Conference Publications
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PublicationEffect of different epoxy materials during LED wire bonding encapsulation process using CFD approach(Springer, 2023)There are several issues concerning high-power LED applications that affect the functionality and reliability of the LED. The most common problem that occurred in LEDs during the encapsulation process is wire deformation which can affect the life expectancy of the LED. The aim of this present study is to analyze the influence of different epoxy materials during the LED encapsulation process. In this study, ANSYS Fluent is utilized to simulate the volume of the epoxy materials being dispensed onto the LED by utilizing the volume of fluid (VOF) strategy. The simulation is conducted by varying the types of epoxy materials (ERL-4221, EMC, and D.E.R.-331). An experimental test was conducted to validate the final structure of the epoxy materials obtained from the simulation setup. The final form of the EMC and ERL-4221 resembled a hemisphere, consistent with the experimental finding. However, D.E.R.-331 is an exception since its final construction was not perfectly hemispherical.
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PublicationAssessing the self-healings properties of nano -Ca(OH)₂ - TiO₂ - ZnO materials used in monuments conservation works(IOP Publishing, 2023)Consolidates based on Ca(OH)₂ have been prepared as macro- and/or nanoparticles dispersed in different alcohols, regardless of the precursor nature. Their efficiency is related to the small dimensions of the particles and the dispersion media, which allows their penetration into the deteriorated material substrates, as well as to an increased reactivity towards CO₂. Besides the consolidating effect there is a strong need for the newly developed materials to also tackle other properties like self cleaning and antimicrobial activity, especially with regards to white monuments. In this context the present work highlights the effect of treating with stable alcoholic suspension containing nano - Ca(OH)₂ - TiO₂ - ZnO the physical support models consisting of mortar cubic samples from hydraulic / aerial lime, a commonly used materials in consolidation works.
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PublicationDetermination of municipal solid waste composition, generation rate and its recyclable potential in Penang, Malaysia—a statistical approach(Springer, 2023-07)The municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate in Malaysia is increasing annually due to population growth, industrialization, advancement in technology, economic growth, and lifestyle. Landfilling is the main method of solid waste management, while recycling is still underrated in Malaysia. Penang state has initiated a “Waste Segregation at Source” (WSAS) campaign in 2016 to reduce MSW disposal in Pulau Burung landfill to cultivate recycling habits among Penangites. However, there are no studies being conducted to measure the effectiveness of this campaign. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the WSAS campaign before (2011 until 2015) and after (2016 until 2020) implementation. The objectives of the study are to evaluate MSW generation, the recyclable potential based on the composition, and its relationship in Penang by using statistical analysis and the SWOT-AHP model from 2011 until 2020. Secondary data were obtained from Penang Island City Council (MBPP), Seberang Perai City Council (MBSP), and journals. SPSS was used to carry out the statistical analysis by using ANOVA one way, correlation, and regression. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model was conducted through three series of questionnaire to obtain expert opinion and mathematical calculation to determine the degree of SWOT on MSW generation and recycling in Penang. The outcome of this study showed that both the MSW generation and the recycling potential increased in the state for the past 10 years. Besides, the effectiveness of WSAS showed positive results in terms of recycling rates before (2011–2015) and after (2016–2020) the campaign was implemented.
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PublicationEffect of surface-treated filler on the wettability of composite solder: short review(Springer, 2023)This paper evaluates and analyzes the effect of surface-treated filler on the wettability of composite solder. The basic concepts, key variables, arrangement, and most recent advances on wettability effect of selected surface treatment of ceramic-reinforced composite lead-free solder will be covered. The wettability characteristics of solders serve as the connection between the ceramic support and were found to be significantly improved by the ceramic filler with surface treatment as it minimizes the agglomeration caused by density differences and the Van der Waals attraction force. After the surface modification procedure, it was also possible to see the good dispersion of ceramic reinforcement in the solder as it assists filler in overcoming the Van der Waals attraction on the particle. Based on ultrasonic, electroless plating, and pyrolysis treatment that have been reviewed, the wettability of the composite solder is observed to be better than the untreated or initial pure solder without filler as surface treatment helps filler molecules effectively confine the mobility of the grain boundaries due to excellent interfacial bonding with Zener pinning effect. In solder, where mechanical aspect is one of the most important properties, substantial advancements in mechanical qualities have partially resulted from surface treatment of the ceramic reinforcement. Study on filler surface treatment has beneficially influences the improvement of the ceramic reinforcement-solder interfacial response and opens prospects for more specific future research lines and composite solder application opportunities as the response from surface treatment greatly impact the solder’s wettability and its reliability as lead-free solder (LFS) product that can substitute the traditional lead-based solder.
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PublicationCaptive growth analysis of Siberian sturgeon juveniles (Acipenser baerii J. F. Brandt, 1869) fed on a commercial fodder and its importance to a sustainable development of the aquaculture sector(IOP Publishing, 2023)Sturgeon aquaculture is an important continuously developing sector within freshwater aquaculture and its sustainability is one of the most pressing matters nowadays. Thus, the urge to apprehend the mechanics of sturgeon growth in captivity as well as in nature is of immediate importance, considering the increase in customers' requests for captive-grown sturgeon meat, caviar, and adjacent by-products. The present study evaluates several canonical growth indices in a controlled, indoor environment that included fluctuations in temperature, dissolved oxygen saturation, and ponderal density (g/L), known to affect sturgeon growth performance. Over the 91 days of evaluation, no significant correlation was found between the weight gain and the ponderal density, dissolved oxygen values, and temperature, among the 4 tanks used in the experiment setup, indicating, along with the lack of significant variance for the RCI per tank, that the growth observed is correlated only with the fodder fed to the fish.