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  1. Home
  2. Research Output and Publications
  3. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech)
  4. Journal Articles
  5. Towards greener one-part geopolymers through solid sodium activators modification
 
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Towards greener one-part geopolymers through solid sodium activators modification

Journal
Journal of Cleaner Production
ISSN
09596526
Date Issued
2022-12-10
Author(s)
Ooi Wan-En
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Liew Yun Ming
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Heah Cheng Yong
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Ho Li Ngee
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Bin Khalid M.S.
Foo Kai Loong
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Ong Shee-Ween
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Pei Seng T.
Hang Yong Jie
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Khairunnisa Zulkifly
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
DOI
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134370
Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of various solid activators and their mixing parameters on the physical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of greener one-part geopolymers (OPG) based on high calcium fly ash. The high calcium fly ash that has rarely been explored was utilised to develop OPG in this study. The anhydrous sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) with negative environmental impact propelled the partial replacement of Na2SiO3 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Two sets of high calcium fly ash OPGs were developed: (1) the MH-OPG comprised Na2SiO3 and NaOH; (2) the MC-OPG comprised Na2SiO3 and Na2CO3. The optimal MH-OPG (73 MPa) and MC-OPG (75 MPa) exhibited superior compressive strength, higher than the minimal requirement (>28 MPa) of ASTM C150/C150M-18 for construction binder material. Various solid alkali activators triggered different reaction mechanisms, yielding distinctive reaction products that contributed to strength growth. The sodium calcium aluminosilicate hydrate ((N,C)-A-S-H) gel was developed in MH-OPG, whereas the sodium carbonate hydrate, sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) binding phases were developed in the MC-OPG. Although Na2CO3 reduced the water demand, improved the fluidity and setting time, the MC-OPG was more sensitive to the alteration of mixing compositions, suggesting a tougher performance control during field application than the MH-OPG. The total embodied carbon (EC) of MC-OPG was lowered by 15.4% compared to that of MH-OPG. The embodied carbon index (ECI) of MH-OPG and MC-OPG were 81.3% and 84.7% less than that of OPC products. This work suggests that substituting Na2SiO3 with NaOH or Na2CO3 effectively produced a greener construction material without compromising mechanical strength.
Funding(s)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Subjects
  • Anhydrous sodium meta...

File(s)
research repository notification.pdf (4.4 MB)
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Acquisition Date
Nov 19, 2024
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