Research Output
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PublicationOptimization of Rice Bran Protein Extraction Using Choline Chloride-Glycerol Deep Eutectic Solvent Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)( 2023-01-01)A by-product of the rice milling process, rice bran contains four different types of protein: albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin. These proteins are widely known for being hypoallergenic and having nutritional benefits. In order to increase the value of rice bran, the protein was extracted via deep eutectic solvent (DES). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to assess the impact of three operational conditions, including temperature, extraction duration, and the ratio of rice bran to DES, on the yield of rice bran protein after the precipitates were converted into powder form by freeze drying. At optimal working conditions, which were 60 °C, 2 h, and a 1:9 ratio of rice bran to DES, the method’s results showed that the highest extracted protein of rice bran was 16.254%. Several techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Kjeldahl studies, have been used to demonstrate the presence of protein in rice bran powder. In the rice bran protein (RBP), amine (1640.70 cm−1), alcohol (3229.74 cm−1), and alkane (2925.37 cm−1) were all detected using FTIR analysis. Furthermore, Kjeldahl analysis revealed that 15.61% of the rice bran powder’s protein content is present. In conclusion, rice bran’s value as a functional meal can be increased by adding protein through the use of a deep eutectic solvent called green solvent.
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PublicationPrediction of phase equilibria in ternary diagram for system consist of Hot Compressed Water (HCW) with crude palm oil (CPO) and others minor component using thermodynamic model( 2024-05-10)Knowledge on phase equilibria for the separation process are important. It helps to improve the extraction efficiency through parameter optimization. Nowadays, hot compressed water extraction (HCWE) is getting the interest for the crude palm oil (CPO) extraction. Therefore, the phase equilibria of system consist of Hot compressed water (HCW) and CPO component are crucial. In this study, prediction of phase equilibria in ternary diagram for system consist of HCW with CPO and others minor component was conducted using thermodynamic model. The prediction was conducted using modified UNIFAC. CPO and other minor components namely palmitic acid which represent FFA, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and α-tocotrieno was totally insoluble in HCW. The solubility of HCW in CPO was effect by the temperature and concentration of palmitic acid, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. However, the effect of these minor component concentration was inrrelevant since the concentration of these component was lower in the CPO for less than 1%. The solubility of HCW in CPO need to be monitored to avoid the hydrolysis which can deteriorate the CPO and degrade its quality.
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PublicationPharmacognostic Evaluation of Zingiber Officinale and Curcuma Longa from Perlis for Therapeutic Discovery( 2023-01-01)The medicinal properties of a plant are sought after for its potential therapeutic properties. Through its phytochemicals, numerous biological activities have been reported scientifically and were developed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient for biological products. Hence, this study evaluated the locally produced Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa obtained from Padang Besar, Perlis, for their pharmacognostic properties. Quality control assessments were conducted to determine the cleanliness of the raw materials before proceeding with the pharmacognostic evaluation. The extracts for both plants were prepared through ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and maceration using methanol, ethanol, and distilled water. The phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and protein for each extract were investigated. The total phenolic compounds revealed that the combination of UAE and methanol had the highest value for both plant samples. On the other hand, the total flavonoid content suggests that UAE in ethanol solvent was the best approach to extract flavonoids for both plants. On the contrary, maceration techniques extracted the highest protein content for both plants. The biological testing for therapeutic evaluation based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay unraveled the methanol UAE was the potent extract for Z. officinale and C. longa, with half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.32 mg/mL, respectively. Altogether, the findings obtained from these studies showed that Z. officinale and C. longa from Perlis showed good quality conditions, high content of phytochemicals, and potent antioxidant properties suitable for further herbal drug development studies.
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PublicationProfiling of Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of the Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) Leaf Extract( 2023-01-01)The current research examines the impact of different solvents and maturity stages of the kenaf leaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L. var. Everglade 51) on the bioactive compound and bioactivity, which specifically focused on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The kenaf’s leaf powder was extracted sequentially using hexane, acetone, and methanol. The total phenolic compound (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and free-radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay were measured using UV–Vis spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined using the disc diffusion method on both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Results show that the methanol extracts had a significant (p < 0.05) quantity of TPC and TFC compared to other extracts. Results showed that the antioxidant compound amount measured as TPC and TFC in extract increased from shoot stages into mature leaves by 11% and 24%, respectively. As expected, methanolic extract of mature leaf exerts the highest TPC and TFC value compared to that of other solvents. This also reflects the antioxidant activity among the different extract where methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with value 60.48 ± 0.24% of radical scavenging activity. Meanwhile, only the methanolic and acetone extracts demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory zone against Gram-negative microorganisms. Overall, mature kenaf leaf extracted with methanol and acetone solvents showed a particularly high in terms of antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial characteristics. Mature kenaf leaf was recommended for food product development due to their strong antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit Gram-negative bacteria.