Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
  • Publication
    Reduced Graphene Oxide UWB Array Sensor: High Performance for Brain Tumor Imaging and Detection
    A low cost, with high performance, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) Ultra-wide Band (UWB) array sensor is presented to be applied with a technique of confocal radar-based microwave imaging to recognize a tumor in a human brain. RGO is used to form its patches on a Taconic substrate. The sensor functioned in a range of 1.2 to 10.8 GHz under UWB frequency. The sensor demonstrates high gain of 5.2 to 14.5 dB, with the small size of 90 mm × 45 mm2, which can be easily integrated into microwave imaging systems and allow the best functionality. Moreover, the novel UWB RGO array sensor is established as a detector with a phantom of the human head. The layers’ structure represents liquid-imitating tissues that consist of skin, fat, skull, and brain. The sensor will scan nine different points to cover the whole one-sided head phantom to obtain equally distributed reflected signals under two different situations, namely the existence and absence of the tumor. In order to accurately detect the tumor by producing sharper and clearer microwave image, the Matrix Laboratory software is used to improve the microwave imaging algorithm (delay and sum) including summing the imaging algorithm and recording the scattering parameters. The existence of a tumor will produce images with an error that is lower than 2 cm.
  • Publication
    Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Temperature Behavior in Spray Dryer Via Computational Fluid Dynamics
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Mohammad Azrul Rizal Alias
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    ; ; ;
    Yang L.W.
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    Samat A.A.
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    Raja Ibrahim R.M.Z.
    ;
    Shabri M.S.M.
    Spray dryer comes at the end of the processing line since it is a critical step in monitoring the quality of the final product. It has certain advantages such as rapid drying rates, a wide range of operating temperatures and short residence times. This research focuses on the effect of inlet air temperature in the spray dryer chamber. The result from previous studies has shown that the increment of the inlet air temperature has caused the dying rate to increase. From the simulation, we have identified the performance in the spray dryer with different inlet air temperature as the parameter. The higher the inlet air temperature, the less the number of incomplete particles inside the spray dryer chamber, the more the success of the drying particles. The most optimized condition of inlet air temperature inside the spray dryer chamber from different parameters was identified as 225 K after the analysis on the results of simulation data. The main impact of this study is to increase the efficiency of drying particles inside the spray dryer chamber via computational fluid dynamics. In conclusion, researchers should concentrate more on the feed inlet air temperature of spray drying for future analysis because it plays an important role that can influence the impact on droplet conversion.
  • Publication
    Influence of Nozzle Diameter Towards Velocity Distribution in Spray Dryer Via Computational Fluid Dynamics
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Mohammad Azrul Rizal Alias
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    ; ; ;
    Yang L.W.
    ;
    Abdullah Abdul Samat
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    Raja Ibrahim R.M.Z.
    ;
    Shabri M.S.M.
    Spray drying is commonly used in the chemical and food industries and is the preferred drying process for many materials, such as dairy products, foods, pharmaceuticals, polymers, etc. This research focuses on the effect of the nozzle diameter in the spray drying region against velocity distribution. The results from previous studies have shown that CFD can be a useful tool for predicting the pattern of gas flow and particle histories such as temperature, velocity, time of residence and place of effect. The predictions from these model were validated against reported experimental results, and other simulations. From the simulation analysis, the present studies have identified the performance in the spray dryer through with different size of spray nozzle diameter as the parameter. For the nozzle diameter part, the smaller the spray nozzle diameter, the higher the velocity of the droplets with beneficial to the thermal efficiency of drying particles. The statements finding from the simulation of nine different case study with different nozzle diameter found that the higher velocity has been identified in simulation results due to incomplete vaporize droplets. The main impact of this study is to identify the most optimized condition of the spray dryer chamber after the analysis of the results of simulation data. In conclusion, the design on the chamber has many potential ways to be developed and improved. These findings will benefit the designing of spray dryers.
  • Publication
    Spray Drying Optimization for Rice Bran Protein (RBP) Powder Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
    Rice bran is a by-product of the rice milling process which contain a high concentration of protein. It’s are often used as a feed cattle, fertilizer, and fuel. Its application as a source of human nutrition is rare due to high lipid concentration. This lipid concentration can be reduced through the extraction process. After the extraction process, the rice bran extract needs to be converted into powder form through a drying process for the quality preservation. In this study, spray drying is utilized as drying technique. The aims of this study were to optimize the spray drying parameter; inlet temperature, feed flowrate and air flowrate for rice bran protein (RBP) powders production. Box Behnken Design (BBD) model in response surface methodology (RSM) are utilized in this study to maximize the RBP powder yield and protein concentration. Raw rice bran (RRB) was extracted using thermal water-based extraction method before the drying process. The optimum condition suggested by the model are at the inlet temperature of 120oC, feed flowrate of 18.38% and air flowrate of 670 L/hr which produced RBP powder yield of 19.42 g RBP/100g RRB and protein concentration of 17.32 mg/ml. The model obtains in this study show a low error between the predicted value and experimental data at 1.68 % and 1.14 % for RBP powder yield and protein concentration respectively. The model can be used to evaluate the process characteristic and understanding.
  • Publication
    Preparation of Rice Bran Protein (RBP) Powder Using Spray Drying Method at the Optimal Condition and Its Protein Quality
    ( 2022-10-01)
    Mansor M.R.
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    Nik Daud N.M.A.
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    Saidi S.A.
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    ;
    Rice bran is a by-product of the rice milling process. It contains a high concentration of protein. Rice brans are frequently utilized as feed cattle, fertilizer, and fuel. However, their application as human nutrition supplements is uncommon, and the necessary process for this purpose is yet to be established, including the drying process. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the spray-drying parameters, the inlet temperature, inlet flowrate, and inlet air flowrate, on rice bran protein (RBP) powder and optimize it using response surface methodology (RSM). A thermal water-based extraction method was utilized prior to the drying process. The correlation between the spray-drying parameters, i.e., the inlet temperature (120 to 210 °C), feed flowrate (5 to 55%), and air flowrate (246 to 670 L/h), and the RBP yield were investigated. The quality of the RBP powder was evaluated based on acid amino profiling in the mixture through de novo peptide sequencing. The optimized operating conditions for the maximum yield of RBP powder (25.7 g RBP/100 g RRB) are 178 °C, feed flowrate of 25%, and air flowrate of 450 L/h. The main peptides that contribute to RBP powder protein are globulin and glutelin; meanwhile, prolamin is believed to degrade during the drying process. The process also produced protein sugar, helping to produce fine particles powder without the drying agent.