Siti Nazrah Zailani
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Preferred name
Siti Nazrah Zailani
Official Name
Siti Nazrah, Zailani
Alternative Name
Zailani, S. N.
Zailani, N. S.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
37068168000
Researcher ID
FZZ-7095-2022

Research Output

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Alum Sludge from Water Treatment Plant Potentials to Remove Aqueous Lead and Phosphorus

2023-06-09 , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Kamal N.K. , Azani N.N.M.

The use of alum as a coagulant throughout the process of drinking water treatment produces alum sludge as a by-product. The quantity of the sludge is enormous, so it is essential to manage and dispose appropriately. Conventionally, the authority of water treatment plant deposited the sludge in waste disposal area (landfill). To reduce the solid waste, many studies and research was done to utilize the use of this alum sludge. The reuse of this aluminium sludge as a solid adsorbent is one of the proposed applications, but alteration and characterization are required for this study. A batch process was developed to evaluate the potential of alum sludge for lead and phosphorus removal. The alum sludge undergoes chemical pre-treatment to enhance the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (alum sludge). The dosages of alum sludge, concentration of heavy metal and pH were affecting the removal capacity was studied. The percentage of removal were nearly 100 % of both heavy metals Results demonstrated that alum sludge from water treatment plant is potential as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal.

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Kinetic and isotherm studies of empty fruit bunch biochar on ammonium adsorption

2021-02-23 , Razi Ahmad , Khairunissa Syairah Ahmad Sohaimi , Mohamed A.R. , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Salleh N.H.M. , Azizan N.H.

The presence of excessive ammonium in wastewater due to agriculture and other industrial activities affects the aquatic plants, animals and human health. Common wastewater practice offers high cost and maintenance as well as low performance. The adsorption technique offers an efficient, economically favourable and reliable physicochemical treatment method. Despite the efficiency, the studies on Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biochar as an adsorbent for ammonium removal is under discovered. The conducted study described the characterization of EFB biochar together with its kinetic and isotherm studies for ammonium removal. EFB underwent conventional pretreatment using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 350, 450,550 and 650 °C for 60 min of holding time prior for characterization and kinetic studies. For characterization studies, moisture, ash and pH anlysis were performed before proceed with adsorption and kinetic studies. It was found that the increment of temperature resulted in high content of ash and low content of moisture while optimum pH was in the range of pH 7. The optimum condition for ammonium adsorption was 2.5 ppm of EFB, 0.05g of ammonia dosage and time exposure of 200 minutes. The ammonium adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model which suggests that the ammonium adsorption process is controlled by the chemical adsorption mechanism. The finding suggests the utilization of EFB biochar as a good alternative for ammonium removal through adsorption process while increasing the biomass value.

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Cactus opuntia as coagulant in treating landfill leachate via coagulation process

2021-02-23 , Zainol N.A. , Syarmimi F.N. , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Yusoff N.A. , Ghani A.A. , Khairunissa Syairah Ahmad Sohaimi

Coagulation-flocculation treatment is often used for the treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. However, uses a non-environmentally friendly chemical coagulant which is a threat to environment quality, therefore Cactus opuntia is proposed to replace the use of current chemical coagulants such as aluminium sulphate in order to achieve sustainable growth. In this regard, the comparative suitability of Cactus opuntia and alum as coagulants for the treatment of the stabilised leachate of the Padang Siding Landfill Site was evaluated via a series of Jar Test experimental works with a rapid mixing speed of 100 rpm for 3 minutes, a slow mixing speed of 30 rpm for 10 minutes and a set-up period of 30 minutes. In addition, the sludge volume index (SVI) of the treated leachate sample was calculated under optimised conditions. Cactus opuntia was able to remove 66.8 per cent turbidity and 42 per cent COD at optimal pH 2 with a favourable dose of 8000 mg / L, while the optimal pH 5 with a coagulant dose of 8000 mg / L induced 94.5 per cent turbidity and 69 per cent COD reduction from the same leachate sample. In addition, the SVI of alum coagulant was 42.2 while the Cactus opuntia was 4.45 with a relative ratio of alum to opuntia of 9:1. Cactus opuntia may also be proposed as a plentiful coagulant of metal cationic ions such as aluminium, iron and silica elements for the treatment of leachate.

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Treatment of synthetic turbid water by using natural tamarind seeds

2021-05-24 , Noor Ainee Zainol , Othman I.S. , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Azlinda Abdul Ghani , Abdullah S.

