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  5. A biomimetic sensor for the classification of honeys of different floral origin and the detection of adulteration
 
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A biomimetic sensor for the classification of honeys of different floral origin and the detection of adulteration

Journal
Sensors
ISSN
1424-8220
Date Issued
2011-08
Author(s)
Ammar Zakaria
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Ali Yeon Md Shakaff
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Masnan, Maz Jamilah
Institute of Engineering Mathematics
Norazian Subari
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Nazifah Ahmad Fikri
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Abdul Hamid Adom
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Mohd Noor Ahmad
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Mahmad Nor Jaafar
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Abdul Hallis Abdul Aziz
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Abu Hassan Abdullah
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Supri A. Ghani
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
DOI
10.3390/s110807799
Abstract
The major compounds in honey are carbohydrates such as monosaccharides and disaccharides. The same compounds are found in cane-sugar concentrates. Unfortunately when sugar concentrate is added to honey, laboratory assessments are found to be ineffective in detecting this adulteration. Unlike tracing heavy metals in honey, sugar adulterated honey is much trickier and harder to detect, and traditionally it has been very challenging to come up with a suitable method to prove the presence of adulterants in honey products. This paper proposes a combination of array sensing and multi-modality sensor fusion that can effectively discriminate the samples not only based on the compounds present in the sample but also mimic the way humans perceive flavours and aromas. Conversely, analytical instruments are based on chemical separations which may alter the properties of the volatiles or flavours of a particular honey. The present work is focused on classifying 18 samples of different honeys, sugar syrups and adulterated samples using data fusion of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) measurements. Each group of samples was evaluated separately by the e-nose and e-tongue. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were able to separately discriminate monofloral honey from sugar syrup, and polyfloral honey from sugar and adulterated samples using the e-nose and e-tongue. The e-nose was observed to give better separation compared to e-tongue assessment, particularly when LDA was applied. However, when all samples were combined in one classification analysis, neither PCA nor LDA were able to discriminate between honeys of different floral origins, sugar syrup and adulterated samples. By applying a sensor fusion technique, the classification for the 18 different samples was improved. Significant improvement was observed using PCA, while LDA not only improved the discrimination but also gave better classification. An improvement in performance was also observed using a Probabilistic Neural Network classifier when the e-nose and e-tongue data were fused.
Subjects
  • Electronic nose

  • Electronic tongue

  • Honey classification

  • Bio-mimicking sensor

  • Floral origin and adu...

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Biomimetic Sensor.pdf (594.73 KB)
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