, upon exceeding permissible limit, the car slows down till it stops. Then, the location of the vehicle is tracked and sent as Google Map integrated link via text message to authorized unit. Simultaneously, the car buzzer goes off while the car slows down so that surrounding road users are aware of the driver’s condition and drives at a distance. The proposed detection system is highly potential to be implemented for reducing the drunk and drive accidents.
      1
  • Publication
    Velocity Based Performance Analysis of GreedLea Routing Protocol in Internet of Vehicle (IoV)
    ( 2024-12-01)
    Normaliza Omar
    ;
    Naimah Yaakob
    ;
    Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid Said Ahmed
    ;
    Zulkifli Husin
    ;
    Iszaidy Ismail
    ;
    Alaa KY Dafhalla
    Intelligent routing protocols for IoV have also been made possible by the convergence of IoT and machine learning algorithm. In order to make informed routing decisions, these intelligent routing protocols examine data gathered from IoT devices like vehicle sensors and traffic monitoring systems using machine learning algorithms. Moreover, as the number of vehicles increases and road networks become more complex, traditional routing protocols for ad hoc networks are being replaced by more advanced and efficient protocols. The purpose of this study is to concentrate on these unique qualities of IoVs network scenario. A combined routing method has been developed to construct periodic connectivity and find routes on-demand in order to save route data as graphs. The simulation's findings show that GreedLea routing protocol outperforms GPSR and AODV routing protocols in terms of delay and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The results demonstrate that the average AODV latency is significantly higher when there are fewer vehicles on the network. This is due to the fact that connections are frequently lost at higher speeds and lower densities, and re-establishing new channels takes a lot of time. As the number of vehicles rises, efficiency improves and the wait gets shorter. The average latency, yet, keeps increasing as vehicle density increases due to the additional overheads related with routing.
      3  28