This study is done to find the alternatives to solve the water pollution problem. The common ways to treat polluted water is by using alum. However, the usage of alum as conventional coagulant had caused the formation of sludge that can pollute the water and also cause illness. Tamarind seed was chosen as the alternative because it is naturals, non-toxic, and 100% biodegradable sources. In this study, the research was done in two parts, there are tamarind seed extraction by using different extraction solutions and the jar test. The extraction solution that was used were sodium chloride, potassium chloride and distilled water. In jar test, synthetic turbid water with turbidity range from 200 to 220 NTU was used to determine the effectiveness of tamarind seed as natural coagulant. Form the results obtained, sodium chloride extract achieved the highest percentage or turbidity removal with the percentage 91.32% with the dosage 25mg/L at pH 6, while the distilled water extract obtained the lowest percentage of turbidity removal with the percentage 56.60 % with the dosage 30mg/L at pH 3. As a conclusion, tamarind seed can be used as a natural coagulant in the treatment of polluted water.

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Compost bed size influences the co-composting of cow dung and spent mushroom at mesophilic stage

2021-05-24 , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Firdaus Shaheen A.A. , Zainol N.A.

Composting is an approach to convert typically organic waste into soil amendment for nutrient enhancement and plant growth. The composting of cow dung and spent mushroom for 13 days to study the potential of degradation of organic matter at different size of laboratory scale. The compost bed size is crucial to study because larger amount of raw materials will reduce the O2 concentration inside the compost bed. In this study, the aerobic compost bed size of 2, 4 and 6 kg were prepared at 60 % of initial moisture content, 20 mm particle size and 28:1 of initial C/N ratio. Temperature, moisture content, porosity, pH, C/N ratio and total organic carbon were analysed to evaluate the degradation process. All compost beds recorded the mesophilic phase (>30 ℃) upon composting of initial total organic carbon of 35 to 37 %. Moisture content reduced to lower than 43.9 %, total organic carbon reduced to less than 25 % and compost beds were nearly neutral (pH 7) at the end of composting. The findings show that, all the compost beds follow the first-order kinetic reaction as R2 larger than 0.880. The degradation rate constant of 2 kg compost bed showed the largest value, 0.0503 day-1 indicates the best composting process and results the smaller compost bed is preferable for mesophilic phase composting.

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Utilization of Spent Mushroom Compost in Grey Oyster Mushroom Cultivation

2023-01-01 , Zakaria Z. , Seng T.T.C. , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Zabidi K.A.A. , Salim S.K.

Utilization of spent mushroom substrates (SMS) in mushroom cultivation is considered useful to overcome the short supply of wood sawdust and environmental pollution. Composted form of SMS is found to have improved in their carbon and nitrogen content that is needed in mushroom cultivation. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing spent mushroom compost (SMC) in the mushroom cultivation substrate. Five formulations for the mushroom substrates were prepared by mixing both the SMC and rubber sawdust in the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, and 3:1 by dry weight, respectively. The commercial sawdust substrate bags were used as a control. The comparisons were evaluated based on the growth rate of the mycelium and also the time is taken by the spawn to fully colonize the substrate bags. The results showed that the amount of SMC between 25 and 50% was suitable for the cultivation of grey oyster mushrooms. The average growth rate of mycelium from both the ratios of 1:2 and 1:3 at 0.8184 and 0.8281 cm day−1 respectively, did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) over the control at 0.8246 cm day−1. This was followed by the ratio of 1:1 at 0.7375 cm day−1. The slowest growth rate was obtained from both the ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 with 0.5783 and 0.5414 cm day−1 respectively. The highest mushroom weight was obtained from rubber sawdust substrate (210.77 g) and closely followed by 25% (198.74 g) to 33.3% (188.44 g) SMC. This study proved that SMC can be used as an alternative substrate to replace the current rubber sawdust used in mushroom cultivation as it did not significantly affect the growth rate of the mycelium.

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Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose derived from office paper waste for methylene blue dye removal

2021-02-23 , Nor Aida Yusoff , Yee L.Y. , Nur Izzati Iberahim , Noor Ainee Zainol , Sriyana Abdullah , Siti Nazrah Zailani

The aim of this research was to extract cellulose from office paper waste and converted into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based flocculant to treat methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The yield of extracted cellulose obtained was 62.17%. Three different CMC samples were prepared. Degree of substitution (DS) for CMC-1 is 0.6585, CMC-2 is 0.8124 and CMC-3 is 0.8946. This proved that CMC are substituted into cellulose structure due to the DS of the commercial CMC are in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. The coagulation flocculation process of the MB dye shows that the CMC-3 was effective for methylene blue dye removal with highest percentage (98.14%) at pH 9.0, flocculant dosage of 210 ppm with 100 ppm MB concentration solution.

