Lam Chee Kiang
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Preferred name
Lam Chee Kiang
Official Name
Chee Kiang, Lam
Alternative Name
Kiang, L. C.
Lam, C. K.
Kiang, Lam Chee
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
55825440800
Researcher ID
AAF-7743-2021

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  • Publication
    Muscle fatigue in the three heads of triceps Brachii during intensity and speed variations of triceps push-down exercise
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2020)
    Jawad Hussain
    ;
    Kenneth Sundaraj
    ;
    Indra Devi Subramaniam
    ;
    Lam Chee Kiang
    The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of changes in exercise intensity and speed on the three heads of the triceps brachii (TB) during triceps push-down exercise until task failure. Twenty-five subjects performed triceps push-down exercise at three different intensities (30, 45, and 60% 1RM) and speeds (slow, medium, and fast) until failure, and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals were recorded from the lateral, long and medial heads of the TB. The endurance time (ET), number of repetitions (NR) and rate of fatigue (ROF) were analyzed. Subsequently, the root-mean-square (RMS), mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MDF) under no-fatigue (NF) and fatigue (Fa) conditions were statistically compared. The findings reveal that ROF increases with increase in the intensity and speed, and the opposite were obtained for the ET. The ROF in the three heads were comparable for all intensities and speeds. The ROF showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) among the three intensities and speeds for all heads. The three heads showed significantly different (P < 0.05) MPF and MDF values for all the performed exercises under both conditions, whereas the RMS values were significantly different only under Fa conditions. The current observations suggest that exercise intensity and speed affect the ROF while changes in intensity do not affect the MPF and MDF under Fa conditions. The behavior of the spectral parameters indicate that the three heads do not work in unison under any of the conditions. Changes in the speed of triceps push-down exercise affects the lateral and long heads, but changes in the exercise intensity affected the attributes of all heads to a greater extent.
  • Publication
    Mechanomyography: an insight to muscle physiology
    (Springer, 2020)
    Irsa Talib
    ;
    Kenneth Sundaraj
    ;
    Lam Chee Kiang
    ;
    Md. Asraf Ali
    ;
    Jawad Hussain
    The aim of this review article is to highlight an important application of mechanomyography as a tool to study muscle physiology related issues. Skeletal muscles are of vital significance in our body and contribute well towards all type of movements. Although, there are other techniques in vogue used for non-invasive assessment of muscle. But mechanomyography (MMG) do offer shear benefits for reliable muscle study. So, a substantial number of related articles were searched for this technical review from various databases including SCOPUS, PubMed, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore and springer link. Records were screened according to the selection criteria. The studies related to muscle physiology aspects analyzed using MMG were only selected for detailed analysis. During in depth analysis of records finally selected for this article, physiology aspects investigated via MMG were divided into seven sections including muscle stiffness, Parkinson disease, effect of dehydration, muscle contractile properties, muscle contraction mechanics, muscle temperature and muscle hypertrophy. The findings of this review suggest that MMG is a useful and reliable tool to investigate muscle physiology and it has significant applications in sports and medicine. Muscle contractile properties can be employed for future investigation on muscle fatigue, stiffness, atrophy and even functional mechanics of muscle. This review might fill the gap in knowledge in understanding of muscle physiology using MMG.
  • Publication
    Development of an augmented virtual reality simulator for training ophthalmologists in phacoemulsification cataract surgery
    ( 2014)
    Lam Chee Kiang
    Cataract is categorised as a common vision illness that is diagnosed in a large group of eye patients every year. The majority of such patients affected by this illness suffer from aging, diabetes or overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery is the surgical technique that has been currently used to remove the cataract from the patients' eye and restore their vision by implanting an artificial lens. The traditional master-apprentice teaching method has been commonly used in phacoemulsification cataract surgery training to transfer the surgical skills from a professional ophthalmologist to a medical practitioner. This teaching method includes wet-lab surgical training on animals and human cadavers. However, differences in the anatomy and mechanical properties between animals and humans may lead to lethal errors during a real surgical operation. In addition, experimentation on animals and humans in medical research, testing and education has been a controversial issue due to the ethical concerns in medical research. Existing simulators are somewhat incomplete and unable to provide virtual surgical training and supervision for the main procedures of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. An augmented virtual reality simulator, which is capable of providing a controlled virtual environment for medical trainees and ophthalmologists to conduct surgical training on virtual human subjects, is proposed to solve these constraints. The proposed simulator consists of a virtual surgical platform, which is formed by a haptic interface, graphical user interface (GUI), virtual surgical instruments and three dimensional (3D) eye models. The four main procedures of phacoemulsification cataract surgery, namely corneal incision, capsulorhexis, phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, are simulated by using different types of topological modifications on the anatomy of the human eye. The proposed simulator is also capable of providing supervision to users via the graphical surgical guidance system without the presence of a human instructor and performance parameters are applied into the virtual surgical training system to increase the surgical awareness and skill of the medical trainees. A pair of Phantom® Omni haptic devices is used in the proposed simulator as a human-computer interface for users to manoeuvre the virtual surgical instruments in the 3D environment. The view and the 3D models of surgical tools and anatomy of eyeball can be selected and changed by using the interactive GUI. The four main procedures of phacoemulsification cataract surgery were successfully simulated at the minimum haptic feedback rate of 1 kHz and a graphical rendering rate of 30 frames per second. The graphical surgical guidance system, which is designed in the simulator, was able to react and respond interactively to the action and performance of the users throughout the procedures. The results indicate that medical trainees were able to improve their performance with the supervision that was provided by the guidance system. An experimental study on a set of performance parameters was conducted by a group of medical residents and ophthalmologists. The experimental results highlight the difference in actual surgical experience between ophthalmologists and medical trainees. The awareness and performance of the medical trainees progressively improved throughout the surgical training trails. The proposed simulator was compared with other existing simulators and the results indicate high plausibility in the virtual training of phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
