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Gasification char adsorbent for dye removal: characterization, isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic studies

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cris.virtual.department Universiti Malaysia Perlis
cris.virtual.department Universiti Malaysia Perlis
cris.virtualsource.department 7a280723-65a8-4cb3-8fc4-47084f47ad19
cris.virtualsource.department 871e75d4-c5f4-4f95-82e0-289a5118445e
dc.contributor.author Valarmathi Saravanan
dc.contributor.author Anis Atikah Ahmad
dc.contributor.author Mohd Azmier Ahmad
dc.contributor.author Azduwin Khasri
dc.date.accessioned 2026-02-01T04:16:02Z
dc.date.available 2026-02-01T04:16:02Z
dc.date.issued 2025
dc.description.abstract Previous research has shown GC's reliable performance as an adsorbent in water and wastewater treatment, but broader applications remain underexplored. This study focuses on treating GC with KOH to eliminate methylene blue (MB) dye. The FTIR results indicated an enrichment of carbonyl groups on the GC surface, which enhanced the rate of MB adsorption. SEM analysis of both treated and untreated GC revealed that the treated char exhibited prominently developed pores and displayed a distinct open-porous structure, reminiscent of a honeycomb-like porous formation. The result from Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis reveals that BET surface area (469.27 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.2728 cm3/g) of treated GC improved after activation. Increasing the initial concentration of MB from 100 to 250 mg/L resulted in a decrease in its removal from 82.1 to 50.87%, respectively. Meanwhile, raising the pH from 3 to 9 enhanced MB adsorption from 85.46 to 97.06%. As the temperature increased from 30 to 60 °C, the adsorption process accelerated, leading to an increase in the percentage of dye removal from 89.11 to 96.63%. Matlab curve fitting tools were used to fit non-linear isotherm and kinetic models. The n-BET isotherm and Pseudo-First-Order (PFO) kinetic models demonstrated an excellent fit to the experimental data, evidenced by the highest R2 values, specifically 0.99206 and 0.9577–0.9855, respectively. These findings strongly suggest a multilayer adsorption process taking place on the uniform surface of treated GC. Thermodynamic analysis affirms the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process, corroborated by negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° values ranging from -11.0722 to -8.1916 kJ/mol and from 0.694 to 0.857 kJ/mol, respectively.
dc.identifier.doi 10.1007/s13399-024-05277-y
dc.identifier.uri https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13399-024-05277-y
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14170/15943
dc.language.iso en
dc.publisher Springer
dc.relation.ispartof Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
dc.relation.issn 2190-6815
dc.relation.issn 2190-6823
dc.subject Activated carbon
dc.subject Chemical activation
dc.subject Dye adsorption
dc.subject Gasification char
dc.subject Methylene blue
dc.title Gasification char adsorbent for dye removal: characterization, isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic studies
dc.type journal-article
dspace.entity.type Publication
oaire.citation.endPage 3470
oaire.citation.issue 3
oaire.citation.startPage 3457
oaire.citation.volume 15
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Malaysia Perlis
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Malaysia Perlis
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Sains Malaysia
oairecerif.author.affiliation Universiti Malaysia Perlis
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