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Effect of different microbial inoculums on the physico-chemical properties of spent mushroom medium composting

2023-07-01 , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Hamid N.S.A.

The production of spent mushroom medium (SMM) from oyster mushroom industry is increasing every year parallel to the increment of the market demand. SMM is considered solid waste and conventionally collects and dumps into the landfill without any pre-treatment. SMM contains major beneficial organic elements with the potential to be converted into valuable compost with appropriate conditions. This research aims to study the potential of several types of microbial inoculum to compost the SMM with dried sludge from bio-ethanol waste and chicken manure in the aerobic composting process for 12 days. Three composting beds of 3 kg each were composted with different types of microbial inoculum; EM-1, tempeh fermented liquid, and food waste fermented liquid. The initial carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and moisture for each composting bed were 23.42 and 55% respectively. The temperature, moisture content, pH, and total organic matter (TOM) were measured for each composting bed. All the composting beds reached the maximum temperature at the thermophilic phase (>40 °C) after 24 h of the composting being started. Similar trends were recorded for pH, moisture, and total organic matter (TOM) for all the composting beds. The commercial microbial inoculum (EM-1) recorded the highest degradation rate of TOM (0.0225 day−1) which followed the first-order kinetic reaction (R2 = 0.9556) compared to the tempeh and food waste fermented liquid. However, the results shown by tempeh and food waste fermented liquid were comparable to EM-1 microbial inoculum and thus feasible to substitute EM-1 for the composting of SMM.

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Surface Water Treatment with Natural Starches as Coagulant via Coagulation Process

2020-12-18 , Noor Ainee Zainol , Bakar S.N.S. , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Azlinda Abdul Ghani , Khairunissa Syairah Ahmad Sohaimi

In this study, natural polymers in the forms of starch from sago and tapioca were used as coagulant. The removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) using coagulation process from river water was examined. The treatment on the river water sample was evaluated via a series of Jar Test experimental works with rapid mixing speed of 120 rpm for 1 minute, slow mixing speed of 30 rpm for 20 minutes and settling time of 60 minutes. The tapioca starch removed 93.7% of turbidity at dosage of 1000 mg/L. While, sago starch successfully removed 96.4% of turbidity under optimum dosage of 2000 mg/L. pH 12 was optimum pH for turbidity removal by using sago and tapioca starch whereas the highest percentage of COD removal occurred at pH 4 using sago and tapioca starch. At pH 4, tapioca and sago starch removed 22.5% and 25% of COD respectively. Overall tapioca starch showed better removal percentage of turbidity compared to sago starch throughout the experiment study. Generally, the usage of natural polymers as coagulants is good for turbidity removal; however, it did not work well on COD removal.

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Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency on Water Spinach in Controlled Planting Medium Using Spent Mushroom Medium Compost and NPK-16 Fertilizer

2023-01-01 , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Mokhtar N.F. , Zaidnuddin A.S.

Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) is a long and leafy green vegetable with hollow stems that easily grown on the water surface or damp soil. It is a tropical and subtropical perennial herbaceous aquatic or semi-aquatic plant. Water spinach needs more water compared to other vegetable crops, thus suggested to employ slow-release fertilizer for sustain the available nutrients in the soil that being leached off by watering. Nitrogen uptake is the major issue in agriculture to sustain the quality of crops and soil for planting medium. Several studies have been conducted on many types of fertilizer and showed beneficial results on growth of water spinach. This study aimed the research on comparing the nitrogen uptake rate study during the planting period for both organic and inorganic fertilizer. The measurement of plant height, dosage of fertilizer and nitrogen uptake were highlighted in this research activities. Pots has been used and the growth of water spinach was evaluated along 30 days of planting. The spent mushroom medium (SMM) compost and NPK-16 fertilizer were used to evaluate the rate of nitrogen uptake for water spinach based on the Michaelis Menten kinetic study to evaluate the best fertilizer dosage with research design activities. It was showed that a 1 g of NPK16 fertilizer was equivalent to 2 g of SMM in the amount of N. There was a clear correlation between the nitrogen concentration and the water spinach growth. From the result obtained, the application of NPK16 fertilizer provided higher nitrogen value initially. However, SMM compost improved both physical and chemical to help water spinach absorbed sufficient moisture and nitrogen uptake at a steady state rate owing to the higher organic matter in SMM. As a conclusion, SMM compost resulted better nitrogen uptake efficiency by improved the soil fertility and better growth of water spinach.

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