      21  2
  • Publication
    Analysis of wheeze sounds during tidal breathing according to severity levels in asthma patients
    (Taylor & Francis, 2019)
    Fizza Ghulam Nabi
    ;
    Kenneth Sundaraj
    ;
    Lam Chee Kiang
    ;
    Rajkumar Palaniappan
    Objective: This study aimed to statistically analyze the behavior of time-frequency features in digital recordings of wheeze sounds obtained from patients with various levels of asthma severity (mild, moderate, and severe), and this analysis was based on the auscultation location and/or breath phase. Method: Segmented and validated wheeze sounds were collected from the trachea and lower lung base (LLB) of 55 asthmatic patients during tidal breathing maneuvers and grouped into nine different datasets. The quartile frequencies F25, F50, F75, F90 and F99, mean frequency (MF) and average power (AP) were computed as features, and a univariate statistical analysis was then performed to analyze the behavior of the time-frequency features. Results: All features generally showed statistical significance in most of the datasets for all severity levels [χ2 = 6.021–71.65, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.01–0.52]. Of the seven investigated features, only AP showed statistical significance in all the datasets. F25, F75, F90 and F99 exhibited statistical significance in at least six datasets [χ2 = 4.852–65.63, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.01–0.52], and F25, F50 and MF showed statistical significance with a large η2 in all trachea-related datasets [χ2 = 13.54–55.32, p < 0.05, η2 = 0.13–0.33]. Conclusion: The results obtained for the time-frequency features revealed that (1) the asthma severity levels of patients can be identified through a set of selected features with tidal breathing, (2) tracheal wheeze sounds are more sensitive and specific predictors of severity levels and (3) inspiratory and expiratory wheeze sounds are almost equally informative.
      1  14
  • Publication
    A systematic review of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in virtual reality simulators
    ( 2013-01-27)
    Lam Chee Kiang
    ;
    Kenneth Sundaraj
    ;
    Mohd Nazri Sulaiman
    The aim of this study was to review the capability of virtual reality simulators in the application of phacoemulsification cataract surgery training. Our review included the scientific publications on cataract surgery simulators that had been developed by different groups of researchers along with commercialized surgical training products, such as EYESI® and PhacoVision®. The review covers the simulation of the main cataract surgery procedures, i.e., corneal incision, capsulorrhexis, phacosculpting, and intraocular lens implantation in various virtual reality surgery simulators. Haptics realism and visual realism of the procedures are the main elements in imitating the actual surgical environment. The involvement of ophthalmology in research on virtual reality since the early 1990s has made a great impact on the development of surgical simulators. Most of the latest cataract surgery training systems are able to offer high fidelity in visual feedback and haptics feedback, but visual realism, such as the rotational movements of an eyeball with response to the force applied by surgical instruments, is still lacking in some of them. The assessment of the surgical tasks carried out on the simulators showed a significant difference in the performance before and after the training.
      21  1
  • Publication
    The SIR model of Zika virus disease outbreak in Brazil at year 2015
    ( 2017-05-19)
    Lim Eng Aik
    ;
    Lam Chee Kiang
    ;
    Tan Wei Hong
    ;
    Mohd Syafarudy Abu
    This research study demonstrates a numerical model intended for comprehension the spread of the year 2015 Zika virus disease utilizing the standard SIR framework. In modeling virulent disease dynamics, it is important to explore whether the illness spread could accomplish a pandemic level or it could be eradicated. Information from the year 2015 Zika virus disease event is utilized and Brazil where the event began is considered in this research study. A three dimensional nonlinear differential equation is formulated and solved numerically utilizing the Euler's method in MS excel. It is appeared from the research study that, with health intercessions of public, the viable regenerative number can be decreased making it feasible for the event to cease to exist. It is additionally indicated numerically that the pandemic can just cease to exist when there are no new infected people in the populace.
      36  1
  • Publication
    CFD Analysis of Pure Waterjet Nozzle for Fruit Peeling and Cutting Process
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Seran Y.
    ;
    Muhamad Safwan Muhamad Azmi
    ;
    Abdul Halim Ismail
    ;
    Kamarulzaman Kamarudin
    ;
    Lam Chee Kiang
    ;
    Norasmadi Abdul Rahim
    ;
    Wan Mohd Nooriman Wan Yahya
    ;
    Yew T.K.
    ;
    Min L.W.
    Waterjet Technology has been used vastly in our world nowadays due to its advantages and it can be implemented in many industrial sectors or even in the medical sector and food industry sector. Nozzle is a component that has been utilized in waterjet which is employed in a wide range of engineering applications to control the rate of flow, velocity, and the jet pressure of the water. This paper discusses the CFD analysis on a pure waterjet nozzle to obtain the output of the water that jets out from three different diameters of nozzle and select the effective nozzle diameter to be used for the fruit peeling and cutting process. The pressure used for the analysis are 200MPa, 300MPa and 400MPa, which was analysed for three different nozzle diameter 0.76mm, 1.02mm and 1.27mm. From CFD analysis, it is established that as the pressure loss of the water jet increases, the outlet velocity of the jet increases. Furthermore, for fruit peeling and cutting process the impact angle of the nozzle should be prioritised as the peeling of the fruit should be smooth and even before cutting the fruit. Thus, the most suitable parameters were found to be 400MPa and 1.02mm of pressure and nozzle diameter respectively. This will allow for the intended fruit cutting process with a stand-off distance that can be ranged from 1mm to 9mm.
      2  32