Localization estimation is a critical factor in future wireless network to be used in most of mobile applications, vehicle-to-vehicle navigation and saving our lives especially in emergency situations. Despite the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in the field of location system in the past decades, the demand for developing a scalable,accurate, efficient and low-cost localization technique is highly desirable using the Radio Frequency (RF) coverage area of the available base station antennas instead of using satellite. Two different algorithms using Single Base Stations (SBS) for Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) RF propagated signals are proposed in this research work for outdoor and indoor localization estimation system. Outdoor localization estimation system (OLES) approach has been proposed by utilizing a prior knowledge about the geometrical coordinates of some fixed obstacles surround the Mobile Station (MS) and the SBS. Hence, the scattering distance is calculated by utilizing the combination of both, Time of Arrival (TOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA) techniques to identify the MS location. A site of UniMAP students’ hostel is chosen as a case study where the result shows that 70% of the subscribers location identified within 125 meter2, which is more satisfactory compared Federal Communications Commission (FCC) standard of 67%. Indoor Localization Estimation System (ILES), which suffers forceful multipath component and fading effects where GPS is unreliable. Therefore, Three Dimensional (3D) indoor localization algorithm has been proposed depending on the analysis of Received Signal Strength (RSS), which is measured using several investigated antennas. Two different measurement setups have been selected for ILES depending on omnidirectional and directional antennas. Few omnidirectional and directional antennas are designed which are secondary focus of this work for Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and 5G Wi-Fi applications. For the first setup using omnidirectional antennas, Y-slot loaded dipole antenna is designed and used as a receiver, which is operating in multiple frequency bands. As for the transmitter antenna, Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) antenna is designed associated with proposed metamaterial unit cell to facilitate enhanced bandwidth and high gain characteristics. However, for the case of second setup, designed directional antennas are connected with the physically 72 degree shifted ports of designed symmetric wideband Five Port Reflectometer (5PR) to sectorize the indoor selected scenario at ACE graduate room in UniMAP. The collected RSS is analyzed in two categories including distance and phase direction of the identified MS. 80% of the users are localized within or less than 0.7 meter error range by implementing the proposed indoor algorithm whereas 19% of MSs are achievable exactly in their actual location. Furthermore, the error in estimated elevation angle between the actual and estimated location is recorded in the level of five-degrees or less for 96% of the total users. The proposed OLES and ILES are efficacious for high quality of service (QoS) applications.
