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PublicationRevolutionizing cancer treatment by boosting dendritic cell vaccine efficacy with graphene oxide(EnPress Publisher LLC, 2023)Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells that play a crucial role in stimulating T cell responses against cancer. DC vaccines have been utilized as an immunotherapy approach for cancer treatment, but their effectiveness is hampered by challenges in the tumor microenvironment. Graphene oxide (GO), a cutting-edge carbon-based nanomaterial, has shown promise in modulating DC activation and function. This review highlights the recent advancements in DC vaccines and explores how GO can enhance their efficacy for cancer treatment. By leveraging the unique properties of GO, such as its biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects, DC vaccines can potentially be optimized to overcome the limitations of the tumor microenvironment and achieve improved outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.
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PublicationAssessing respiratory complications by carbon dioxide sensing platforms: advancements in infrared radiation technology and IoT integration(Elsevier, 2023-02)Respiratory illness demands pragmatic clinical monitoring and diagnosis to curb numerous fatal diseases in all aged groups. Due to the complicated instrumentation, long amplification periods, and restricted number of simultaneous detections, present clinically available multiplex diagnostic technologies are difficult to deploy the onsite diagnostic platforms. The futuristic assessment of medical diagnosis eases the respiratory monitoring using exhaled breath, due to the simple and comfort non-invasive detecting techniques. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) stands as a promising biomarker and has been identified in exhaled breath samples that distinguish different respiratory issues. State-of-the-art CO₂ gas sensing strategies are recognized with the growth of modern telecommunication technologies for real-time respiratory illness monitoring and diagnosis using exhaled breath. The presented article reviews the existing CO₂ gas sensors and their developments towards medical applications. With that, the advancement of infrared (IR) CO₂ gas sensors with distinguished light and sensing properties in detecting respiratory disorders are overviewed. The development of optimal CO₂ gas sensing strategy incorporated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology is over-reviewed. The hurdles encountered in the existing research and future preference with real-time CO₂ monitoring and diagnosing respiratory disorders with the advancement attained in IR sensing technology and IoT networking are highlighted.
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PublicationFacile synthesis of MoS₂ nanoflower-Ag NPs grown on lignin-derived graphene for Troponin I aptasensing(Elsevier, 2023)This article presents the development and application of a green lignin-derived graphene biosensor for Troponin I, a biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). The graphene was synthesized from oil palm lignin through an optimized laser scribing process. While the three-dimensional nature of the laser-scribed lignin-derived graphene (3D LSG) is advantageous, it suffers from poor electrical conductivity due to the amorphous nature of lignin. Therefore, semi-conductive molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) precursor with conductive green silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was added to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of 3D LSG to synthesize 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs hybrids via an aqueous hydrothermal process. Morphological, physical, and structural analyses showed the presence of petal-like MoS2 nanoflower with Ag NPs on the 3D LSG surface. The strong interrelation between 3D LSG, MoS2, and Ag NPs was confirmed by X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Specifically, X-ray spectroscopy revealed the formation of O1s, Ag 3d, C1s, Mo 3d, and S2p in the 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs-2.0 hybrid. Raman spectroscopy revealed an enhancement in the surface area of the 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs-2.0 hybrid, which enhances the detection sensitivity. The 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs hybrid was subsequently chemically modified and immobilised with an aptamer to interact with Troponin I on an impedimetric sensor. The 3D LSG_MoS2_Ag NPs hybrid showed high analytical performance, high specificity, and a ∼ 4-fold increment in selectivity, with a detection limit of 100 attomolar. This biosensor has a sensitivity of 31.45 µA mM−1 cm−2, stability of 87%, with a relative standard deviation for reproducibility of 3.8%.
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PublicationPhysical, mechanical and electrical properties of Chitosan/Graphene Oxide composite films for Copper Ions (Cu²+) detection(Springer, 2023)Copper ions are one of the metal ions that contribute significantly to water pollution and threaten the ecosystem. The threat heightened the importance of the detection and removal of the contaminants. In this study, the Chitosan/Graphene Oxide (CH/GO) composite film was synthesized at different GO ratios via a direct casting technique. The structural, mechanical and film adsorption capacities were characterized along with the electrical properties. The results revealed that adding GO into CH at a 1:5 ratio produces the highest strength and adsorption capacity. The 1:5 film was then tested for its electrical properties to see the possibility of utilizing it as part of an electrical measurement system. Various electrical parameters such as permittivity (ε′, ε″), Tanδ, bulk resistivity (Rb) and DC conductivity (σDC) were studied. Results show that the 1:5 ratio chitosan film in various Cu²+ concentrations yielded significant differences in electrical properties. The Rb and σDC gave the most significant results and can be used as Cu²+ detection parameters.
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PublicationA gold nanoparticles coated unclad single mode fiber-optic sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance(Nature Research, 2023)In the last few decays, the fiber-optic was employed in the field of sensing because of its benefits in contrast to other types of sensors such as small size, easy to fabricate, high response, and flexibility. In this study, unclad single mode fiber-optic sensor is proposed to operate at 650 nm wavelength. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 finite element method (FEM) is used to design the sensor and tested it theoretically. The middle portion of the fiber cladding is removed and replaced by gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of 50 nm thickness. Analytic layer of 3 μm thickness was immersed in different liquids in range of refractive index (RI) from 1.000281 to 1.39. These liquids are NaCl Deionized (DI) water solution, sucrose-Deionized (DI) water solution, and glycerol solution Deionized (DI) water. It was found that the highest obtained sensitivity and resolution are for glycerol-DI water solution with value of 3157.98 (nm/RIU) and 3.16 × 10–5 (RIU), respectively. Furthermore, it is easy to fabricate and of low cost. In experiments, pulsed laser ablation (PLA) was used to prepare Au NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shown that the peak of the intensity grew as the ablated energy increased as well as the structure crystallization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an average diameter of 30 nm at the three ablated energies, while X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectrum has indicated the presence of Au NPs in the prepared solution. The photoluminescence (PL) and ultraviolet–visible UV–Vis transmission were used to study the optical properties of the prepared Au NPs. An optical spectrum analyzer was used to obtain the sensor's output results. It has shown that best intensity was obtained for sucrose which confined with theoretical results. © 2023, The Author(s).
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