Research Output
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PublicationOptimization of Rice Bran Protein Extraction Using Choline Chloride-Glycerol Deep Eutectic Solvent Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)( 2023-01-01)A by-product of the rice milling process, rice bran contains four different types of protein: albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin. These proteins are widely known for being hypoallergenic and having nutritional benefits. In order to increase the value of rice bran, the protein was extracted via deep eutectic solvent (DES). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to assess the impact of three operational conditions, including temperature, extraction duration, and the ratio of rice bran to DES, on the yield of rice bran protein after the precipitates were converted into powder form by freeze drying. At optimal working conditions, which were 60 °C, 2 h, and a 1:9 ratio of rice bran to DES, the method’s results showed that the highest extracted protein of rice bran was 16.254%. Several techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Kjeldahl studies, have been used to demonstrate the presence of protein in rice bran powder. In the rice bran protein (RBP), amine (1640.70 cm−1), alcohol (3229.74 cm−1), and alkane (2925.37 cm−1) were all detected using FTIR analysis. Furthermore, Kjeldahl analysis revealed that 15.61% of the rice bran powder’s protein content is present. In conclusion, rice bran’s value as a functional meal can be increased by adding protein through the use of a deep eutectic solvent called green solvent.
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PublicationPrediction of phase equilibria in ternary diagram for system consist of Hot Compressed Water (HCW) with crude palm oil (CPO) and others minor component using thermodynamic model( 2024-05-10)Knowledge on phase equilibria for the separation process are important. It helps to improve the extraction efficiency through parameter optimization. Nowadays, hot compressed water extraction (HCWE) is getting the interest for the crude palm oil (CPO) extraction. Therefore, the phase equilibria of system consist of Hot compressed water (HCW) and CPO component are crucial. In this study, prediction of phase equilibria in ternary diagram for system consist of HCW with CPO and others minor component was conducted using thermodynamic model. The prediction was conducted using modified UNIFAC. CPO and other minor components namely palmitic acid which represent FFA, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and α-tocotrieno was totally insoluble in HCW. The solubility of HCW in CPO was effect by the temperature and concentration of palmitic acid, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. However, the effect of these minor component concentration was inrrelevant since the concentration of these component was lower in the CPO for less than 1%. The solubility of HCW in CPO need to be monitored to avoid the hydrolysis which can deteriorate the CPO and degrade its quality.
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PublicationA Three-Level Factorial Model for Maximising Protein Extraction from Rice Bran with Choline Chloride: Glycerol( 2024-05-01)Rice bran, a by-product of rice milling, contains four protein types – albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin – known for their hypoallergenic nature and nutritional advantages. To enhance rice bran's worth, its protein was isolated using deep eutectic solvent (DES). The influence of three operational factors (temperature, extraction time, and rice bran to DES ratio) on protein yield was evaluated post-conversion using three level factorial design. Optimal conditions at 80°C, 3 hours, and 1:5 rice bran to DES ratio yielded the highest extracted rice bran protein (RBP) at 17.49%. Temperature and solvent-to-sample ratio show the lowest p-value, indicating a significant effect on the RBP yield. The validation test shows an error of less than 5% between the experimental and the predicted value, showing the model can be used to predict the RBP yield. The RBP was then characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Bradford Assays and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to confirm the protein presence in rice bran powder. FTIR analysis showed the existence of amide I, amide II, aliphatic groups and amine or hydroxyl groups in the RBP. Furthermore, Bradford assays analysis indicated 23.89 ± 0.75% protein content in rice bran powder. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis shows the existence of Albumin and globulin in the RBP. In conclusion, a full three level factorial can be used to model and predict the optimal condition for protein extraction from rice bran using ChCl-Gly DES.