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Torrefaction of palm kernel shell using conventional and microwave irradiation pretreatment

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cris.virtual.department Universiti Malaysia Perlis
cris.virtualsource.department fee92877-ad71-4118-a909-facbd1e1992c
dc.contributor.author Razi Ahmad
dc.contributor.author M A M Ishak
dc.contributor.author N N Kasim
dc.contributor.author K Ismail
dc.date.accessioned 2025-10-22T06:44:40Z
dc.date.available 2025-10-22T06:44:40Z
dc.date.issued 2020
dc.description.abstract This study describes the properties of torrefied palm kernel shell (PKS) by conventional and microwave irradiation (MI) pretreatment. In conventional pretreatment, the untreated PKS was torrefied using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 210, 230, 250, 270 and 290 °C for 60 min of holding time. In MI pretreatment, the untreated PKS was irradiated with microwave power of 200, 300, 450 and 600 W for 8 min of holding time. The torrefied samples were analysed for mass and energy yield, energy density, calorific value and proximate and ultimate analysis. The results showed that, the properties of torrefied samples were improved with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The mass and energy yield, moisture, volatile matter and oxygen content of torrefied PKS decreased, whereas, the calorific value, energy density and carbon content increased with increasing torrefaction temperature and microwave power. The torrefaction temperature of 270 °C and microwave power of 450 W were appropriate to upgrade the PKS properties. Therefore, the change in properties of torrefied PKS revealed the potential of applying pretreatment prior to further thermal conversion such as pyrolysis and gasification.
dc.identifier.doi 10.1088/1755-1315/476/1/012073
dc.identifier.uri https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/476/1/012073/pdf
dc.identifier.uri https://iopscience.iop.org/
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/14839
dc.language.iso en
dc.publisher IOP Publishing
dc.relation.conference 2nd International Conference on Civil & Environmental Engineering 2019
dc.relation.ispartof IOP Conference Series
dc.relation.ispartofseries Earth and Environmental Science
dc.relation.issn 1755-1307
dc.relation.issn 1755-1315
dc.title Torrefaction of palm kernel shell using conventional and microwave irradiation pretreatment
dc.type Resource Types::text::conference output::conference proceedings
dspace.entity.type Publication
oaire.citation.endPage 8
oaire.citation.issue 1
oaire.citation.startPage 1
oaire.citation.volume 476
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Malaysia Perlis
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Teknologi MARA
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Teknologi MARA
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Teknologi MARA
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