Research Output
Spent Mushroom Medium Compost as a Soil Conditioner for the Initial Stage of Paddy Growth
Morphology and Conductive Properties of Carbon Black- And Graphite- Filled Conductive e poxy Micro-porous
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Publication
Spent mushroom medium (SMM) is one of the agricultural wastes that produce daily from the cultivation of mushroom and is usually disposed by burning or landfilling, which is a waste of biological resources. The composted SMM has the potential physico-chemical properties that can be utilized as organic soil conditioner to improve soil fertility in paddy field. Conventionally, paddy field is usually fertilized by granular urea (GU) as nitrogen (N) fertilizer. The excessive use of GU had caused several environmental problems such as soil acidification and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. To evaluate the feasibility of organic SMM compost used as soil conditioner in paddy field, analysis was carried out to measure the physico-chemical properties. Pot experiment has been conducted, and the paddy growth was evaluated after 21 days of plantation. The soil sample was applied with GU and SMM compost with the same N fertilizer rate. Soil properties were measured before and after treated with soil conditioner. The paddy growth was evaluated with plant height and root:shoot (R/S) ratio. From the result obtained, SMM compost improved both physical and chemical properties of paddy soil, significantly increased WHC and soil porosity that help reduce nitrate (NO3−) leaching and reduce NH3 volatilization. As a whole, the application of SMM compost was successfully improved the soil fertility and had the potential to replace GU as the soil conditioner, but further improvement in the management practices should be performed to achieve better plant growth.
Publication
Conductive composite requires a well dispersion of conductive filler, which is this difficult to be achieved low content of filler for high density conductive filler. This work investigates the effect of carbon black and graphite on the morphology and conductive properties of conductive epoxy micro-porous. The conductive epoxy micro-porous was prepared by using single emulsion technique. It involved the drop of epoxy-hardener-blowing agent-conductive filler mixture into corn oil at 160 C and followed by the leaching process to remove excess corn oil. Results show the addition of conductive filler in epoxy matrix lead to increases porous structure in epoxy micro-porous. Carbon black filled epoxy micro-porous possessed smaller particles compared to graphite filled epoxy micro-porous. For skeleton density and total pore, both of the value increase with filler loading due to packing sphere effect. However, the skeleton density for carbon black filled epoxy micro-porous is higher compared to graphite filled epoxy micro-porous. For electrical conductivity, graphite filled micro-porous was higher than that of carbon black filled epoxy micro-porous.